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List of Boxes, xv
About the Author, xvii
Visual Preface, xviii
Part I. Introduction to Anthropology, 3
Chapter 1. What Is Anthropology?, 3
Human Diversity, 3
Adaptation, Variation, and Change, 4
General Anthropology, 5
News Brief: Remote and Poked, Anthropology's Dream Tribe, 6
Cultural Forces Shape Human Biology, 8
The Subdisciplines of Anthropology, 9
Cultural Anthropology, 9
Archaeological Anthropology, 9
Biological, or Physical, Anthropology, 11
Interesting Issues: Even Anthropologists Get Culture Shock, 12
Linguistic Anthropology, 13
Beyond the Classroom: The Utility of Hand and Foot Bones for Problems in Biological Anthropology, 14
Anthropology and Other Academic Fields, 15
Cultural Anthropology and Sociology, 15
Anthropologyand Psychology, 16
Through the Eyes of Others: Changing Places, Changing Identities, 16
Applied Anthropology, 17
The Scientific Method, 18
Theories, Associations, and Explanations, 18
When Multiple Variables Predict, 20
Chapter 2. Culture, 27
What Is Culture?, 27
Culture Is Learned, 28
Culture Is Symbolic, 28
Culture Is Shared, 29
News Brief: Culture Clash: Makah Seek Return to Whaling Past, 30
Cultureand Nature, 32
Culture Is All-Encompassing, 32
Culture Is Integrated, 33
Culture Can Be Adaptive and Maladaptive, 33
Interesting Issues: Touching, Affection, Love, and Sex, 34
Through the Eyes of Others: Bulgarian Hospitality, 35
Culture's Evolutionary Basis, 35
What We Share with Other Primates, 36
How We Differ from Other Primates, 37
The Advent of Behavioral Modernity, 38
Universality, Generality, and Particularity, 40
Universality, 40
Generality, 41
Particularity: Patterns of Culture, 41
Culture and the Individual: Agency and Practice, 42
Levels of Culture, 43
Ethnocentrism, Cultural Relativism, and Human Rights, 44
Mechanisms of Cultural Change, 46
Globalization, 46
Beyond the Classroom: Folklore Reveals Ethos of Heating Plant Workers, 47
Chapter 3. Applying Anthropology, 53
The Role of the Applied Anthropologist, 54
Early Applications, 54
Academic and Applied Anthropology, 55
Applied Anthropology Today, 55
News Brief: Archaeologist in New Orleans Finds a Way to Help the Living, 56
Development Anthropology, 58
Equity, 58
Strategies for Innovation, 59
Overinnovation, 59
Underdifferentiation, 60
Indigenous Models, 61
Anthropology and Education, 61
Urban Anthropology, 62
Urban versus Rural, 63
Medical Anthropology, 64
Beyond the Classroom: New Life, Good Health, 67
Anthropology and Business, 69
Careersand Anthropology, 69
Interesting Issues: Culturally Appropriate Marketing, 70
Part II. Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 77
Chapter 4. Studying the Past, 77
Ethics, 77
Methods, 79
Multidisciplinary Approaches, 79
News Brief: The Kennewick Conundrum, 80
Bone Biology, 83
Molecular Anthropology, 83
Paleoanthropology, 84
Interesting Issues: A Novel Method of Assessing Why People Cooperate, 85
Surveyand Excavation, 86
Systematic Survey, 86
Excavation, 86
Kinds of Archaeology, 88
Datingthe Past, 89
Relative Dating, 89
Absolute Dating: Radiometric Techniques, 90
Absolute Dating: Dendrochronology, 92
Molecular Dating, 93
Chapter 5. Evolution and Genetics, 99
Evolution, 99
Theory and Fact, 100
News Brief: The History of Chromosomes May Shape the Future of Diseases, 102
Interesting Issues: Intelligent Design versus Evolutionary Theory, 104
Genetics, 105
Mendel's Experiments, 105
Independent Assortment and Recombination, 107
Biochemical, or Molecular, Genetics, 108
Cell Division, 108
Crossing Over, 109
Mutation, 109
Population Genetics and Mechanisms of Genetic Evolution, 110
Natural Selection, 110
Random Genetic Drift, 113
Gene Flow, 114
The Modern Synthesis, 114
Through the Eyes of Others: Adoption in Ukraine and the United States (a Ukrainian Student's View), 115
Punctuated Equilibrium, 115
Chapter 6. Human Variation and Adaptation, 121
Race: A Discredited Conceptin Biology, 121
Races Are Not Biologically Distinct, 122
News Brief: Three Adaptationsto Thin Air, 124
Interesting Issues: American Anthropological Association(AAA) Statement on “Race”, 126
Through the Eyes of Others: Thinking about Race, 128
Explaining Skin Color, 128
Human Biological Adaptation, 131
Genesand Disease, 131
Beyond the Classroom: Skin Pigmentation in Papua New Guinea, 132
Facial Features, 135
Size and Body Build, 135
Lactose Tolerance, 136
Chapter 7. The Primates, 141
Our Place among Primates, 142
Homologies and Analogies, 142
News Brief: A Revealing Behavior in “Orangutan Heaven and Human Hell”, 144
Primate Tendencies, 145
Prosimians, 146
Monkeys, 147
New World Monkeys, 148
Old World Monkeys, 149
Apes, 149
Gibbons, 150
Orangutans, 151
Gorillas, 151
Chimpanzees, 151
Interesting Issues: Endangered Primates, 153
Bonobos, 153
Beyond the Classroom: Providing Apes Refuge: A Cultural Study of the Great Ape Sanctuary Community, 154
Behavioral Ecologyand Fitness, 155
Primate Evolution, 156
Chronology, 156
Early Primates, 157
Early Cenozoic Primates, 158
Oligocene Anthropoids, 159
Miocene Hominoids, 159
Proconsul, 159
Later Miocene Apes, 159
Pierolapithecus catalaunicus, 160
“Toumai”, 161
Orrorin tugenensis, 162
Chapter 8. Early Hominins, 167
What Makes Us Human?, 167
Bipedalism, 168
Brains, Skulls, and Childhood Dependency, 168
Tools, 169
Teeth, 169
Chronology of Hominin Evolution, 169
News Brief: “Lucy's Baby”, 170
The Earliest Hominins, 170
Ardipithecus, 171
Kenyanthropus, 172
The Varied Australopithecines, 173
Australopithecus anamensis, 173
Australopithecusafarensis, 173
The Australopithecinesand Early Homo, 180
Oldowan Tools, 181
A. garhi and Early Stone Tools, 182
Chapter 9. The Genus Homo, 187
Early Homo, 187
H. rudolfensis and H. habilis, 187
H. habilis and H. ergaster/erectus, 188
News Brief: South African Cave Provides Earliest Evidence for Modern Behavior, 190
Out of Africa I: H. erectus, 191
Interesting Issues: Headstrong Hominins, 192
Paleolithic Tools, 193
Adaptive Strategies of H. erectus, 194
The Evolution and Expansion of H. erectus, 195
Archaic H. sapiens, 197
Ice Ages of the Pleistocene, 197
H. antecessor and H. heidelbergensis, 198
The Neandertals, 199
Cold-Adapted Neandertals, 200
The Neandertals and Modern People, 201
Anatomically Modern Humans (AMHs), 202
Out of Africa II, 202
Multiregional Evolution, 204
Advances in Technology, 206
Glacial Retreat, 207
Cave Art, 208
Beyond the Classroom: Paleolithic Butchering at Verberie, 209
The Mesolithic, 209
Homo floresiensis, 210
Chapter 10. The First Farmers, 217
The Neolithic, 217
The First Farmers and Herders in the Middle East, 219
News Brief: Early Squash Pushes Back Origin of New World Domestication, 220
Genetic Changes and Domestication, 222
Food Production and the State, 223
Other Old World Food Producers, 224
The African Neolithic, 224
The Neolithicin Europe and Asia, 225
The First American Farmers, 227
America's First Immigrants, 227
The Foundations of Food Production, 229
The Tropical Origins of New World Domestication, 230
The Mexican Highlands, 232
Explaining the Neolithic, 233
Beyond the Classroom: House Construction and Destruction Patterns of the Early Copper Age on the Great Hungarian Plains, 234
Geography and the Spread of Food Production, 235
Costsand Benefits, 236
Chapter 11. The First Cities and States, 243
The Origin of the State, 243
Hydraulic Systems, 244
Long-Distance Trade Routes, 244
Population, War, and Circumscription, 244
Attributes of States, 245
News Brief: How the Inca Leapt Canyons, 246
State Formation in the Middle East, 248
Urban Life, 248
The Elite Level, 250
Social Ranking and Chiefdoms, 251
Advanced Chiefdoms, 253
The Rise of the State, 254
Other Early States, 256
African States, 257
Beyond the Classroom: The Akhenaten Temple Project, 258
State Formation in Mesoamerica, 259
Early Chiefdoms and Elites, 259
Interesting Issues: Pseudo-Archaeology, 260
Warfare and State Formation: The Zapotec Case, 261
States in the Valley of Mexico, 263
Why States Collapse, 264
The Mayan Decline, 264
Part III. Exploring Cultural Diversity, 271
Chapter 12. Method and Theory in Cultural Anthropology, 271
Ethnography: Anthropology's Distinctive Strategy, 271
Ethnographic Techniques, 272
Observation and Participant Observation, 272
Conversation, Interviewing, and Interview Schedules, 273
News Brief: Restoring Lost Languages: A Form of Cultural Heritage Management, 274
The Genealogical Method, 276
Key Cultural Consultants, 276
Life Histories, 276
Local Beliefs and Perceptions, and the Ethnographer's, 276
Beyond the Classroom: Stories from Women Domestics of the Yucatán, 277
Problem-Oriented Ethnography, 278
Longitudinal Research, 278
Team Research, 278
Culture, Space, and Scale, 279
Survey Research, 280
Theory in Anthropology over Time, 282
Evolutionism, 282
The Boasians, 283
Functionalism, 285
Configurationalism, 286
Neoevolutionism, 287
Cultural Materialism, 288
Science and Determinism, 288
Culture and the Individual, 288
Symbolic and Interpretive Anthropology, 289
Structuralism, 290
Processual Approaches: Practice Theory, 291
World-System Theory and Political Economy, 291
Culture, History, Power, 292
Anthropology Today, 292
Chapter 13. Language and Communication, 301
What Is Language?, 301
Nonhuman Primate Communication, 302
Call Systems, 302
Sign Language, 302
News Brief: Spanish at School Translates to Suspension, 304
The Origin of Language, 306
Nonverbal Communication, 306
The Structure of Language, 308
Speech Sounds, 308
Language, Thought, and Culture, 309
The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, 309
Interesting Issues: Do Midwesterners Have Accents?, 310
Focal Vocabulary, 311
Meaning, 311
Sociolinguistics, 312
Linguistic Diversity, 313
Gender Speech Contrasts, 313
Through the Eyes of Others: It's All in the Nickname, 313
Language and Status Position, 314
Stratification, 315
Black English Vernacular (BEV), 316
Historical Linguistics, 318
Language Loss, 320
Chapter 14. Ethnicity and Race, 325
Ethnic Groups and Ethnicity, 325
Status Shifting, 326
News Brief: Ghana's Uneasy Embrace of Slavery's Diaspora, 328
Race and Ethnicity, 330
The Social Construction of Race, 330
Hypodescent: Race in the United States, 331
Race in the Census, 331
Beyond the Classroom: Perceptions of Race and Skin Color on an American College Campus, 332
Not Us: Race in Japan, 334
Phenotype and Fluidity: Race in Brazil, 336
Ethnic Groups, Nations, and Nationalities, 337
Nationalities and Imagined Communities, 337
Ethnic Tolerance and Accommodation, 338
Assimilation, 338
The Plural Society, 338
Multiculturalism and Ethnic Identity, 339
Roots of Ethnic Conflict, 340
Prejudice and Discrimination, 341
Chips in the Mosaic, 341
Aftermaths of Oppression, 342
Interesting Issues: The Basques, 344
Chapter 15. Making a Living, 351
Adaptive Strategies, 351
Foraging, 352
News Brief: As Economy Slumps, Brazilians Give Up Their American Dream, 354
Correlatesof Foraging, 354
Cultivation, 357
Horticulture, 357
Beyond the Classroom: Integrating Archaeological, Ethnographic, and Analytic Subsistence Data: A Case Studyfrom Patagonia, South America, 358
Agriculture, 359
The Cultivation Continuum, 360
Intensification: People and the Environment, 360
Through the Eyes of Others: Children, Parents, and Family Economics, 361
Pastoralism, 362
Modes of Production, 363
Production in the Nonindustrial Societies, 363
Means of Production, 364
Alienationin Industrial Economies, 365
Economizingand Maximization, 366
Alternative Ends, 367
Interesting Issues: Scarcity and the Betsileo, 368
Distribution, Exchange, 368
The Market Principle, 368
Redistribution, 369
Reciprocity, 370
Coexistence of Exchange Principles, 371
Potlatching, 371
Chapter 16. Political Systems, 379
What Is“The Political”?, 379
Typesand Trends, 380
Bands and Tribes, 381
Foraging Bands, 381
News Brief: Chat Rooms, Bedouin Style, 382
Tribal Cultivators, 385
The Village Head, 385
The“Big Man”, 386
Pantribal Sodalities and Age Grades, 387
Nomadic Politics, 389
Chiefdoms, 391
Beyond the Classroom: Perspectives on Group Membership, 392
Political and Economic Systems in Chiefdoms, 393
Social Status in Chiefdoms, 394
Status Systems in Chiefdoms and States, 394
Through the Eyes of Others: Comparing Political Parties in Guatemala and in the United States, 394
Stratification, 395
States, 395
Population Control, 396
Judiciary, 397
Enforcement, 397
Fiscal Systems, 397
Social Control, 398
Hegemony, 398
Weapons of the Weak, 399
Politics, Shame, and Sorcery, 399
Chapter 17. Gender, 409
Sex and Gender, 409
Recurrent Gender Patterns, 411
News Brief: Careers Give Indian Women New Independence, 412
Genderamong Foragers, 416
Genderamong Horticulturalists, 417
Reduced Gender Stratification—Matrilineal, Matrilocal Societies, 418
Through the Eyes of Others: Motherhood as the Key Component of Female Identity in Serbia, 419
Reduced Gender Stratification—Matrifocal Societies, 419
Matriarchy, 420
Increased Gender Stratification—Patrilineal-Patrilocal Societies, 420
Gender among Agriculturalists, 421
Patriarchy and Violence, 422
Gender and Industrialism, 423
The Feminization of Poverty, 425
Sexual Orientation, 426
Interesting Issues: Hidden Women, Public Men—Public Women, Hidden Men, 427
Chapter 18. Families, Kinship, and Descent, 435
Families, 435
Nuclear and Extended Families, 436
News Brief: When Are Two Dads Better Than One? When the Women Are in Charge, 438
Industrialism and Family Organization, 438
Changes in North American Kinship, 440
The Family among Foragers, 442
Descent, 443
Descent Groups, 443
Lineages, Clans, and Residence Rules, 444
Ambilineal Descent, 444
Family versus Descent, 445
Kinship Calculation, 445
Interesting Issues: Social Security, Kinship Style, 446
Genealogical Kin Types and Kin Terms, 447
Kinship Terminology, 448
Lineal Terminology, 449
Bifurcate Merging Terminology, 449
Generational Terminology, 450
Bifurcate Collateral Terminology, 451
Chapter 19. Marriage, 457
What Is Marriage?, 457
Incest and Exogamy, 458
News Brief: Polygamy Fosters Culture Clashes (and Regrets) in Turkey, 460
Explaining the Taboo, 460
Although Tabooed, Incest Does Happen, 460
Instinctive Horror, 463
Biological Degeneration, 463
Attempt and Contempt, 463
Marry Out or Die Out, 464
Endogamy, 464
Caste, 464
Through the Eyes of Others: Families, Kinship, and Descent (a Turkmen Student Writes), 465
Royal Endogamy, 465
Marital Rights and Same-Sex Marriage, 466
Marriage as Group Alliance, 468
Bridewealth and Dowry, 468
Beyond the Classroom: Human Mate Preference in Matrimonial Advertisements from Gujarat, India, 469
Durable Alliances, 471
Interesting Issues: Love and Marriage, 472
Divorce, 472
Plural Marriages, 475
Polygyny, 475
Polyandry, 477
Chapter 20. Religion, 483
What Is Religion?, 483
Origins, Functions, and Expressions of Religion, 484
Animism, 484
News Brief: Islam Expanding Globally, Adapting Locally, 486
Anxiety, Control, Solace, 487
Rituals, 488
Rites of Passage, 488
Totemism, 490
Through the Eyes of Others: Driven by Religion or by Popular Culture, 491
Religion and Cultural Ecology, 491
Sacred Cattle in India, 491
Beyond the Classroom: Ewe Traditional and Biomedical Healing Practices in Ghana's Volta Region, 492
Social Control, 493
Kinds of Religion, 496
Religion in States, 497
Protestant Values and the Rise of Capitalism, 497
World Religions, 498
Religion and Change, 499
Revitalization Movements, 499
Syncretisms, 500
Antimodernism and Fundamentalism, 501
A New Age, 502
Secular Rituals, 503
Chapter 21. Arts, Media, and Sports, 509
What Is Art?, 509
Art and Religion, 510
Locating Art, 511
News Brief: Narratives of Social Class and the Social Gap, 512
Art and Individuality, 514
The Work of Art, 515
Art, Society, and Culture, 515
Ethnomusicology, 516
Through the Eyes of Others: Visual Arts in Hong Kong and the United States, 518
Representations of Art and Culture, 519
Art and Communication, 519
Art and Politics, 520
The Cultural Transmission of the Arts, 520
The Artistic Career, 522
Interesting Issues: I'll Get You, My Pretty, and Your Little R2, 523
Continuity and Change, 525
Beyond the Classroom: Capoeira: The Afro-Brazilian Art of Unity and Survival, 526
Media and Culture, 527
Using the Media, 527
Assessing the Effects of Television, 528
Sports and Culture, 530
Football, 530
What Determines International Sports Success?, 531
Part IV. The Changing World, 539
Chapter 22. The World System and Colonialism, 539
The World System, 540
The Emergence of the World System, 540
Industrialization, 541
News Brief: Mining Giant Compatible with Sustainability Institute?, 542
Interesting Issues: Bones Reveal Some Truth in “Noble Savage Myth”, 544
Socioeconomic Effects of Industrialization, 545
Industrial Stratification, 546
Through the Eyes of Others: Education and Colonialism, 549
Colonialism, 549
British Colonialism, 550
French Colonialism, 551
Colonialism and Identity, 552
Postcolonial Studies, 553
Development, 554
Neoliberalism, 554
The Second World, 555
Communism, 555
Postsocialist Transitions, 555
The World System Today, 557
Industrial Degradation, 558
Chapter 23. Global Issues Today, 565
Global Climate Change, 566
Environmental Anthropology, 568
News Brief: Engulfed by Climate Change, Town Seeks Lifeline, 570
Global Assaults on Local Autonomy, 571
Deforestation, 572
Risk Perception, 574
Interethnic Contact, 575
Religious Change, 575
Cultural Imperialism, 576
Making and Remaking Culture, 577
Indigenizing Popular Culture, 577
A Global System of Images, 577
A Global Culture of Consumption, 578
Interesting Issues: Using Modern Technology to Preserve Linguistic and Cultural Diversity, 579
People in Motion, 579
Indigenous Peoples, 581
Identity in Indigenous Politics, 583
Beyond the Classroom: Urban Indigenous Identity in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, 584
The Continuance of Diversity, 585
Glossary, G-1
Bibliography, B-1
Photo Credits, C-1
Name Index, I-1
Subject Index, I-5

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