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List of Primary Source Documents, xiv
List of Maps, xv
List of Features, xvi
Preface, xvii
To You, the Student: How to Use This Book, xxxii
Chapter 1. THE ROOTS OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION: THE ANCIENT MIDDLE EAST TO THE SIXTH CENTURY B.C.E., 3
TIMELINE: THE BIG PICTURE, 4
BEFORE WESTERN CIVILIZATION, 4
Out of Africa: The Paleolithic Period, 600,000–10,000 B.C.E., 4
The Neolithic Period: The First Stirrings of Agriculture, 10,000–3000 B.C.E., 6
Map 1.1: Mesopotamia and Egypt, ca. 2000 B.C.E., 7
STRUGGLING WITH THE FORCES OF NATURE: MESOPOTAMIA, 3000–CA. 1000 B.C.E., 8
The Origins of Western Civilization, 8
Life in a Sumerian City, 9
Gods and Goddesses of the River Valley, 10
The Development of Writing, 11
Laws and Justice, 12
Indo-Europeans: New Contributions in the Story of the West, 13
Hittites Establish Their Empire, 14
RULE OF THE GOD-KING: ANCIENT EGYPT, CA. 3100–1000 B.C.E., 14
Prosperity and Order: The Old Kingdom, ca. 2700–2181 B.C.E., 15
Hieroglyphs: Sacred Writing, 15
Pyramids and the Afterlife, 16
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Nubia: The Passage from the Mediterranean to the Heart of Africa, 17
Changing Political Fortunes, ca. 2200–1570 B.C.E., 18
DOCUMENT 1.1 An Egyptian Nobleman Writes His Obituary, 20
Political Expansion: The New Kingdom, 1570–1085 B.C.E., 20
Map 1.2: The Ancient Near East, ca. 1450 B.C.E., 21
THINKING ABOUT ART: Egyptian Fresco, ca. 1295–1186 B.C.E., 22
The Religious Experiment of Akhenaten, ca. 1377–1360 B.C.E., 22
The Twilight of the Egyptian Empire, 1360–ca. 1000 B.C.E., 23
BIOGRAPHY Hatshepsut (r. 1473–1458 B.C.E.) and Thutmose (ca. 1482–1450 B.C.E.), 24
MERCHANTS AND MONOTHEISTS: PEOPLES OF THE MEDITERRANEAN COAST, CA. 1300–500 B.C.E., 24
The Phoenicians: Traders on the Sea, 24
The People of the One God: Early Hebrew History, 1500–900 B.C.E., 26
DOCUMENT 1.2 King Solomon Secures His Realm's Fortune, 27
A Jealous God, 1300–587 B.C.E., 27
Map 1.3: Mediterranean Coast in the First Millennium B.C.E., 28
Judaism in Exile, 29
TERROR AND BENEVOLENCE: THE GROWTH OF EMPIRES, 1200–500 B.C.E., 30
The Age of Iron, 30
Map 1.4: The Assyrian Empire, ca. 662 B.C.E., 30
Rule by Terror: The Assyrians, 911–612 B.C.E., 31
Babylonian Rule, 612–539 B.C.E., 32
Rule by Tolerance: The Persian Empire, ca. 550–330 B.C.E., 33
Map 1.5: The Persian Empire, ca. 500 B.C.E., 33
DOCUMENT 1.3 Cambyses Conquers Egypt, 34
SUMMARY, 35
KEY TERMS, 36
REVIEW, ANALYZE, AND ANTICIPATE, 36
BEYOND THE CLASSROOM, 36
THE GLOBAL CONTEXT I. Looking Ahead to the Ancient World: 700 B.C.E. to 400 C.E., 38
Chapter 2. THE CONTEST FOR EXCELLENCE: GREECE, 2000–338 B.C.E., 41
TIMELINE: THE BIG PICTURE, 42
THE RISE AND FALL OF ANCIENT HEROES, 2000–800 B.C.E., 42
The Greek Peninsula, 42
The Minoans, 2000–1450 B.C.E., 42
Map 2.1: The World of the Greeks, 43
Mycenaean Civilization: The First Greeks, 2000–1100 B.C.E., 45
From “Dark Ages” to Colonies, 46
EMERGING FROM THE DARK: HEROIC BELIEFS AND VALUES, 46
Map 2.2 The Greek Colonies in About 500 B.C.E., 47
Heroic Values Preserved, 47
The Family of the Gods, 48
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Transforming Science in Asia Minor, 50
Studying the Material World, 51
LIFE IN THE GREEK POLEIS, 51
The Invention of Politics, 52
The Heart of the Polis, 52
Fears and Attachments in Greek Emotional Life, 54
Athens: City of Democracy, 54
DOCUMENT 2.1 Theseus Founds the City of Athens, 55
Sparta: Model Military State, 56
The Love of the Contest: Olympic Games, 57
The Persian Wars, 490–479 B.C.E., 58
Map 2.3: The Persian Wars, 490–479 B.C.E., 59
Herodotus: The Father of History, 60
GREECE ENTERS ITS CLASSICAL AGE, 479–336 B.C.E., 61
Athens Builds an Empire, 477–431 B.C.E., 61
Artistic Athens, 62
Greek Theater: Exploring Complex Moral Problems, 62
DESTRUCTION, DISILLUSION, AND A SEARCH FOR MEANING, 63
THINKING ABOUT ART: Lapith Attacking a Centaur, Metope XXVII, Parthenon, ca. 430 B.C.E., 63
The Peloponnesian War, 431–404 B.C.E., 63
Philosophical Musings: Athens Contemplates Defeat, 65
DOCUMENT 2.2 A Playwright Reflects on Life, 65
Map 2.4: The Peloponnesian War, 431–404 B.C.E., 66
BIOGRAPHY Alcibiades (ca. 450–404 B.C.E.), 67
Tragedy and Comedy: Innovations in Greek Theater, 69
DOCUMENT 2.3 Ten Thousand Greek Mercenaries Return Home, 70
Hippocrates and Medicine, 70
The Aftermath of War, 404–338 B.C.E., 71
SUMMARY, 72
KEY TERMS, 72
REVIEW, ANALYZE, AND ANTICIPATE, 72
BEYOND THE CLASSROOM, 73
Chapter 3. THE POLEIS BECOME COSMOPOLITAN: THE HELLENISTIC WORLD, 336–150 B.C.E., 75
TIMELINE: THE BIG PICTURE, 76
THE CONQUEST OF THE POLEIS, 76
Tribal Macedonia, 76
Philip II: Military Genius, 77
Death of the King, 78
Alexander's Conquests, 78
Map 3.1: Alexander's Empire, 79
A Young Ruler's Legacy, 80
DOCUMENT 3.1 Alexander Restores Greek Exiles, 81
THE SUCCESSOR KINGDOMS, 323–CA. 100 B.C.E., 82
Egypt under the Ptolemies, 82
Map 3.2: The Successor States after the Death of Alexander, ca. 240 B.C.E., 83
BIOGRAPHY Arsinoë II (315–ca. 270 B.C.E.), 84
The Seleucids Rule Asia, 85
Antigonids in Greece, 86
EAST MEETS WEST IN THE SUCCESSOR KINGDOMS, 87
Money in the New Cosmopolitan Economies, 87
Armies of the Hellenistic World, 88
A True Cultural Blending?, 89
Struggles and Successes: Life in the Cosmopolitan Cities, 90
DOCUMENT 3.2 Cities Celebrate Professional Women, 91
Patronage, Planning, and Passion: Hellenistic Art, 92
Resistance to Hellenism: Judaism, 323–76 B.C.E., 93
THINKING ABOUT ART: Laocoön and His Two Sons, 94
THE SEARCH FOR TRUTH: HELLENISTIC THOUGHT, RELIGION, AND SCIENCE, 95
DOCUMENT 3.3 Judas Maccabaeus Liberates Jerusalem, 96
A Life of Learning, 96
Theater and Literature, 97
Cynics, Epicureans, and Stoics: Cosmopolitan Philosophy, 97
New Religions of Hope, 99
Hellenistic Science, 100
SUMMARY, 101
KEY TERMS, 101
REVIEW, ANALYZE, AND ANTICIPATE, 101
BEYOND THE CLASSROOM, 101
Chapter 4. PRIDE IN FAMILY AND CITY: ROME FROM ITS ORIGINS THROUGH THE REPUBLIC, 753–44 B.C.E., 105
TIMELINE: THE BIG PICTURE, 106
THE RISE OF ROME, 753–265 B.C.E., 106
A Great City Is Founded, 106
The Etruscan Influence, 107
The Roman Monarchy, ca. 753–509 B.C.E., 108
Governing an Emerging Republic, 108
DOCUMENT 4.1 The Power of Public Opinion, 110
Informal Governance: Patrons and Clients, 110
Dominating the Italian Peninsula, 111
Map 4.1: Rome During the Republic, 111
Map 4.2: Italy, 265 B.C.E., 112
FAMILY LIFE AND CITY LIFE, 113
A Pious, Practical People, 113
Loyalty to the Family, 113
The Challenges of Childhood, 114
Life in the City, 114
EXPANSION AND TRANSFORMATION, 265–133 B.C.E., 116
The Romans' Victorious Army, 116
Wars of the Mediterranean, 116
THINKING ABOUT ART: Trajan's Column, 117
Map 4.3: Expansion of the Roman Empire, 264–44 B.C.E., 119
DOCUMENT 4.2 Hannibal Triumphs at the Battle of Cannae, 120
An Influx of Slaves, 121
BIOGRAPHY Publius Terentius Afer (ca. 190–159 B.C.E.)—Terence, 122
Economic Disparity and Social Unrest, 123
THE HELLENIZING OF THE REPUBLIC, 123
Roman Engineering: Fusing Utility and Beauty, 124
Concrete: A New Building Material, 124
Latin Comedy and the Great Prose Writers, 240–44 B.C.E., 125
THE TWILIGHT OF THE REPUBLIC, 133–44 B.C.E., 126
The Reforms of the Gracchi, 133–123 B.C.E., 126
Populares vs. Optimates: The Eruption of Civil Wars, 123–46 B.C.E., 127
Julius Caesar 100–44 B.C.E., 128
DOCUMENT 4.3 Conspirators Assassinate Julius Caesar, 129
SUMMARY, 130
KEY TERMS, 131
REVIEW, ANALYZE, AND ANTICIPATE, 131
BEYOND THE CLASSROOM, 131
Chapter 5. TERRITORIAL AND CHRISTIAN EMPIRES: THE ROMAN EMPIRE, 31 B.C.E. TO 410 C.E., 135
TIMELINE: THE BIG PICTURE, 136
The Pax Romana–27 B.C.E. to 192 C.E., 136
Augustus Takes Power, 136
A New Form of Governing, 137
DOCUMENT 5.1 Augustus Tallies His Accomplishments, 138
Challenges to the Principate, 69–193 C.E., 140
A Vibrant Far-Flung Empire, 141
Map 5.1: City of Rome During the Empire, 142
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: China's Han Dynasty and the Silk Road, 143
Map 5.2: Silk Road ca. 200 C.E., 143
Map 5.3: The Roman Empire, 44 B.C.E.–284 C.E., 144
LIFE DURING THE PEACE OF ROME, 146
A New Decadence, 146
The Problem with Population, 146
Sexual and Medical Misunderstandings, 147
The Games, 148
CRISIS AND TRANSFORMATION, 192–CA. 400 C.E., 149
The Military Monarchy, 149
Ravaged by Recession, Inflation, and Plague, 150
The Reforms of Diocletian, 284–305 C.E., 150
DOCUMENT 5.2 Diocletian Becomes “Lord”, 151
Map 5.4: Diocletian's Division of the Empire, 304 C.E., 152
The Capital Moves East, 153
THE LONGING FOR RELIGIOUS FULFILLMENT, 154
Stoicism and Platonism, 154
Mystery Cults, 154
The Four Faces of Judaism, 155
The Jesus Movement, 156
Map 5.5: Israel at the Time of Jesus, 157
Early Christian Communities, 159
DOCUMENT 5.3 Titus Destroys Jerusalem, 160
FROM CHRISTIAN PERSECUTION TO THE CITY OF GOD, 64–410 C.E., 160
Looking for Christian Scapegoats, 161
Constantine: The Tolerant Emperor, 161
Map 5.6: The Spread of Christianity to 311 C.E., 162
The Empire Adopts Christianity, 162
THINKING ABOUT ART: Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus, 359 C.E., 165
The New Roman, 166
THE HOLY LIFE, 166
BIOGRAPHY Melania the Younger (385–ca. 439), 167
The Influence of Holy People, 168
SUMMARY, 169
KEY TERMS, 169
REVIEW, ANALYZE, AND ANTICIPATE, 169
BEYOND THE CLASSROOM, 170
THE GLOBAL CONTEXT II. Looking Ahead to the Middle Ages: 400–1400, 172
Chapter 6. A WORLD DIVIDED: WESTERN KINGDOMS, BYZANTIUM, AND THE ISLAMIC WORLD, CA. 376–1000, 175
TIMELINE: THE BIG PICTURE, 176
THE MAKING OF THE WESTERN KINGDOMS, CA. 376–750, 176
Life in a German Clan and Family, 176
Germanic Clothing and Food, 177
Heroic Society, 178
Infiltrating the Roman Empire, 376–476, 178
Map 6.1: Germanic Invasions, Fifth Century, 179
DOCUMENT 6.1 The Huns Menace Rome, 180
Did Rome “Fall”?, 181
Rise and Fall of a Frankish Dynasty, ca. 485–750, 182
Accomplishments and Destruction in Italy, ca. 490–750, 183
The Visigoths in Spain, 418–711, 184
The Growing Power of the Popes, 185
Monasteries: Peaceful Havens, 186
THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE, CA. 400–1000, 187
Justinian and Theodora, r. 527–565, 187
Constantinople: The Vibrant City, 189
Map 6.2: Map of Justinian's Conquests, 554, 190
Military Might and Diplomatic Dealings, 190
Breaking Away from the West, 191
THINKING ABOUT ART: Throne of Maximian, 192
Map 6.3: Map of the Byzantine Empire, Eighth Century, 193
Converting the Slavs, 560–ca. 1000, 194
ISLAM, 600–1000, 194
The Prophet, 195
The Religion, 195
The Spread of Islam, 196
Map 6.4: The Expansion of Islam to 750, 197
Creating an Islamic Unity, 198
DOCUMENT 6.2 Christians Accept Caliph Umar's Terms, 199
The Gracious Life, 199
Forces of Disunity, 200
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Yemen: Monotheism Spreads to Southern Arabia, 201
Heirs to Hellenistic Learning, 202
Map 6.5: Map of Islam, ca. 1000, 202
BIOGRAPHY Avicenna (Ibn Sina) (980–1037), 203
DOCUMENT 6.3 Shahrazad Mollifies a Murderous King, 204
Islam and the West, 205
SUMMARY, 205
KEY TERMS, 206
REVIEW, ANALYZE, AND ANTICIPATE, 206
BEYOND THE CLASSROOM, 206
Chapter 7. THE STRUGGLE TO BRING ORDER: THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES, CA. 750–1000, 209
TIMELINE: THE BIG PICTURE, 210
BRINGING ORDER WITH LAWS AND LEADERSHIP, 210
The Rule of Law, 210
ANGLO-SAXON ENGLAND: FORWARDING LEARNING AND LAW, 211
DOCUMENT 7.1 The Visigoths Lay Down the Laws, 212
The Venerable Bede: Recording Science and History, 212
Map 7.1: Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms, ca. 700, 213
Governing the Kingdom, 213
THINKING ABOUT ART: Illustration of Saint Matthew, from a Gospel Book, ca. 700, 214
Alfred the Great: King and Scholar, 214
Map 7.2: England in 886, 215
CHARLEMAGNE AND THE CAROLINGIANS: A NEW EUROPEAN EMPIRE, 216
Charlemagne's Kingdom, 216
Map 7.3: The Empire of Charlemagne, ca. 800, 217
Linking Politics and Religion, 218
Negotiating with Byzantium and Islam, 219
An Intellectual Rebirth, 219
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: The 'Abbasid Caliphate and Charlemagne, 220
DOCUMENT 7.2 Charlemagne Promotes Educational Reforms, 221
STRUGGLE FOR ORDER IN THE CHURCH, 222
Monasteries Contribute to an Ordered World, 222
ORDER INTERRUPTED: VIKINGS AND OTHER INVADERS, 223
Competing for the Realm: Charlemagne's Descendants, 223
DOCUMENT 7.3 A Comet Predicts Disaster, 224
Map 7.4: Partition of the Carolingian Empire, 843–Treaty of Verdun, 225
“The Wrath of the Northmen”: Scandinavian Life and Values, 225
Map 7.5: Invasions of Europe, Ninth and Tenth Centuries, 226
Viking Travels and Conquests, 227
BIOGRAPHY Dhuoda, Bernard, and William, ca. 840, 228
An Age of Invasions: Assessing the Legacy, 229
MANORS AND FEUDAL TIES: ORDER EMERGING FROM CHAOS, 230
Peasants and Lords: Mutual Obligations on the Medieval Manor, 230
Noble Warriors: Feudal Obligations Among the Elite, 232
Merriment, Marriage, and Medicine: A Noble's Life, 233
DOCUMENT 7.4 Feudal Relationship Grows Complex, 235
SUMMARY, 235
KEY TERMS, 236
REVIEW, ANALYZE, AND ANTICIPATE, 236
BEYOND THE CLASSROOM, 236
Chapter 8. ORDER RESTORED: THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES, 1000–1300, 239
TIMELINE: THE BIG PICTURE, 240
THOSE WHO WORK: AGRICULTURAL LABOR, 240
Harnessing the Power of Water and Wind, 240
New Agricultural Techniques, 241
The Population Doubles, 241
DOCUMENT 8.1 Walter of Henley Writes an Agricultural Instruction Manual, 242
THOSE OUTSIDE THE ORDER: TOWN LIFE, 242
Map 8.1: German Migration Eastward, 243
Communes and Guilds: Life in a Medieval Town, 243
The Widening Web of Trade, 244
The Glory of God: Church Architecture, 245
Map 8.2: Trade Routes, Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries, 245
The Rise of Universities, 246
Scholasticism: The Height of Medieval Philosophy, 248
DOCUMENT 8.2 Guibert of Nogent Describes His Education, 249
Map 8.3: Medieval Universities, 250
BIOGRAPHY Ramón Lull (ca. 1232–1316), 252
Discovering the Physical World, 252
THOSE WHO FIGHT: NOBLES AND KNIGHTS, 253
Castles: Medieval Homes and Havens, 253
The Ideals of Chivalry, 254
The Literature of Chivalry, 255
In Praise of Romantic Love, 255
THE RISE OF CENTRALIZED MONARCHIES, 256
England: From Conquest to Parliament, 256
THINKING ABOUT ART: Bayeaux Tapestry, 257
Map 8.4: Medieval France, England, and Germany, Tenth Through Fourteenth Centuries, 259
The Spanish Reconquer Their Lands, 259
Map 8.5: Christian Expansion in Iberia, 260
France and Its Patient Kings, 260
The Myth of Universal Rule: The Holy Roman Empire, 262
THOSE WHO PRAY: IMPERIAL POPES AND EXPANDING CHRISTENDOM, 263
A Call for Church Reform, 263
The Investiture Controversy, 263
Christians on the March: Crusades, 1096–1291, 265
Map 8.6: The Early Crusades, 1096–1192, 266
DOCUMENT 8.3 Pope Innocent III Prohibits Trade with Muslims, 267
Criticism of the Church, 268
Map 8.7: The Late Crusades, 1201–1270, 269
The Church Accommodates: Franciscans and Dominicans, 269
The Church Suppresses: The Albigensian Crusade and the Inquisition, 270
SUMMARY, 271
KEY TERMS, 271
REVIEW, ANALYZE, AND ANTICIPATE, 272
BEYOND THE CLASSROOM, 272
Chapter 9. THE WEST STRUGGLES AND EASTERN EMPIRES FLOURISH: THE LATE MIDDLE AGES, CA. 1300–1500, 275
TIMELINE: THE BIG PICTURE, 276
ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL MISERY, 276
Famine, 276
The Black Death: A Pandemic Strikes, 277
Map 9.1: The Spread of the Black Death, 278
DOCUMENT 9.1 Agnolo the Fat Survives the Plague, 279
Peasants and Townspeople Revolt, 280
IMPERIAL PAPACY BESIEGED, 281
Popes Move to Avignon, 281
Things Get Worse: The Great Schism, 282
The Conciliar Movement, 282
New Critics of the Church, 282
Map 9.2: The Great Schism, 1378–1417, 283
MORE DESTRUCTION: THE HUNDRED YEARS' WAR, 1337–1453, 284
England vs. France, 284
Map 9.3: The Hundred Years' War, 1337–1453, 285
Joan of Arc, 286
BIOGRAPHY Edward: The Black Prince, 1330–1376, 287
DOCUMENT 9.2 Joan of Arc Is Defiant, 288
Results of the War, 289
RESPONSES TO THE DISRUPTION OF MEDIEVAL ORDER, 289
William of Ockham Reconsiders Scholasticism, 290
New Literary Giants, 290
THINKING ABOUT ART: Illumination from a Book of Hours, 291
A New View: Jan van Eyck, 292
EMPIRES IN THE EAST, 293
Eastern Universalism: The Mongols, 293
Map 9.4: The Mongol Empire, ca. 1300, 294
DOCUMENT 9.3 A Franciscan Missionary Goes to China, 295
The Ottoman Empire, ca. 1300–1566, 295
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: The Mongols Establish the Yuan Dynasty in China, 296
Map 9.5: The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1566, 297
Russia: The Third Rome, 297
Map 9.6: The Rise of Moscow, 1325–1533, 298
SUMMARY, 299
KEY TERMS, 300
REVIEW, ANALYZE, AND ANTICIPATE, 300
BEYOND THE CLASSROOM, 300
Chapter 10. A NEW SPIRIT IN THE WEST: THE RENAISSANCE, CA. 1300–1640, 303
TIMELINE: THE BIG PICTURE, 304
A NEW SPIRIT EMERGES: INDIVIDUALISM, REALISM, AND ACTIVISM, 304
The Renaissance: A Controversial Idea, 304
Why Italy?, 305
A Multifaceted Movement, 305
Humanism: The Path to Self-Improvement, 306
BIOGRAPHY Isabella d'Este (1474–1539), 308
The Generosity of Patrons: Supporting New Ideas, 308
DOCUMENT 10.1 Isabella d'Este's Implores Leonardo da Vinci to Paint for Her, 310
The Invention of the Printing Press: Spreading New Ideas, 311
THE POLITICS OF INDIVIDUAL EFFORT, 311
The Italian City-States, 312
Florence: Birthplace of the Renaissance, 312
Map 10.1: Italy in 1454, 312
DOCUMENT 10.2 Friar Savonarola Ignites a “Bonfire of the Vanities”, 313
Venice: The Serene Republic?, 314
Milan and Naples: Two Principalities, 314
Map 10.2: The Venetian Empire in the Fifteenth Century, 315
The Papal States, 316
The Art of Diplomacy, 317
INDIVIDUALISM AS SELF-INTEREST: LIFE DURING THE RENAISSANCE, 318
Growing Intolerance, 318
Economic Boom Times, 318
Slavery Revived, 319
Finding Comfort in Family, 320
Children's Lives, 321
AN AGE OF TALENT AND BEAUTY: RENAISSANCE CULTURE AND SCIENCE, 322
Artists and Artisans, 322
Architecture: Echoing the Human Form, 322
Sculpture Comes into Its Own, 324
Painting from a New Perspective, 325
THINKING ABOUT ART: Raphael, The School of Athens, 1510–1511, 326
Science or Pseudoscience?, 327
Leonardo da Vinci: The “Renaissance Man”, 327
RENAISSANCE OF THE “NEW MONARCHIES” OF THE NORTH: 1453–1640, 329
France Under the Italian Influence, 329
Map 10.3: France in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries, 330
DOCUMENT 10.3 A Courtier Describes a Suspicious King—Louis the Spider, 331
English Humanism, 331
Renaissance London: A Booming City, 332
England's Pride: William Shakespeare, 333
SUMMARY, 333
KEY TERMS, 333
REVIEW, ANALYZE, AND ANTICIPATE, 334
BEYOND THE CLASSROOM, 334
Chapter 11. “ALONE BEFORE GOD”: RELIGIOUS REFORM AND WARFARE 1500–1648, 337
TIMELINE: THE BIG PICTURE, 338
THE CLASH OF DYNASTIES, 1515–1555, 338
Land-Hungry Monarchs, 338
Map 11.1: Europe in 1526–Habsburg-Valois Wars, 339
The Changing Rules of Warfare, 339
Map 11.2: The Ottoman Empire, 1520–1566, 340
Winners and Losers, 341
BIOGRAPHY Martin Guerre (1524–1594), 342
The Habsburg-Valois Wars, 1521–1544, 342
A TIDE OF RELIGIOUS REFORM, 343
The Best Path to Salvation?, 343
Desiderius Erasmus: “Prince of Humanists”, 343
DOCUMENT 11.1 Germans Rage Against Papal Exploitation, 344
Luther's Revolution, 345
THINKING ABOUT ART: Jörg Breu, The Sale of Indulgences, ca. 1530, 345
Protestant Religious Ideas, 346
The Reformed Church Takes Root in Germany, 347
Bringing Reform to the States in Switzerland, 348
Anabaptists: The Radical Reformers, 349
Calvinism and the Growing Middle Class, 349
Henry VIII and the English Church, 350
DOCUMENT 11.2 Marie Dentière Defends Reformation Women's Rights, 351
THE CATHOLIC REFORMATION, 354
The Stirring of Reform in Spain, 354
Map 11.3: Religions in Europe, ca. 1600, 355
The Society of Jesus, 356
DOCUMENT 11.3 Ignatius Loyola Argues for Education as a Solution, 356
The Council of Trent, 1545–1563, 357
Catholics on the Offense, 358
EUROPE ERUPTS AGAIN: A CENTURY OF RELIGIOUS WARFARE, 1559–1648, 360
French Wars of Religion, 1562–1598, 360
A “Council of Blood” in the Netherlands, 1566–1609, 361
The Thirty Years' War, 1618–1648, 362
Map 11.4: The Thirty Years' War, 1618–1648, 363
Peace at Westphalia, 364
Map 11.5: Europe in 1648, 365
LIFE AFTER THE REFORMATION, 365
New Definitions of Courtship and Marriage, 365
Forging a Link Between Education and Work, 366
Anxiety and Spiritual Insecurity, 367
Searching for Scapegoats: The Hunt for Witches, 368
SUMMARY, 369
KEY TERMS, 369
REVIEW, ANALYZE, AND ANTICIPATE, 370
BEYOND THE CLASSROOM, 370
Chapter 12. FAITH, FORTUNE, AND FAME: EUROPEAN EXPANSION, 1450–1700, 373
TIMELINE: THE BIG PICTURE, 374
THE WORLD IMAGINED, 374
The Lure of the “East”, 374
Imagined Peoples, 375
Ptolemy's Map, 375
THE WORLD DISCOVERED, 375
Fame, Fortune, and Faith: The Drive to Explore, 376
New Technologies and Travel, 376
The Portuguese Race for the East, 1450–1600, 377
Map 12.1: Exploration and Conquest: Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries, 378
Spain's Westward Discoveries, 1492–1522, 378
DOCUMENT 12.1 Amerigo Vespucci Describes the New World, 380
The Northern Europeans Join the Race, 1600–1650, 380
CONFRONTATION OF CULTURES, 381
The Original Americans, 381
Map 12.2: European Expansion, ca. 1700, 382
Early Contacts, 383
Map 12.3: Indigenous Empires in the Americas, ca. 1500, 384
Conquest of the Great Empires, 1520–1550, 385
Life and Death Under European Rule, 1550–1700, 386
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: The Inca Empire Falls, 387
The African Slave Trade, 388
Gathering Souls in the New Lands, 390
THE WORLD MARKET AND COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION, 391
High Prices and Profits: Trading on the World Stage, 392
The Rise of Commercial Capitalism, 392
DOCUMENT 12.2 Thomas Mun Praises Trade, 393
Mercantilism: Controlling the Balance of Trade, 394
The Growth of Banking, 394
The Danger of Overspending: Spain Learns a Lesson, 395
Redefining Work Roles, 395
Piracy: Banditry on a World Scale, 1550–1700, 395
THE WORLD TRANSFORMED, 397
European Culture Spreads, 397
THINKING ABOUT ART: Festival Scene Painted on a Screen, Mexico, ca. 1650, 398
European Culture Transformed, 398
BIOGRAPHY Maria Sibylla Merian (1647–1717), 399
A New Worldview, 400
SUMMARY, 401
KEY TERMS, 402
REVIEW, ANALYZE, AND ANTICIPATE, 402
BEYOND THE CLASSROOM, 402
Chapter 13. THE STRUGGLE FOR SURVIVAL AND SOVEREIGNTY: EUROPE'S SOCIAL AND POLITICAL ORDER, 1600–1715, 405
TIMELINE: THE BIG PICTURE, 406
STRESSES IN TRADITIONAL SOCIETY, 406
Mounting Demands on Rural Life, 406
THINKING ABOUT ART: Louis le Nain, The Cart, 1642, 407
Pressures on the Upper Orders, 408
DOCUMENT 13.1 Bishop Bossuet Justifies Monarchical Absolutism, 409
ROYAL ABSOLUTISM IN FRANCE, 410
Henry IV Secures the Monarchy, 410
Richelieu Elevates Royal Authority, 410
Mazarin Overcomes the Opposition, 411
The Sun King Rises, 411
DOCUMENT 13.2 Louis XIV Describes Monarchical Rights and Duties, 412
Map 13.1: France under Louis XIV, 1661–1715, 416
THE STRUGGLE FOR SOVEREIGNTY IN EASTERN EUROPE, 417
Centralizing the State in Brandenburg-Prussia, 417
Austria Confronts the Ottomans and Expands its Control, 417
Map 13.2: Central and Eastern Europe, 1648, 418
Russia and Its Tsars Gain Prominence, 419
Map 13.3: Central and Eastern Europe, 1640–1725, 420
The Victory of the Nobility in Poland, 421
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: The Rise and Fall of the Mughal Empire in India, 422
THE TRIUMPH OF CONSTITUTIONALISM, 423
The Nobility Loses Respect, 423
Protestantism Revitalized, 424
James I Invokes the Divine Right of Kings, 425
Charles I Alienates Parliament, 425
“God Made Men and the Devil Made Kings”: Civil War, 1642–1649, 426
Map 13.4: The English Civil War, 1642–1649, 426
The King Laid Low, 427
A Puritan Republic Is Born: The Commonwealth, 1649–1660, 428
Who Has the Power to Rule?, 429
The Monarchy Restored, 1660–1688, 430
The Glorious Revolution, 431
Royalism Reconsidered: John Locke, 432
BIOGRAPHY Samuel Pepys (1633–1703), 432
The Netherlands Maintain a Republic, 433
Map 13.5: The United Provinces and the Spanish Netherlands, 1609, 434
DOCUMENT 13.3 An Ambassador Describes the Dutch Government, 435
SUMMARY, 437
KEY TERMS, 437
REVIEW, ANALYZE, AND ANTICIPATE, 437
BEYOND THE CLASSROOM, 438
Chapter 14. A NEW WORLD OF REASON AND REFORM: THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION AND THE ENLIGHTENMENT, 1600–1800, 441
TIMELINE: THE BIG PICTURE, 442
QUESTIONING TRUTH AND AUTHORITY, 442
The Old View, 442
Undermining the Old View, 442
DEVELOPING A MODERN SCIENTIFIC VIEW, 444
Astronomy and Physics: From Copernicus to Newton, 444
DOCUMENT 14.1 Kepler and Galileo Exchange Letters about Science, 446
The Revolution Spreads: Medicine, Anatomy, and Chemistry, 447
DOCUMENT 14.2 Isaac Newton: God in a Scientific Universe, 448
The Methodology of Science Emerges, 449
SUPPORTING AND SPREADING SCIENCE, 450
Courts and Salons, 451
The Rise of Royal Societies, 451
Religion and the New Science, 451
The New Worldview, 452
LAYING THE FOUNDATIONS FOR THE ENLIGHTENMENT, 452
Science Popularized, 452
Skepticism and Religion, 454
Broadening Criticism of Authority and Tradition, 455
THE ENLIGHTENMENT IN FULL STRIDE, 455
DOCUMENT 14.3 Concorcet Lauds the Power of Reason, 456
The Philosophes, 456
The Encyclopedia, 457
Battling the Church, 458
Reforming Society, 458
BIOGRAPHY Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778), 460
The Culture and Spread of the Enlightenment, 462
THINKING ABOUT ART: Léonard Defrance, At the Shield of Minerva, 1781, 463
SUMMARY, 464
KEY TERMS, 464
REVIEW, ANALYZE, AND ANTICIPATE, 464
BEYOND THE CLASSROOM, 465
Glossary, G-1
Credits, C-1
Index, I-1

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