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Copyright, ii
Preface, iv
About the Author, vii
1. A View of Life, 1
1.1. How to Define Life, 2
1.3. Evolution, the Unifying Concept of Biology, 6
1.3. How the Biosphere Is Organized, 9
1.4. The Process of Science, 11
Part I. The Cell, 20
2. Basic Chemistry, 21
2.1. Chemical Elements, 22
2.2. Compounds and Molecules, 26
2.3. Chemistry of Water, 28
2.4. Acids and Bases, 32
3. The Chemistry of Organic Molecules, 37
3.1. Organic Molecules, 38
3.2. Carbohydrates, 41
3.3. Lipids, 44
3.4. Proteins, 48
3.5. Nucleic Acids, 52
4. Cell Structure and Function, 59
4.1. Cellular Level of Organization, 60
4.2. Prokaryotic Cells, 64
4.3. Introducing Eukaryotic Cells, 66
4.4. The Nucleus and Ribosomes, 70
4.5. The Endomembrane System, 72
4.6. Other Vesicles and Vacuoles, 75
4.7. The Energy-Related Organelles, 76
4.8. The Cytoskeleton, 78
5. Membrane Structure and Function, 85
5.1. Plasma Membrane Structure and Function, 86
5.2. Passive Transport Across a Membrane, 91
5.3. Active Transport Across a Membrane, 94
5.4. Modification of Cell Surfaces, 98
6. Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes, 103
6.1. Cells and the Flow of Energy, 104
6.2. Metabolic Reactions and Energy Transformations, 106
6.3. Metabolic Pathways and Enzymes, 108
6.4. Organelles and the Flow of Energy, 112
7. Photosynthesis, 117
7.1. Photosynthetic Organisms, 118
7.2. The Process of Photosynthesis, 120
7.3. Plants as Solar Energy Converters, 122
7.4. Calvin Cycle Reactions, 126
7.5. Other Types of Photosynthesis, 128
8. Cellular Respiration, 133
8.1. Cellular Respiration, 134
8.2. Outside the Mitochondria: Glycolysis, 136
8.3. Fermentation, 138
8.4. Inside the Mitochondria, 140
8.5. Metabolic Pool, 145
Part II. Genetic Basis of Life, 150
9. The Cell Cycle and Cellular Reproduction, 151
9.1. The Cell Cycle, 152
9.2. Mitosis and Cytokinesis, 155
9.3. The Cell Cycle and Cancer, 161
9.4. Prokaryotic Cell Division, 164
10. Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction, 169
10.1. Halving the Chromosome Number, 170
10.2. Genetic Variation, 172
10.3. The Phases of Meiosis, 173
10.4. Meiosis Compared to Mitosis, 177
10.5. The Human Life Cycle, 178
10.6. Changes in Chromosome Number and Structure, 180
11. Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance, 189
11.1. Gregor Mendel, 190
11.2. Mendel’s Laws, 192
11.3. Extending the Range of Mendelian Genetics, 202
12. Molecular Biology of the Gene, 211
12.1. The Genetic Material, 212
12.2. Replication of DNA, 217
12.3. The Genetic Code of Life, 220
12.4. First Step: Transcription, 222
12.5. Second Step: Translation, 224
12.6. Structure of the Eukaryotic Chromosome, 228
13. Regulation of Gene Activity, 233
13.1. Prokaryotic Regulation, 234
13.2. Eukaryotic Regulation, 237
13.3. Regulation Through Gene Mutations, 243
14. Biotechnology and Genomics, 249
14.1. DNA Cloning, 250
14.2. Biotechnology Products, 252
14.3. Gene Therapy, 254
14.4. Genomics, 255
Part III. Evolution, 264
15. Darwin and Evolution, 265
15.1. History of Evolutionary Thought, 266
15.2. Darwin’s Theory of Evolution, 269
15.3. Evidence for Evolution, 276
16. How Populations Evolve, 283
16.1. Population Genetics, 284
16.2. Natural Selection, 289
16.3. Maintenance of Diversity, 294
17. Speciation and Macroevolution, 299
17.1. Separation of the Species, 300
17.2. Modes of Speciation, 304
17.3. Principles of Macroevolution, 310
18. Origin and History of Life, 317
18.1. Origin of Life, 318
18.2. History of Life, 322
18.3. Factors That Influence Evolution, 332
19. Systematics and Phylogeny, 337
19.1. Systematics, 338
19.2. Phylogenetic Trees, 341
19.3. The Three-Domain System, 348
Part IV. Microbiology and Evolution, 354
20. Viruses, Bacteria, and Archaea, 355
20.1. Viruses, Viroids, and Prions, 356
20.2. The Prokaryotes, 362
20.3. The Bacteria, 364
20.4. The Archaea, 368
21. Protist Evolution and Diversity, 373
21.1. General Biology of Protists, 374
21.2. Diversity of Protists, 377
22. Fungi Evolution and Diversity, 393
22.1. Evolution and Characteristics of Fungi, 394
22.2. Diversity of Fungi, 396
22.3. Symbiotic Relationships of Fungi, 404
Part V. Plant Evolution and Biology, 408
23. Plant Evolution and Diversity, 409
23.1. The Green Algal Ancestor of Plants, 410
23.2. Evolution of Bryophytes: Colonization of Land, 413
23.3. Evolution of Lycophytes: Vascular Tissue, 416
23.4. Evolution of Pteridophytes: Megaphylls, 417
23.5. Evolution of Seed Plants: Full Adaptation to Land, 420
24. Flowering Plants: Structure and Organization, 433
24.1. Organs of Flowering Plants, 434
24.2. Tissues of Flowering Plants, 437
24.3. Organization and Diversity of Roots, 440
24.4. Organization and Diversity of Stems, 444
24.5. Organization and Diversity of Leaves, 450
25. Flowering Plants: Nutrition and Transport, 455
25.1. Plant Nutrition and Soil, 456
25.2. Water and Mineral Uptake, 460
25.3. Transport Mechanisms in Plants, 462
26. Flowering Plants: Control of Growth Responses, 473
26.1. Plant Hormones, 474
26.2. Plant Responses, 482
27. Flowering Plants: Reproduction, 493
27.1. Sexual Reproductive Strategies, 494
27.2. Seed Development, 500
27.3. Fruit Types and Seed Dispersal, 503
27.4. Asexual Reproductive Strategies, 505
Part VI. Animal Evolution and Diversity, 510
28. Invertebrate Evolution, 511
28.1. Evolution of Animals, 512
28.2. Introducing the Invertebrates, 517
28.3. Variety Among the Lophotrochozoans, 520
28.4. Quantity Among the Ecdysozoans, 528
28.5. Invertebrate Deuterostomes, 534
29. Vertebrate Evolution, 539
29.1. The Chordates, 540
29.2. The Vertebrates, 542
29.3. The Fishes, 543
29.4. The Amphibians, 546
29.5. The Reptiles, 548
29.6. The Mammals, 554
30. Human Evolution, 559
30.1. Evolution of Primates, 560
30.2. Evolution of Humanlike Hominins, 564
30.3. Evolution of Later Humanlike Hominins, 566
30.4. Evolution of Early Homo, 568
30.5. Evolution of Later Homo, 570
Part VII. Comparative Animal Biology, 576
31. Animal Organization and Homeostasis, 577
31.1. Types of Tissues, 578
31.2. Organs and Organ Systems, 585
31.3. Homeostasis, 588
32. Circulation and Cardiovascular Systems, 593
32.1. Transport in Invertebrates, 594
32.2. Transport in Vertebrates, 596
32.3. Transport in Humans, 598
32.4. Blood, a Transport Medium, 606
33. Lymph Transport and Immunity, 613
33.1. The Lymphatic System, 614
33.2. Nonspecific Defense Against Disease, 616
33.3. Specific Defense Against Disease, 619
33.4. Immunity Side Effects, 628
34. Digestive Systems and Nutrition, 633
34.1. Digestive Tracts, 634
34.2. Human Digestive Tract, 636
34.3. Digestive Enzymes, 642
34.4. Nutrition, 643
35. Respiratory Systems, 649
35.1. Gas Exchange Surfaces, 650
35.2. Breathing and Transport of Gases, 656
35.3. Respiration and Health, 660
36. Body Fluid Regulation and Excretory Systems, 665
36.1. Excretion and the Environment, 666
36.2. Urinary System in Humans, 670
37. Neurons and Nervous Systems, 679
37.1. Evolution of the Nervous System, 680
37.2. Nervous Tissue, 683
37.3. Central Nervous System: Brain and Spinal Cord, 688
37.4. Peripheral Nervous System, 692
38. Sense Organs, 701
38.1. Chemical Senses, 702
38.2. Sense of Vision, 704
38.3. Senses of Hearing and Balance, 709
39. Locomotion and Support Systems, 717
39.1. Diversity of Skeletons, 718
39.2. The Human Skeletal System, 720
39.3. The Human Muscular System, 727
40. Hormones and Endocrine Systems, 735
40.1. Endocrine Glands, 736
40.2. Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland, 740
40.3. Other Endocrine Glands and Hormones, 743
41. Reproductive Systems, 755
41.1. How Animals Reproduce, 756
41.2. Male Reproductive System, 758
41.3. Female Reproductive System, 762
41.4. Control of Reproduction, 766
41.5. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 770
42. Animal Development, 777
42.1. Early Developmental Stages, 778
42.2. Developmental Processes, 782
42.3. Human Embryonic and Fetal Development, 787
Part VIII. Behavior and Ecology, 798
43. Behavioral Ecology, 799
43.1. Inheritance Influences Behavior, 800
43.2. The Environment Influences Behavior, 802
43.3. Animal Communication, 807
43.4. Behaviors That Increase Fitness, 810
44. Population Ecology, 819
44.1. Scope of Ecology, 820
44.2. Demographics of Populations, 821
44.3. Population Growth Models, 824
44.4. Regulation of Population Size, 827
44.5. Life History Patterns, 830
44.6. Human Population Growth, 833
45. Community and Ecosystem Ecology, 839
45.1. Ecology of Communities, 840
45.2. Community Development, 850
45.3. Dynamics of an Ecosystem, 852
46. Major Ecosystems of the Biosphere, 865
46.1. Climate and the Biosphere, 866
46.2. Terrestrial Ecosystems, 869
46.3. Aquatic Ecosystems, 879
47. Conservation of Biodiversity, 889
47.1. Conservation Biology and Biodiversity, 890
47.2. Value of Biodiversity, 892
47.3. Causes of Extinction, 896
47.4. Conservation Techniques, 901
Appendix A. Answer Key, A-1
Appendix B. Tree of Life, B-2
Appendix C. Metric System, C-1
Appendix D. Periodic Table of the Elements, D-1
Glossary, G-1
Credits, CR-1
Index, I-1

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