CourseSmart Reader

The West in the World, Volume I: To 1715, 3rd Edition

by Sherman, Dennis; Salisbury, Joyce

Publisher: McGraw-Hill Higher Education

Publishing Date: 2007/12/31

eText ISBN-10

0-07-725269-1

eText ISBN-13

978-0-07-725269-4

Print ISBN-10

0-07-331669-5

Print ISBN-13

978-0-07-331669-7

Saleable Print ISBN-10

0-07-331669-5

Saleable Print ISBN-13

978-0-07-331669-7

Table of Contents

List of Primary Source Documents, xiv

List of Maps, xv

List of Features, xvi

To You, the Student: How to Use This Book, xxxii

Chapter 1. THE ROOTS OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION: THE ANCIENT MIDDLE EAST TO THE SIXTH CENTURY B.C.E., 3

TIMELINE: THE BIG PICTURE, 4

BEFORE WESTERN CIVILIZATION, 4

Out of Africa: The Paleolithic Period, 600,000–10,000 B.C.E., 4

The Neolithic Period: The First Stirrings of Agriculture, 10,000–3000 B.C.E., 6

Map 1.1: Mesopotamia and Egypt, ca. 2000 B.C.E., 7

STRUGGLING WITH THE FORCES OF NATURE: MESOPOTAMIA, 3000–CA. 1000 B.C.E., 8

The Origins of Western Civilization, 8

Life in a Sumerian City, 9

Gods and Goddesses of the River Valley, 10

The Development of Writing, 11

Laws and Justice, 12

Indo-Europeans: New Contributions in the Story of the West, 13

Hittites Establish Their Empire, 14

RULE OF THE GOD-KING: ANCIENT EGYPT, CA. 3100–1000 B.C.E., 14

Prosperity and Order: The Old Kingdom, ca. 2700–2181 B.C.E., 15

Hieroglyphs: Sacred Writing, 15

Pyramids and the Afterlife, 16

GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Nubia: The Passage from the Mediterranean to the Heart of Africa, 17

Changing Political Fortunes, ca. 2200–1570 B.C.E., 18

DOCUMENT 1.1 An Egyptian Nobleman Writes His Obituary, 20

Political Expansion: The New Kingdom, 1570–1085 B.C.E., 20

Map 1.2: The Ancient Near East, ca. 1450 B.C.E., 21

THINKING ABOUT ART: Egyptian Fresco, ca. 1295–1186 B.C.E., 22

The Religious Experiment of Akhenaten, ca. 1377–1360 B.C.E., 22

The Twilight of the Egyptian Empire, 1360–ca. 1000 B.C.E., 23

BIOGRAPHY Hatshepsut (r. 1473–1458 B.C.E.) and Thutmose (ca. 1482–1450 B.C.E.), 24

MERCHANTS AND MONOTHEISTS: PEOPLES OF THE MEDITERRANEAN COAST, CA. 1300–500 B.C.E., 24

The Phoenicians: Traders on the Sea, 24

The People of the One God: Early Hebrew History, 1500–900 B.C.E., 26

DOCUMENT 1.2 King Solomon Secures His Realm's Fortune, 27

A Jealous God, 1300–587 B.C.E., 27

Map 1.3: Mediterranean Coast in the First Millennium B.C.E., 28

Judaism in Exile, 29

TERROR AND BENEVOLENCE: THE GROWTH OF EMPIRES, 1200–500 B.C.E., 30

The Age of Iron, 30

Map 1.4: The Assyrian Empire, ca. 662 B.C.E., 30

Rule by Terror: The Assyrians, 911–612 B.C.E., 31

Babylonian Rule, 612–539 B.C.E., 32

Rule by Tolerance: The Persian Empire, ca. 550–330 B.C.E., 33

Map 1.5: The Persian Empire, ca. 500 B.C.E., 33

DOCUMENT 1.3 Cambyses Conquers Egypt, 34

REVIEW, ANALYZE, AND ANTICIPATE, 36

BEYOND THE CLASSROOM, 36

THE GLOBAL CONTEXT I. Looking Ahead to the Ancient World: 700 B.C.E. to 400 C.E., 38

Chapter 2. THE CONTEST FOR EXCELLENCE: GREECE, 2000–338 B.C.E., 41

TIMELINE: THE BIG PICTURE, 42

THE RISE AND FALL OF ANCIENT HEROES, 2000–800 B.C.E., 42

The Greek Peninsula, 42

The Minoans, 2000–1450 B.C.E., 42

Map 2.1: The World of the Greeks, 43

Mycenaean Civilization: The First Greeks, 2000–1100 B.C.E., 45

From “Dark Ages” to Colonies, 46

EMERGING FROM THE DARK: HEROIC BELIEFS AND VALUES, 46

Map 2.2 The Greek Colonies in About 500 B.C.E., 47

Heroic Values Preserved, 47

The Family of the Gods, 48

GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Transforming Science in Asia Minor, 50

Studying the Material World, 51

LIFE IN THE GREEK POLEIS, 51

The Invention of Politics, 52

The Heart of the Polis, 52

Fears and Attachments in Greek Emotional Life, 54

Athens: City of Democracy, 54

DOCUMENT 2.1 Theseus Founds the City of Athens, 55

Sparta: Model Military State, 56

The Love of the Contest: Olympic Games, 57

The Persian Wars, 490–479 B.C.E., 58

Map 2.3: The Persian Wars, 490–479 B.C.E., 59

Herodotus: The Father of History, 60

GREECE ENTERS ITS CLASSICAL AGE, 479–336 B.C.E., 61

Athens Builds an Empire, 477–431 B.C.E., 61

Artistic Athens, 62

Greek Theater: Exploring Complex Moral Problems, 62

DESTRUCTION, DISILLUSION, AND A SEARCH FOR MEANING, 63

THINKING ABOUT ART: Lapith Attacking a Centaur, Metope XXVII, Parthenon, ca. 430 B.C.E., 63

The Peloponnesian War, 431–404 B.C.E., 63

Philosophical Musings: Athens Contemplates Defeat, 65

DOCUMENT 2.2 A Playwright Reflects on Life, 65

Map 2.4: The Peloponnesian War, 431–404 B.C.E., 66

BIOGRAPHY Alcibiades (ca. 450–404 B.C.E.), 67

Tragedy and Comedy: Innovations in Greek Theater, 69

DOCUMENT 2.3 Ten Thousand Greek Mercenaries Return Home, 70

Hippocrates and Medicine, 70

The Aftermath of War, 404–338 B.C.E., 71

REVIEW, ANALYZE, AND ANTICIPATE, 72

BEYOND THE CLASSROOM, 73

Chapter 3. THE POLEIS BECOME COSMOPOLITAN: THE HELLENISTIC WORLD, 336–150 B.C.E., 75

TIMELINE: THE BIG PICTURE, 76

THE CONQUEST OF THE POLEIS, 76

Tribal Macedonia, 76

Philip II: Military Genius, 77

Death of the King, 78

Alexander's Conquests, 78

Map 3.1: Alexander's Empire, 79

A Young Ruler's Legacy, 80

DOCUMENT 3.1 Alexander Restores Greek Exiles, 81

THE SUCCESSOR KINGDOMS, 323–CA. 100 B.C.E., 82

Egypt under the Ptolemies, 82

Map 3.2: The Successor States after the Death of Alexander, ca. 240 B.C.E., 83

BIOGRAPHY Arsinoë II (315–ca. 270 B.C.E.), 84

The Seleucids Rule Asia, 85

Antigonids in Greece, 86

EAST MEETS WEST IN THE SUCCESSOR KINGDOMS, 87

Money in the New Cosmopolitan Economies, 87

Armies of the Hellenistic World, 88

A True Cultural Blending?, 89

Struggles and Successes: Life in the Cosmopolitan Cities, 90

DOCUMENT 3.2 Cities Celebrate Professional Women, 91

Patronage, Planning, and Passion: Hellenistic Art, 92

Resistance to Hellenism: Judaism, 323–76 B.C.E., 93

THINKING ABOUT ART: Laocoön and His Two Sons, 94

THE SEARCH FOR TRUTH: HELLENISTIC THOUGHT, RELIGION, AND SCIENCE, 95

DOCUMENT 3.3 Judas Maccabaeus Liberates Jerusalem, 96

A Life of Learning, 96

Theater and Literature, 97

Cynics, Epicureans, and Stoics: Cosmopolitan Philosophy, 97

New Religions of Hope, 99

Hellenistic Science, 100

REVIEW, ANALYZE, AND ANTICIPATE, 101

BEYOND THE CLASSROOM, 101

Chapter 4. PRIDE IN FAMILY AND CITY: ROME FROM ITS ORIGINS THROUGH THE REPUBLIC, 753–44 B.C.E., 105

TIMELINE: THE BIG PICTURE, 106

THE RISE OF ROME, 753–265 B.C.E., 106

A Great City Is Founded, 106

The Etruscan Influence, 107

The Roman Monarchy, ca. 753–509 B.C.E., 108

Governing an Emerging Republic, 108

DOCUMENT 4.1 The Power of Public Opinion, 110

Informal Governance: Patrons and Clients, 110

Dominating the Italian Peninsula, 111

Map 4.1: Rome During the Republic, 111

Map 4.2: Italy, 265 B.C.E., 112

FAMILY LIFE AND CITY LIFE, 113

A Pious, Practical People, 113

Loyalty to the Family, 113

The Challenges of Childhood, 114

Life in the City, 114

EXPANSION AND TRANSFORMATION, 265–133 B.C.E., 116

The Romans' Victorious Army, 116

Wars of the Mediterranean, 116

THINKING ABOUT ART: Trajan's Column, 117

Map 4.3: Expansion of the Roman Empire, 264–44 B.C.E., 119

DOCUMENT 4.2 Hannibal Triumphs at the Battle of Cannae, 120

An Influx of Slaves, 121

BIOGRAPHY Publius Terentius Afer (ca. 190–159 B.C.E.)—Terence, 122

Economic Disparity and Social Unrest, 123

THE HELLENIZING OF THE REPUBLIC, 123

Roman Engineering: Fusing Utility and Beauty, 124

Concrete: A New Building Material, 124

Latin Comedy and the Great Prose Writers, 240–44 B.C.E., 125

THE TWILIGHT OF THE REPUBLIC, 133–44 B.C.E., 126

The Reforms of the Gracchi, 133–123 B.C.E., 126

Populares vs. Optimates: The Eruption of Civil Wars, 123–46 B.C.E., 127

Julius Caesar 100–44 B.C.E., 128

DOCUMENT 4.3 Conspirators Assassinate Julius Caesar, 129

REVIEW, ANALYZE, AND ANTICIPATE, 131

BEYOND THE CLASSROOM, 131

Chapter 5. TERRITORIAL AND CHRISTIAN EMPIRES: THE ROMAN EMPIRE, 31 B.C.E. TO 410 C.E., 135

TIMELINE: THE BIG PICTURE, 136

The Pax Romana–27 B.C.E. to 192 C.E., 136

Augustus Takes Power, 136

A New Form of Governing, 137

DOCUMENT 5.1 Augustus Tallies His Accomplishments, 138

Challenges to the Principate, 69–193 C.E., 140

A Vibrant Far-Flung Empire, 141

Map 5.1: City of Rome During the Empire, 142

GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: China's Han Dynasty and the Silk Road, 143

Map 5.2: Silk Road ca. 200 C.E., 143

Map 5.3: The Roman Empire, 44 B.C.E.–284 C.E., 144

LIFE DURING THE PEACE OF ROME, 146

A New Decadence, 146

The Problem with Population, 146

Sexual and Medical Misunderstandings, 147

CRISIS AND TRANSFORMATION, 192–CA. 400 C.E., 149

The Military Monarchy, 149

Ravaged by Recession, Inflation, and Plague, 150

The Reforms of Diocletian, 284–305 C.E., 150

DOCUMENT 5.2 Diocletian Becomes “Lord”, 151

Map 5.4: Diocletian's Division of the Empire, 304 C.E., 152

The Capital Moves East, 153

THE LONGING FOR RELIGIOUS FULFILLMENT, 154

Stoicism and Platonism, 154

Mystery Cults, 154

The Four Faces of Judaism, 155

The Jesus Movement, 156

Map 5.5: Israel at the Time of Jesus, 157

Early Christian Communities, 159

DOCUMENT 5.3 Titus Destroys Jerusalem, 160

FROM CHRISTIAN PERSECUTION TO THE CITY OF GOD, 64–410 C.E., 160

Looking for Christian Scapegoats, 161

Constantine: The Tolerant Emperor, 161

Map 5.6: The Spread of Christianity to 311 C.E., 162

The Empire Adopts Christianity, 162

THINKING ABOUT ART: Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus, 359 C.E., 165

The New Roman, 166

THE HOLY LIFE, 166

BIOGRAPHY Melania the Younger (385–ca. 439), 167

The Influence of Holy People, 168

REVIEW, ANALYZE, AND ANTICIPATE, 169

BEYOND THE CLASSROOM, 170

THE GLOBAL CONTEXT II. Looking Ahead to the Middle Ages: 400–1400, 172

Chapter 6. A WORLD DIVIDED: WESTERN KINGDOMS, BYZANTIUM, AND THE ISLAMIC WORLD, CA. 376–1000, 175

TIMELINE: THE BIG PICTURE, 176

THE MAKING OF THE WESTERN KINGDOMS, CA. 376–750, 176

Life in a German Clan and Family, 176

Germanic Clothing and Food, 177

Heroic Society, 178

Infiltrating the Roman Empire, 376–476, 178

Map 6.1: Germanic Invasions, Fifth Century, 179

DOCUMENT 6.1 The Huns Menace Rome, 180

Did Rome “Fall”?, 181

Rise and Fall of a Frankish Dynasty, ca. 485–750, 182

Accomplishments and Destruction in Italy, ca. 490–750, 183

The Visigoths in Spain, 418–711, 184

The Growing Power of the Popes, 185

Monasteries: Peaceful Havens, 186

THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE, CA. 400–1000, 187

Justinian and Theodora, r. 527–565, 187

Constantinople: The Vibrant City, 189

Map 6.2: Map of Justinian's Conquests, 554, 190

Military Might and Diplomatic Dealings, 190

Breaking Away from the West, 191

THINKING ABOUT ART: Throne of Maximian, 192

Map 6.3: Map of the Byzantine Empire, Eighth Century, 193

Converting the Slavs, 560–ca. 1000, 194

ISLAM, 600–1000, 194

The Prophet, 195

The Religion, 195

The Spread of Islam, 196

Map 6.4: The Expansion of Islam to 750, 197

Creating an Islamic Unity, 198

DOCUMENT 6.2 Christians Accept Caliph Umar's Terms, 199

The Gracious Life, 199

Forces of Disunity, 200

GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: Yemen: Monotheism Spreads to Southern Arabia, 201

Heirs to Hellenistic Learning, 202

Map 6.5: Map of Islam, ca. 1000, 202

BIOGRAPHY Avicenna (Ibn Sina) (980–1037), 203

DOCUMENT 6.3 Shahrazad Mollifies a Murderous King, 204

Islam and the West, 205

REVIEW, ANALYZE, AND ANTICIPATE, 206

BEYOND THE CLASSROOM, 206

Chapter 7. THE STRUGGLE TO BRING ORDER: THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES, CA. 750–1000, 209

TIMELINE: THE BIG PICTURE, 210

BRINGING ORDER WITH LAWS AND LEADERSHIP, 210

The Rule of Law, 210

ANGLO-SAXON ENGLAND: FORWARDING LEARNING AND LAW, 211

DOCUMENT 7.1 The Visigoths Lay Down the Laws, 212

The Venerable Bede: Recording Science and History, 212

Map 7.1: Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms, ca. 700, 213

Governing the Kingdom, 213

THINKING ABOUT ART: Illustration of Saint Matthew, from a Gospel Book, ca. 700, 214

Alfred the Great: King and Scholar, 214

Map 7.2: England in 886, 215

CHARLEMAGNE AND THE CAROLINGIANS: A NEW EUROPEAN EMPIRE, 216

Charlemagne's Kingdom, 216

Map 7.3: The Empire of Charlemagne, ca. 800, 217

Linking Politics and Religion, 218

Negotiating with Byzantium and Islam, 219

An Intellectual Rebirth, 219

GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: The 'Abbasid Caliphate and Charlemagne, 220

DOCUMENT 7.2 Charlemagne Promotes Educational Reforms, 221

STRUGGLE FOR ORDER IN THE CHURCH, 222

Monasteries Contribute to an Ordered World, 222

ORDER INTERRUPTED: VIKINGS AND OTHER INVADERS, 223

Competing for the Realm: Charlemagne's Descendants, 223

DOCUMENT 7.3 A Comet Predicts Disaster, 224

Map 7.4: Partition of the Carolingian Empire, 843–Treaty of Verdun, 225

“The Wrath of the Northmen”: Scandinavian Life and Values, 225

Map 7.5: Invasions of Europe, Ninth and Tenth Centuries, 226

Viking Travels and Conquests, 227

BIOGRAPHY Dhuoda, Bernard, and William, ca. 840, 228

An Age of Invasions: Assessing the Legacy, 229

MANORS AND FEUDAL TIES: ORDER EMERGING FROM CHAOS, 230

Peasants and Lords: Mutual Obligations on the Medieval Manor, 230

Noble Warriors: Feudal Obligations Among the Elite, 232

Merriment, Marriage, and Medicine: A Noble's Life, 233

DOCUMENT 7.4 Feudal Relationship Grows Complex, 235

REVIEW, ANALYZE, AND ANTICIPATE, 236

BEYOND THE CLASSROOM, 236

Chapter 8. ORDER RESTORED: THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES, 1000–1300, 239

TIMELINE: THE BIG PICTURE, 240

THOSE WHO WORK: AGRICULTURAL LABOR, 240

Harnessing the Power of Water and Wind, 240

New Agricultural Techniques, 241

The Population Doubles, 241

DOCUMENT 8.1 Walter of Henley Writes an Agricultural Instruction Manual, 242

THOSE OUTSIDE THE ORDER: TOWN LIFE, 242

Map 8.1: German Migration Eastward, 243

Communes and Guilds: Life in a Medieval Town, 243

The Widening Web of Trade, 244

The Glory of God: Church Architecture, 245

Map 8.2: Trade Routes, Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries, 245

The Rise of Universities, 246

Scholasticism: The Height of Medieval Philosophy, 248

DOCUMENT 8.2 Guibert of Nogent Describes His Education, 249

Map 8.3: Medieval Universities, 250

BIOGRAPHY Ramón Lull (ca. 1232–1316), 252

Discovering the Physical World, 252

THOSE WHO FIGHT: NOBLES AND KNIGHTS, 253

Castles: Medieval Homes and Havens, 253

The Ideals of Chivalry, 254

The Literature of Chivalry, 255

In Praise of Romantic Love, 255

THE RISE OF CENTRALIZED MONARCHIES, 256

England: From Conquest to Parliament, 256

THINKING ABOUT ART: Bayeaux Tapestry, 257

Map 8.4: Medieval France, England, and Germany, Tenth Through Fourteenth Centuries, 259

The Spanish Reconquer Their Lands, 259

Map 8.5: Christian Expansion in Iberia, 260

France and Its Patient Kings, 260

The Myth of Universal Rule: The Holy Roman Empire, 262

THOSE WHO PRAY: IMPERIAL POPES AND EXPANDING CHRISTENDOM, 263

A Call for Church Reform, 263

The Investiture Controversy, 263

Christians on the March: Crusades, 1096–1291, 265

Map 8.6: The Early Crusades, 1096–1192, 266

DOCUMENT 8.3 Pope Innocent III Prohibits Trade with Muslims, 267

Criticism of the Church, 268

Map 8.7: The Late Crusades, 1201–1270, 269

The Church Accommodates: Franciscans and Dominicans, 269

The Church Suppresses: The Albigensian Crusade and the Inquisition, 270

REVIEW, ANALYZE, AND ANTICIPATE, 272

BEYOND THE CLASSROOM, 272

Chapter 9. THE WEST STRUGGLES AND EASTERN EMPIRES FLOURISH: THE LATE MIDDLE AGES, CA. 1300–1500, 275

TIMELINE: THE BIG PICTURE, 276

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL MISERY, 276

The Black Death: A Pandemic Strikes, 277

Map 9.1: The Spread of the Black Death, 278

DOCUMENT 9.1 Agnolo the Fat Survives the Plague, 279

Peasants and Townspeople Revolt, 280

IMPERIAL PAPACY BESIEGED, 281

Popes Move to Avignon, 281

Things Get Worse: The Great Schism, 282

The Conciliar Movement, 282

New Critics of the Church, 282

Map 9.2: The Great Schism, 1378–1417, 283

MORE DESTRUCTION: THE HUNDRED YEARS' WAR, 1337–1453, 284

England vs. France, 284

Map 9.3: The Hundred Years' War, 1337–1453, 285

Joan of Arc, 286

BIOGRAPHY Edward: The Black Prince, 1330–1376, 287

DOCUMENT 9.2 Joan of Arc Is Defiant, 288

Results of the War, 289

RESPONSES TO THE DISRUPTION OF MEDIEVAL ORDER, 289

William of Ockham Reconsiders Scholasticism, 290

New Literary Giants, 290

THINKING ABOUT ART: Illumination from a Book of Hours, 291

A New View: Jan van Eyck, 292

EMPIRES IN THE EAST, 293

Eastern Universalism: The Mongols, 293

Map 9.4: The Mongol Empire, ca. 1300, 294

DOCUMENT 9.3 A Franciscan Missionary Goes to China, 295

The Ottoman Empire, ca. 1300–1566, 295

GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: The Mongols Establish the Yuan Dynasty in China, 296

Map 9.5: The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1566, 297

Russia: The Third Rome, 297

Map 9.6: The Rise of Moscow, 1325–1533, 298

REVIEW, ANALYZE, AND ANTICIPATE, 300

BEYOND THE CLASSROOM, 300

Chapter 10. A NEW SPIRIT IN THE WEST: THE RENAISSANCE, CA. 1300–1640, 303

TIMELINE: THE BIG PICTURE, 304

A NEW SPIRIT EMERGES: INDIVIDUALISM, REALISM, AND ACTIVISM, 304

The Renaissance: A Controversial Idea, 304

Why Italy?, 305

A Multifaceted Movement, 305

Humanism: The Path to Self-Improvement, 306

BIOGRAPHY Isabella d'Este (1474–1539), 308

The Generosity of Patrons: Supporting New Ideas, 308

DOCUMENT 10.1 Isabella d'Este's Implores Leonardo da Vinci to Paint for Her, 310

The Invention of the Printing Press: Spreading New Ideas, 311

THE POLITICS OF INDIVIDUAL EFFORT, 311

The Italian City-States, 312

Florence: Birthplace of the Renaissance, 312

Map 10.1: Italy in 1454, 312

DOCUMENT 10.2 Friar Savonarola Ignites a “Bonfire of the Vanities”, 313

Venice: The Serene Republic?, 314

Milan and Naples: Two Principalities, 314

Map 10.2: The Venetian Empire in the Fifteenth Century, 315

The Papal States, 316

The Art of Diplomacy, 317

INDIVIDUALISM AS SELF-INTEREST: LIFE DURING THE RENAISSANCE, 318

Growing Intolerance, 318

Economic Boom Times, 318

Slavery Revived, 319

Finding Comfort in Family, 320

Children's Lives, 321

AN AGE OF TALENT AND BEAUTY: RENAISSANCE CULTURE AND SCIENCE, 322

Artists and Artisans, 322

Architecture: Echoing the Human Form, 322

Sculpture Comes into Its Own, 324

Painting from a New Perspective, 325

THINKING ABOUT ART: Raphael, The School of Athens, 1510–1511, 326

Science or Pseudoscience?, 327

Leonardo da Vinci: The “Renaissance Man”, 327

RENAISSANCE OF THE “NEW MONARCHIES” OF THE NORTH: 1453–1640, 329

France Under the Italian Influence, 329

Map 10.3: France in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries, 330

DOCUMENT 10.3 A Courtier Describes a Suspicious King—Louis the Spider, 331

English Humanism, 331

Renaissance London: A Booming City, 332

England's Pride: William Shakespeare, 333

REVIEW, ANALYZE, AND ANTICIPATE, 334

BEYOND THE CLASSROOM, 334

Chapter 11. “ALONE BEFORE GOD”: RELIGIOUS REFORM AND WARFARE 1500–1648, 337

TIMELINE: THE BIG PICTURE, 338

THE CLASH OF DYNASTIES, 1515–1555, 338

Land-Hungry Monarchs, 338

Map 11.1: Europe in 1526–Habsburg-Valois Wars, 339

The Changing Rules of Warfare, 339

Map 11.2: The Ottoman Empire, 1520–1566, 340

Winners and Losers, 341

BIOGRAPHY Martin Guerre (1524–1594), 342

The Habsburg-Valois Wars, 1521–1544, 342

A TIDE OF RELIGIOUS REFORM, 343

The Best Path to Salvation?, 343

Desiderius Erasmus: “Prince of Humanists”, 343

DOCUMENT 11.1 Germans Rage Against Papal Exploitation, 344

Luther's Revolution, 345

THINKING ABOUT ART: Jörg Breu, The Sale of Indulgences, ca. 1530, 345

Protestant Religious Ideas, 346

The Reformed Church Takes Root in Germany, 347

Bringing Reform to the States in Switzerland, 348

Anabaptists: The Radical Reformers, 349

Calvinism and the Growing Middle Class, 349

Henry VIII and the English Church, 350

DOCUMENT 11.2 Marie Dentière Defends Reformation Women's Rights, 351

THE CATHOLIC REFORMATION, 354

The Stirring of Reform in Spain, 354

Map 11.3: Religions in Europe, ca. 1600, 355

The Society of Jesus, 356

DOCUMENT 11.3 Ignatius Loyola Argues for Education as a Solution, 356

The Council of Trent, 1545–1563, 357

Catholics on the Offense, 358

EUROPE ERUPTS AGAIN: A CENTURY OF RELIGIOUS WARFARE, 1559–1648, 360

French Wars of Religion, 1562–1598, 360

A “Council of Blood” in the Netherlands, 1566–1609, 361

The Thirty Years' War, 1618–1648, 362

Map 11.4: The Thirty Years' War, 1618–1648, 363

Peace at Westphalia, 364

Map 11.5: Europe in 1648, 365

LIFE AFTER THE REFORMATION, 365

New Definitions of Courtship and Marriage, 365

Forging a Link Between Education and Work, 366

Anxiety and Spiritual Insecurity, 367

Searching for Scapegoats: The Hunt for Witches, 368

REVIEW, ANALYZE, AND ANTICIPATE, 370

BEYOND THE CLASSROOM, 370

Chapter 12. FAITH, FORTUNE, AND FAME: EUROPEAN EXPANSION, 1450–1700, 373

TIMELINE: THE BIG PICTURE, 374

THE WORLD IMAGINED, 374

The Lure of the “East”, 374

Imagined Peoples, 375

Ptolemy's Map, 375

THE WORLD DISCOVERED, 375

Fame, Fortune, and Faith: The Drive to Explore, 376

New Technologies and Travel, 376

The Portuguese Race for the East, 1450–1600, 377

Map 12.1: Exploration and Conquest: Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries, 378

Spain's Westward Discoveries, 1492–1522, 378

DOCUMENT 12.1 Amerigo Vespucci Describes the New World, 380

The Northern Europeans Join the Race, 1600–1650, 380

CONFRONTATION OF CULTURES, 381

The Original Americans, 381

Map 12.2: European Expansion, ca. 1700, 382

Early Contacts, 383

Map 12.3: Indigenous Empires in the Americas, ca. 1500, 384

Conquest of the Great Empires, 1520–1550, 385

Life and Death Under European Rule, 1550–1700, 386

GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: The Inca Empire Falls, 387

The African Slave Trade, 388

Gathering Souls in the New Lands, 390

THE WORLD MARKET AND COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION, 391

High Prices and Profits: Trading on the World Stage, 392

The Rise of Commercial Capitalism, 392

DOCUMENT 12.2 Thomas Mun Praises Trade, 393

Mercantilism: Controlling the Balance of Trade, 394

The Growth of Banking, 394

The Danger of Overspending: Spain Learns a Lesson, 395

Redefining Work Roles, 395

Piracy: Banditry on a World Scale, 1550–1700, 395

THE WORLD TRANSFORMED, 397

European Culture Spreads, 397

THINKING ABOUT ART: Festival Scene Painted on a Screen, Mexico, ca. 1650, 398

European Culture Transformed, 398

BIOGRAPHY Maria Sibylla Merian (1647–1717), 399

A New Worldview, 400

REVIEW, ANALYZE, AND ANTICIPATE, 402

BEYOND THE CLASSROOM, 402

Chapter 13. THE STRUGGLE FOR SURVIVAL AND SOVEREIGNTY: EUROPE'S SOCIAL AND POLITICAL ORDER, 1600–1715, 405

TIMELINE: THE BIG PICTURE, 406

STRESSES IN TRADITIONAL SOCIETY, 406

Mounting Demands on Rural Life, 406

THINKING ABOUT ART: Louis le Nain, The Cart, 1642, 407

Pressures on the Upper Orders, 408

DOCUMENT 13.1 Bishop Bossuet Justifies Monarchical Absolutism, 409

ROYAL ABSOLUTISM IN FRANCE, 410

Henry IV Secures the Monarchy, 410

Richelieu Elevates Royal Authority, 410

Mazarin Overcomes the Opposition, 411

The Sun King Rises, 411

DOCUMENT 13.2 Louis XIV Describes Monarchical Rights and Duties, 412

Map 13.1: France under Louis XIV, 1661–1715, 416

THE STRUGGLE FOR SOVEREIGNTY IN EASTERN EUROPE, 417

Centralizing the State in Brandenburg-Prussia, 417

Austria Confronts the Ottomans and Expands its Control, 417

Map 13.2: Central and Eastern Europe, 1648, 418

Russia and Its Tsars Gain Prominence, 419

Map 13.3: Central and Eastern Europe, 1640–1725, 420

The Victory of the Nobility in Poland, 421

GLOBAL CONNECTIONS: The Rise and Fall of the Mughal Empire in India, 422

THE TRIUMPH OF CONSTITUTIONALISM, 423

The Nobility Loses Respect, 423

Protestantism Revitalized, 424

James I Invokes the Divine Right of Kings, 425

Charles I Alienates Parliament, 425

“God Made Men and the Devil Made Kings”: Civil War, 1642–1649, 426

Map 13.4: The English Civil War, 1642–1649, 426

The King Laid Low, 427

A Puritan Republic Is Born: The Commonwealth, 1649–1660, 428

Who Has the Power to Rule?, 429

The Monarchy Restored, 1660–1688, 430

The Glorious Revolution, 431

Royalism Reconsidered: John Locke, 432

BIOGRAPHY Samuel Pepys (1633–1703), 432

The Netherlands Maintain a Republic, 433

Map 13.5: The United Provinces and the Spanish Netherlands, 1609, 434

DOCUMENT 13.3 An Ambassador Describes the Dutch Government, 435

REVIEW, ANALYZE, AND ANTICIPATE, 437

BEYOND THE CLASSROOM, 438

Chapter 14. A NEW WORLD OF REASON AND REFORM: THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION AND THE ENLIGHTENMENT, 1600–1800, 441

TIMELINE: THE BIG PICTURE, 442

QUESTIONING TRUTH AND AUTHORITY, 442

The Old View, 442

Undermining the Old View, 442

DEVELOPING A MODERN SCIENTIFIC VIEW, 444

Astronomy and Physics: From Copernicus to Newton, 444

DOCUMENT 14.1 Kepler and Galileo Exchange Letters about Science, 446

The Revolution Spreads: Medicine, Anatomy, and Chemistry, 447

DOCUMENT 14.2 Isaac Newton: God in a Scientific Universe, 448

The Methodology of Science Emerges, 449

SUPPORTING AND SPREADING SCIENCE, 450

Courts and Salons, 451

The Rise of Royal Societies, 451

Religion and the New Science, 451

The New Worldview, 452

LAYING THE FOUNDATIONS FOR THE ENLIGHTENMENT, 452

Science Popularized, 452

Skepticism and Religion, 454

Broadening Criticism of Authority and Tradition, 455

THE ENLIGHTENMENT IN FULL STRIDE, 455

DOCUMENT 14.3 Concorcet Lauds the Power of Reason, 456

The Philosophes, 456

The Encyclopedia, 457

Battling the Church, 458

Reforming Society, 458

BIOGRAPHY Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778), 460

The Culture and Spread of the Enlightenment, 462

THINKING ABOUT ART: Léonard Defrance, At the Shield of Minerva, 1781, 463

REVIEW, ANALYZE, AND ANTICIPATE, 464

BEYOND THE CLASSROOM, 465

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