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Copyright, ii
Interview with the Author, xiii
1. About Communication, 3
Why Do We Communicate?, 5
Communication Meets Physical Needs, 5
Communication Meets Relational Needs, 7
Communication Fills Identity Needs, 8
Communication Meets Spiritual Needs, 9
Communication Serves Instrumental Needs, 9
Learn It, 10
Try It, 10
Reflect on It, 10
The Nature of Communication, 11
Three Models of Human Communication, 11
Six Characteristics of Communication, 15
Dispelling Some Communication Myths, 20
Learn It, 24
Try It, 24
Reflect on It, 24
How Do We Communicate Interpersonally?, 24
What Makes Communication Interpersonal?, 24
Why Interpersonal Communication Matters, 27
Learn It, 28
Try It, 28
Reflect on It, 28
Building Your Communication Competence, 29
What Does Communicating Competently Mean?, 29
Characteristics of Competent Communicators, 30
Learn It, 33
Try It, 33
Reflect on It, 33
Master the Chapter, 34
Chapter Outline and Summary, 34
Key Terms, 35
Discussion Questions, 36
Practice Quiz, 36
Research Library, 37
2. Culture and Gender, 39
Understanding Culture and Communication, 41
What Is a Culture?, 41
The Components of Culture, 44
Cultures and Co-Cultures, 45
Communicating with Cultural Awareness, 46
Learn It, 47
Try It, 47
Reflect on It, 47
How Culture Affects Communication, 47
Individualism and Collectivism, 48
High-and Low-Context Cultures, 49
Low-and High-Power Distance, 50
Masculine and Feminine Cultures, 51
Monochronic and Polychronic Cultures, 52
Uncertainty Avoidance, 52
Cultural Communication Codes, 53
Learn It, 55
Try It, 55
Reflect on It, 55
Understanding Gender and Communication, 55
Gender Roles and Communication, 56
Biological Sex and Communication, 60
Sexual Orientation and Communication, 61
Some Explanations for Gendered Communication, 63
Learn It, 65
Try It, 65
Reflect on It, 65
How Gender Affects Communication, 66
Gender and Verbal Communication, 67
Gender and Nonverbal Communication, 71
Learn It, 74
Try It, 74
Reflect on It, 74
Master the Chapter, 75
Chapter Outline and Summary, 75
Key Terms, 77
Discussion Questions, 77
Practice Quiz, 77
Research Library, 79
3. Communication and the Self, 81
Understanding the Self: Your Self-Concept, 83
What Is a Self-Concept?, 83
How a Self-Concept Develops, 86
Awareness and Management of the Self-Concept, 91
Learn It, 94
Try It, 94
Reflect on It, 94
Valuing the Self: Self-Esteem, 94
Benefits and Drawbacks of Self-Esteem, 94
Culture, Sex, and Self-Esteem, 98
The Self and Interpersonal Needs, 98
Learn It, 100
Try It, 100
Reflect on It, 100
Presenting the Self: Image Management, 100
Principles of Image Management, 100
Managing Face Needs, 104
Learn It, 106
Try It, 106
Reflect on It, 106
Communicating the Self: Self-Disclosure, 107
Principles of Self-Disclosure, 107
Benefits of Self-Disclosure, 112
Risks of Self-Disclosure, 114
Learn It, 116
Try It, 116
Reflect on It, 116
Master the Chapter, 116
Chapter Outline and Summary, 116
Key Terms, 118
Discussion Questions, 118
Practice Quiz, 118
Research Library, 119
4. Interpersonal Perception, 121
Perception is a Process, 123
What Is Interpersonal Perception?, 123
Three Stages of the Perception Process, 123
What Influences Our Perceptual Accuracy?, 127
Learn It, 131
Try It, 131
Reflect on It, 131
Fundamental Forces in Interpersonal Perception, 132
Stereotyping Relies on Generalizations, 133
The Primacy Effect Governs First Impressions, 134
The Recency Effect Influences Impressions, 136
Our Perceptual Set Limits What We Perceive, 137
Egocentrism Narrows Our Perspective, 140
Positivity and Negativity Biases Affect Perception, 140
Learn It, 142
Try It, 142
Reflect on It, 142
How We Explain What We Perceive, 143
We Explain Behavior Through Attributions, 143
How to Recognize Common Attribution Errors, 144
Learn It, 148
Try It, 148
Reflect on It, 148
Improving Your Perceptual Abilities, 150
Be Mindful of Your Perceptions, 151
Check Your Perceptions, 153
Learn It, 158
Try It, 158
Reflect on It, 158
Master the Chapter, 158
Chapter Outline and Summary, 158
Key Terms, 160
Discussion Questions, 160
Practice Quiz, 160
Research Library, 161
5. Language, 163
The Nature of Language, 165
Language Is Symbolic, 166
Language Is Arbitrary (Mostly), 167
Language Is Governed by Rules, 167
Language Has Layers of Meaning, 168
Language Varies in Clarity, 170
Language Is Bound by Context and Culture, 172
Learn It, 173
Try It, 173
Reflect on It, 173
Appreciating the Power of Words, 174
Naming Defines and Differentiates Us, 175
We Use Words to Persuade, 177
Credibility Empowers Us, 179
Language Expresses Affection and Intimacy, 182
Words Provide Comfort and Healing, 184
Learn It, 185
Try It, 185
Reflect on It, 185
How We Use and Abuse Language, 186
Humor: What’s So Funny?, 186
Euphemisms: Soft Talk, 187
Slang: The Language of Subcultures, 188
Libel and Slander: Harmful Words, 189
Profanity: Offensive Language, 190
Hate Speech: Profanity with a Hurtful Purpose, 190
Learn It, 192
Try It, 192
Reflect on It, 192
Improving Your Language Use, 193
Consider the Effect You Wish to Create, 193
Separate Opinions from Factual Claims, 195
Speak at an Appropriate Level, 197
Own Your Thoughts and Feelings, 198
Learn It, 201
Try It, 201
Reflect on It, 201
Master the Chapter, 201
Chapter Outline and Summary, 201
Key Terms, 203
Discussion Questions, 203
Practice Quiz, 203
Research Library, 203
6. Nonverbal Communication, 207
The Nature of Nonverbal Communication, 209
What is Nonverbal Communication?, 209
Five Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication, 210
Learn It, 217
Try It, 217
Reflect on It, 217
Ten Channels of Nonverbal Communication, 218
Facial Displays, 218
Eye Behaviors, 221
Movement and Gestures, 222
Touch Behaviors, 224
Vocal Behaviors, 226
The Use of Smell, 229
The Use of Space, 230
Physical Appearance, 232
The Use of Time, 233
The Use of Artifacts, 233
Learn It, 235
Try It, 235
Reflect on It, 235
Functions of Nonverbal Communication, 235
Managing Conversations, 235
Expressing Emotions, 237
Maintaining Relationships, 238
Forming Impressions, 239
Influencing Others, 242
Concealing Information, 244
Learn It, 246
Try It, 246
Reflect on It, 246
Improving Your Nonverbal Communication Skills, 247
Interpreting Nonverbal Communication, 247
Expressing Nonverbal Messages, 249
Learn It, 250
Try It, 250
Reflect on It, 250
Master the Chapter, 251
Chapter Outline and Summary, 251
Key Terms, 254
Discussion Questions, 254
Practice Quiz, 254
Research Library, 255
7. Listening, 257
The Nature of Listening, 259
What Is Listening?, 259
The Importance of Listening Effectively, 260
Some Misconceptions About Listening, 262
Culture Affects Listening Behavior, 263
Learn It, 264
Try It, 264
Reflect on It, 264
Ways of Listening, 264
Stages of Effective Listening, 264
Three Types of Listening, 267
Learn It, 269
Try It, 269
Reflect on It, 269
Common Barriers to Effective Listening, 269
Noise, 271
Pseudolistening and Selective Attention, 271
Information Overload, 272
Glazing Over, 273
Rebuttal Tendency, 274
Closed-Mindedness, 274
Competitive Interrupting, 275
Learn It, 277
Try It, 277
Reflect on It, 277
Becoming a Better Listener, 277
Becoming a Better Informational Listener, 278
Becoming a Better Critical Listener, 278
Becoming a Better Empathic Listener, 282
Learn It, 285
Try It, 285
Reflect on It, 285
Master the Chapter, 285
Chapter Outline and Summary, 285
Key Terms, 287
Discussion Questions, 287
Practice Quiz, 287
Research Library, 289
8. Interpersonal Communication in Social Relationships, 291
Why Social Relationships Matter, 293
We Form Relationships Because We Need to Belong, 293
Social Relationships Bring Rewards, 294
Social Relationships Carry Costs as Well as Rewards, 296
Learn It, 297
Try It, 297
Reflect on It, 297
Forming and Maintaining Social Bonds, 297
Attraction Theory, 297
Uncertainty Reduction Theory, 302
Predicted Outcome Value Theory, 302
Understanding Relationship Formation, 303
Theories About Costs and Benefits, 304
Relational Maintenance Behaviors, 308
Understanding Relationship Maintenance, 310
Learn It, 311
Try It, 311
Reflect on It, 311
Characteristics of Friendships, 311
Friendships Are Voluntary, 311
Friends Are Usually Peers, 312
Friendships Are Governed by Rules, 313
Friendships Differ by Sex, 313
Friendships Have a Life Span, 315
Learn It, 319
Try It, 319
Reflect on It, 319
Social Relationships in the Workplace, 319
Social Relationships with Co-Workers, 320
Social Relationships Between Superiors and Subordinates, 321
Social Relationships with Clients, 322
Learn It, 324
Try It, 324
Reflect on It, 324
Master the Chapter, 325
Chapter Outline and Summary, 325
Key Terms, 326
Discussion Questions, 326
Practice Quiz, 326
Research Library, 329
9. Intimate Relationships, 331
The Nature of Intimate Relationships, 333
Intimate Relationships Require Deep Commitment, 333
Intimate Relationships Foster Interdependence, 333
Intimate Relationships Require Continuous Investment, 335
Intimate Relationships Spark Dialectical Tensions, 335
Learn It, 337
Try It, 337
Reflect on It, 337
Communicating in Romantic Relationships, 338
Characteristics of Romantic Relationships, 338
Forming Romantic Relationships Is a Process, 342
Interpersonal Communication in Romantic Relationships, 346
Ending Romantic Relationships Is a Process, 351
Learn It, 354
Try It, 354
Reflect on It, 354
Communicating in Families, 354
What Makes a Family a Family?, 355
Types of Families, 356
The Family as a System, 358
Communication Issues in Families, 359
Learn It, 362
Try It, 362
Reflect on It, 362
Improving Communication in Intimate Relationships, 362
Emphasize Excitement and Positivity, 362
Handle Conflict Constructively, 364
Have Realistic Expectations, 365
Manage Dialectical Tensions, 365
Learn It, 367
Try It, 367
Reflect on It, 367
Master the Chapter, 368
Chapter Outline and Summary, 368
Key Terms, 370
Discussion Questions, 370
Practice Quiz, 370
Research Library, 371
10. Interpersonal Conflict, 373
What is Interpersonal Conflict?, 375
Defining Interpersonal Conflict, 375
Thinking About Interpersonal Conflict, 376
Learn It, 378
Try It, 378
Reflect on It, 378
Conflict in Personal Relationships, 378
Characteristics of Interpersonal Conflict, 378
The Most Common Sources of Conflict, 383
How Sex and Gender Affect Conflict, 385
How Culture Affects Conflict, 386
Conflict Online, 387
Learn It, 388
Try It, 388
Reflect on It, 388
Power and Conflict, 388
Some Characteristics of Power, 388
Forms of Power, 390
Sex, Gender, and Power, 392
Culture and Power, 394
Learn It, 395
Try It, 395
Reflect on It, 395
Managing Interpersonal Conflict, 395
Problematic Behaviors During Conflict, 395
Strategies for Managing Conflict Successfully, 397
Learn It, 400
Try It, 400
Reflect on It, 400
Master the Chapter, 402
Chapter Outline and Summary, 402
Key Terms, 402
Discussion Questions, 404
Practice Quiz, 404
Research Library, 405
11. Deceptive Communication, 407
The Nature of Interpersonal Deception, 409
What Is Deception?, 410
The Basic Elements of Deception, 412
Interpersonal Deception Is Common, 413
Learn It, 415
Try It, 415
Reflect on It, 415
Deceptive Acts are Diverse, 415
Some Reasons Why People Deceive, 415
Some Deceptive Acts Are Acts of Simulation, 417
Some Deceptive Acts Are Acts of Dissimulation, 417
Learn It, 419
Try It, 419
Reflect on It, 419
Communication Behaviors and Deception, 419
Detecting Deception Is Difficult, 419
Some Behaviors Are Common During Acts of Deception, 420
Learn It, 424
Try It, 424
Reflect on It, 424
Detecting Lies in Different Contexts, 424
Familiarity Affects Detection Success, 424
Expressive People Are Better Liars, 424
Culture Matters, but Only Sometimes, 425
Motivation Doesn’t Always Help, 426
Suspicion May Not Improve Detection Ability, 426
Noninteractive Contexts Are Best for Detection, 427
Learn It, 428
Try It, 428
Reflect on It, 428
Master the Chapter, 428
Chapter Outline and Summary, 428
Key Terms, 430
Discussion Questions, 430
Practice Quiz, 430
Research Library, 431
12. Emotion, 433
Emotion in Interpersonal Communication, 435
What Is an Emotion?, 435
Joyful/Affectionate Emotions: Happiness, Love, Passion, and Liking, 436
Hostile Emotions: Anger, Contempt, Disgust, Jealousy, and Envy, 438
Sad/Anxious Emotions: Sadness, Depression, Grief, Fear, and Social Anxiety, 441
Learn It, 443
Try It, 443
Reflect on It, 443
The Nature of Emotion, 443
Emotions Are Multidimensional, 444
Emotions Vary in Valence and Intensity, 446
Emotions Come in Primary and Secondary Forms, 447
Sometimes Emotions Are Meta-Emotions, 449
Learn It, 450
Try It, 450
Reflect on It, 450
Influences on Emotional Experience and Expression, 450
Culture, 450
Display Rules, 451
Technology, 452
Emotional Contagion, 453
Sex and Gender, 453
Personality, 455
Emotional Intelligence, 456
Learn It, 457
Try It, 457
Reflect on It, 457
Emotional Communication Skills, 458
Identifying Emotions, 458
Reappraising Negative Emotions, 460
Accepting Responsibility for Emotions, 460
Separating Emotions from Actions, 461
Learn It, 461
Try It, 461
Reflect on It, 461
Master the Chapter, 462
Chapter Outline and Summary, 462
Key Terms, 464
Discussion Questions, 464
Practice Quiz, 464
Research Library, 465
Glossary, G-1
Endnotes, N-1
Index, I-1
Credits, C-1

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