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Chapter 1. Health in a Changing Society, 1
Personal Health in Context, 2
Health and Wellness, 2
Health-Related Behavior Choices, 2
Social Determinants of Health, 3
Community Health, 4
Public Health, 5
Health in a Multicultural Society, 6
Understanding Cultural Terms, 6
Cultural Differences in Concepts of Health and Illness, 8
Health Concerns of Ethnic Minority Populations, 8
Understanding Health-Related Behavior Change, 11
The Health Belief Model, 11
The Transtheoretical Model, 11
Creating a Behavior Change Plan, 13
Health Challenges in a Changing Society, 14
Being an Informed Consumer, 14
Facing Current Health Concerns, 16
You Make the Call: How Should Americans Describe Their Racial and Ethnic Identities?, 20
In Review, 21
Web Resources, 21
Part 1. Your Mind and Body, 22
Chapter 2. Your Family Health History: Understanding Your Genetic Inheritance, 23
Your Family Health History, 24
Creating a Family Health Tree, 24
What Can You Learn From Your Health Tree?, 25
You and Your Genes: The Basics of Heredity, 26
DNA and Genes, 26
The Human Genome Project, 27
The Role of Mutations, 28
The Inheritance of Genetic Disorders, 29
The Role of Genes in Health, Personality, and Behavior, 31
Ethnicity and Genetic Disorders, 31
Mental Disorders, 33
Personality and Behavior, 34
Diagnosing and Managing a Genetic Condition, 35
Genetic Counseling, 35
Genetic Testing, 35
Management and Treatment, 37
Implications of Genetic Research for Individuals and Society, 37
Medical Advances and Cures, 38
Issues in Genetic Screening and Testing, 38
Issues of Privacy and Discrimination, 39
Eugenics, 40
Genetics, Lifestyle Choices, and Personal Health, 40
You Make the Call: Should Embryonic Stem Cell Research Be Supported?, 41
In Review, 42
Web Resources, 42
Chapter 3. Mental Health: Creating a Balance, 43
What Is Mental Health?, 44
Positive Psychology and Character Strengths, 44
Characteristics of Mentally Healthy People, 44
The Self-Actualized Person, 45
Optimism, Self-Efficacy, and Resilience, 46
Emotional Intelligence, 46
Enhancing Your Mental Health, 47
The Brain's Role in Mental Health and Illness, 47
Advances in Knowledge and Understanding of the Brain, 47
The Teenage Brain, 48
Mental Disorders and the Brain, 49
Influences on the Development of Mental Health and Illness, 49
Protective Factors and Risk Factors, 50
Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development, 50
Mental Disorders, 51
How Do Everyday Problems Differ From Mental Disorders?, 51
Mood Disorders, 53
Anxiety Disorders, 54
Addiction, 55
Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders, 56
Mental Disorders and Suicide, 57
Self-Injury, 58
Treating Mental Disorders, 58
Psychotherapy, 58
Medications, 60
You Make the Call: Should Teachers and Administrators Be Responsible for Recognizing Mental Health Problems in Students?, 61
In Review, 63
Web Resources, 63
Chapter 4. Spirituality: Finding Meaning in Life and Death, 64
What Is Spirituality?, 65
Spirituality in Everyday Life, 65
Happiness and Life Satisfaction, 66
Enhancing Your Spirituality, 67
Meditation, 67
Journaling, 68
Retreat, 69
The Arts, 70
Living Your Values, 70
Health Benefits of Spirituality, 70
Physical Benefits, 70
Mental Benefits, 72
A Different View, 72
Spirituality and Community Involvement, 72
Service Learning, 72
Volunteering, 73
Social Activism and the Global Community, 73
Nature and the Environment, 74
Death and Dying, 75
Stages of Dying and Death, 75
Healthy Grieving, 75
Rituals Around Death, 76
End-of-Life Decisions, 76
Life After Death, 77
You Make the Call: Do You Have the Right to Choose?, 78
In Review, 79
Web Resources, 79
Chapter 5. Stress: Managing Pressure, 80
What Is Stress?, 82
The Stress Response, 82
The Relaxation Response, 83
Acute Stress and Chronic Stress, 83
Stress and Your Health, 84
The General Adaptation Syndrome, 84
Symptoms of Stress, 84
Stress and the Immune System, 84
Stress and the Cardiovascular System, 84
Stress and the Gastrointestinal System, 85
Stress and Mental Health, 86
Mediators of the Stress Response, 86
Personality Factors, 86
Cognitive Factors, 88
Resilience and Hardiness, 88
Sources of Stress, 89
Life Events, 89
Daily Hassles, 89
College Stress, 90
Job Pressures, 91
Money and Financial Worries, 91
Family and Interpersonal Stress, 92
Other Sources of Stress, 92
Managing Stress, 93
Choosing an Approach to Stress Management, 93
Stress Reduction Strategies, 94
Relaxation Techniques, 95
You Make the Call: Should Stress Reduction Programs Be Covered by Health Insurance?, 98
In Review, 99
Web Resources, 99
Chapter 6. Sleep: Renewal and Restoration, 100
Sleep and Your Health, 101
Health Effects of Sleep, 101
Sleep Deprivation, 101
What Makes You Sleep?, 102
The Structure of Sleep, 103
NREM Sleep, 103
REM Sleep, 104
Sleep Cycles, 104
Sleep Disorders, 106
Dyssomnias, 106
Parasomnias, 109
Evaluating Your Sleep, 110
Getting a Good Night's Sleep, 110
Establishing Good Sleep Habits, 110
Using Sleep Aids, 113
You Make the Call: Should Drowsy Drivers Be Criminally Liable for Crashes They Cause?, 115
In Review, 117
Web Resources, 117
Part 2. Your Lifestyle and Health, 118
Chapter 7. Nutrition: Healthy Food Choices, 119
Understanding Nutritional Guidelines, 120
Types of Nutrients, 121
Water—The Unappreciated Nutrient, 121
Carbohydrates—Your Body's Fuel, 122
Protein—Nutritional Muscle, 125
Fats—A Necessary Nutrient, 125
Minerals—A Need for Balance, 127
Vitamins—Small but Potent Nutrients, 128
Other Substances in Food: Phytochemicals, 128
Planning a Healthy Diet, 130
The 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 130
Planning a Vegetarian Diet, 133
Daily Values and Food Labels, 134
Current Consumer Concerns, 134
Overconsumption of Soft Drinks, 134
High-Sodium Diets, 135
Food Allergies and Food Intolerances, 136
Energy Bars and Energy Drinks, 137
Fast Foods, 138
Food Safety and Technology, 139
Artificial Sweeteners, 139
Organic Foods, 140
Functional Foods, 140
Foodborne Illness, 141
Genetically Modified Foods, 142
You Make the Call: Who Is Responsible for What We Eat?, 144
In Review, 145
Web Resources, 145
Chapter 8. Fitness: Physical Activity for Life, 146
What Is Fitness?, 147
Benefits of Physical Activity and Exercise, 148
Guidelines for Physical Activity and Exercise, 149
Components of Health-Related Fitness, 150
Cardiorespiratory Fitness, 151
Muscular Strength and Endurance, 152
Flexibility, 155
Body Composition, 156
Improving Your Health Through Moderate Physical Activity, 157
Making Daily Activities More Active, 157
Walking for Fitness, 157
Taking the Stairs, 159
Exercise Gaming, 159
Special Considerations in Exercise and Physical Activity, 159
Health and Safety Precautions, 159
Effects of Environmental Conditions on Exercise and Physical Activity, 161
Exercise for Special Populations, 162
Physical Activity for Life, 163
Making a Commitment to Change, 164
Using Social and Community Support, 164
You Make the Call: Is “Fitness for Life” Physical Education the Right Direction?, 167
In Review, 168
Web Resources, 168
Chapter 9. Body Weight and Body Composition: Achieving a Healthy Balance, 169
What Is a Healthy Body Weight?, 170
Body Mass Index, 171
Body Fat Percentage, 171
Body Fat Distribution, 172
Health Issues Related to Overweight and Obesity, 173
What Factors Influence Your Weight?, 173
Genetic and Hormonal Influences, 174
Gender and Age, 174
Food Environments, 175
Lifestyle Influences on Weight, 176
Dieting and Obesity, 177
The Stress Response, 177
The Key to Weight Control: Energy Balance, 177
Estimating Your Daily Energy Requirements, 178
Adjusting Your Caloric Intake, 179
Are There Quick Fixes for Overweight and Obesity?, 179
The Diet Industry, 179
The Medical Approach, 180
The Problem of Underweight, 182
The Size Acceptance Movement, 182
Achieving a Healthy Body Weight and Body Composition for Life, 183
Tasks for Individuals, 183
Tasks for Society, 184
You Make the Call: Should Employers Have Weight Loss Contests?, 186
In Review, 187
Web Resources, 187
Chapter 10. Body Image: Viewing Yourself, 188
What Shapes Body Image?, 189
Women and Body Image, 189
Men and Body Image, 191
Ethnicity and Body Image, 192
Sports and Body Image, 192
Eating Disorders, 193
Factors Contributing to Eating Disorders, 193
Diagnosing Eating Disorders, 194
Health Consequences of Eating Disorders, 196
Treating Eating Disorders, 197
Body Dysmorphic Disorder, 200
Muscle Dysmorphia, 200
Cosmetic Surgery, 200
Body Art, 201
Exercise Disorders, 201
Female Athlete Triad, 201
Activity Disorder, 202
Awareness and Prevention: Promoting a Healthy Body Image, 202
College Initiatives, 202
Public Health Approaches, 202
You Make the Call: Should the Fashion Industry Be Regulated?, 204
In Review, 206
Web Resources, 206
Part 3. Your Health at Risk, 207
Chapter 11. Alcohol: Responsible Approaches to Drinking, 208
Who Drinks? Patterns of Alcohol Use, 209
Drinking Patterns Across the Lifespan, 209
Ethnic Differences in Alcohol Use, 210
What Causes Problem Drinking?, 211
Genetic and Biological Factors, 211
Psychosocial Factors, 211
Sociocultural or Environmental Factors, 211
Drinking on the College Campus, 212
Binge Drinking, 212
Is the Definition of Binge Drinking Realistic?, 213
Addressing the Problem, 214
Effects of Alcohol on the Body, 215
Alcohol Absorption, 216
Alcohol Metabolism, 217
Acute Alcohol Intoxication, 218
Blackouts, 218
Hangovers, 218
Health Risks of Alcohol Use, 220
Medical Problems Associated With Alcohol Use, 220
Social Problems Associated With Alcohol Use, 222
Another View: Health Benefits, 222
Alcohol Misuse, Abuse, and Dependence, 223
Treatment Options, 224
Brief Interventions for High-Risk Young Adult Drinkers, 224
Inpatient Treatment, 224
Outpatient Treatment, 225
Self-Help Programs, 225
Relapse Prevention, 225
The Harm Reduction Approach, 226
Public Policies and Laws Aimed at Harm Reduction, 226
Taking Action, 228
Are You at Risk?, 228
Developing a Behavior Change Plan, 228
Be an Advocate, 229
You Make the Call: Should Passive Alcohol Sensors Be Used by Law Enforcement?, 230
In Review, 231
Web Resources, 232
Chapter 12. Drugs: Use, Abuse, and Control, 233
Who Uses? Patterns of Illicit Drug Use, 234
What Is a Drug?, 235
Types of Drugs, 236
Drug Misuse and Abuse, 237
Effects of Drugs on the Body, 238
Routes of Administration, 238
Factors Influencing the Effects of Drugs, 239
Drug Dependence, 240
Effects of Drugs on the Brain, 240
Drugs of Abuse, 241
Central Nervous System Stimulants, 241
Central Nervous System Depressants, 245
Opioids, 245
Hallucinogens, 247
Inhalants, 248
Marijuana, 248
Approaches to the Drug Problem, 249
Supply Reduction Strategies, 249
Demand Reduction Strategies, 249
Harm Reduction Strategies, 252
You Make the Call: Is Law Enforcement the Best Way to Fight the War on Drugs?, 253
In Review, 254
Web Resources, 254
Chapter 13. Tobacco: The Smoking Challenge, 255
Who Smokes? Patterns of Tobacco Use, 256
Gender and Age Group Differences, 256
Smoking and Ethnicity, 257
Tobacco Products, 257
Substances in Tobacco, 257
Cigarettes, 258
Cigars, 260
Pipes, 260
Smokeless Tobacco, 260
Why Do People Smoke?, 261
Nicotine Addiction, 261
Behavioral Dependence, 261
Weight Control, 261
Tobacco Marketing and Advertising, 261
Effects of Tobacco Use on Health, 262
Short-Term Effects, 262
Long-Term Effects, 263
Special Health Risks for Women, 264
Special Health Risks for Men, 264
Special Health Risks for Ethnic Minority Groups, 264
Benefits of Quitting, 264
Effects of Environmental Tobacco Smoke, 265
Quitting and Treatment Options, 266
Treatment Programs to Quit Smoking, 266
Medications to Quit Smoking, 266
Quitting on Your Own: Developing a Behavior Change Plan, 267
Confronting the Tobacco Challenge, 268
The Nonsmokers' Rights Movement and Legislative Battles, 269
Lawsuits and Court Settlements, 269
Regulation and Taxation: Harm Reduction Strategies, 270
Education and Prevention: Changing the Cultural Climate, 271
You Make the Call: Smoking Restrictions in Public Places, 272
In Review, 273
Web Resources, 273
Part 4. Your Relationships and Sexuality, 274
Chapter 14. Relationships: Connection and Communication, 275
Healthy Relationships, 276
A Healthy Sense of Self, 276
Friendships and Other Kinds of Relationships, 276
Strengths of Successful Partnerships, 277
Love and Intimacy, 278
Attraction, 278
The Process of Finding a Partner: Dating and More, 279
What Is Love?, 280
Communication, 282
Nonverbal Behavior and Metamessages, 282
Building Communication Skills, 282
Gender Differences in Communication Style, 283
Sex and Gender, 283
Gender Roles, 284
Sexual Orientation, 285
Committed Relationships and Lifestyle Choices, 286
Marriage, 286
Gay and Lesbian Partnerships, 287
Cohabitation, 288
Divorce, 289
Blended Families, 289
Singlehood, 289
Keeping Your Relationships Strong and Vital, 290
You Make the Call: Should Same-Sex Marriage Be Legal?, 291
In Review, 293
Web Resources, 293
Chapter 15. Sexual Health: Biology, Society, and Culture, 294
Biology, Culture, and Sexual Pleasure, 295
Sexual Anatomy and Functioning, 295
Sexual Anatomy, 295
Sexual Response, 298
Sexual Development and Health Across the Lifespan, 302
Varieties of Sexual Behavior and Expression, 304
Typical and Common Forms of Sexual Expression, 305
Atypical Sexual Behaviors and Paraphilias, 306
Sexual Dysfunctions, 306
Female Sexual Dysfunctions, 306
Male Sexual Dysfunctions, 308
Protecting Your Sexual Health, 310
Using Condoms, 310
Practicing Abstinence, 310
Communicating About Sex, 310
Sex and Culture: Issues for the 21st Century, 312
Cybersex, 312
Pornography, 312
Prostitution, 313
You Make the Call: Cybersex: Harmless Fun or Moral Black Hole?, 314
In Review, 315
Web Resources, 315
Chapter 16. Reproductive Choices: Contraception, Pregnancy, and Childbirth, 316
Choosing a Contraceptive Method, 317
Abstinence, 317
Hormonal Contraceptive Methods, 317
Barrier Methods, 319
The IUD, 322
The Fertility Awareness Method, 323
Emergency Contraception, 325
Sterilization, 325
Which Contraceptive Method Is Right for You?, 326
Unintended Pregnancy, 326
Signs of Pregnancy, 326
Deciding to Become a Parent, 327
Adoption, 327
Elective Abortion, 330
Infertility: Causes and Treatment Options, 332
Pregnancy and Prenatal Care, 332
Pregnancy Planning, 332
Prepregnancy Counseling, 333
Nutrition and Exercise, 333
Maternal Immunizations, 333
Medications and Drugs, 334
Regular Health Care Provider Visits, 335
Diagnosing Problems in a Fetus, 336
Fetal Development, 337
Childbirth, 337
Labor and Delivery, 337
Newborn Screening, 339
The Postpartum Period, 340
You Make the Call: Egg and Sperm Donation: A Booming Business, 341
In Review, 342
Web Resources, 343
Part 5. Protecting Your Health, 344
Chapter 17. Infectious Diseases: Prevention and Management, 345
The Process of Infection, 346
The Chain of Infection, 346
Pathogens, 347
The Body's Defenses, 349
External Barriers, 349
The Immune System, 349
Risk Factors for Infection, 351
Disruption of Immunity, 353
Changing Patterns in Infectious Disease, 353
Technology-Related Changes That Affect Disease Transmission, 354
Behavior-Related Changes That Affect Disease Transmission, 355
Antibiotic Resistance, 357
Vaccination Controversies, 358
Infectious Diseases Worldwide and on Campus, 359
Global Infectious Diseases, 359
Infectious Diseases on Campus, 361
Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 364
HIV/AIDS, 364
Bacterial STDs, 369
Viral STDs, 371
Other STDs, 372
Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, 373
You Make the Call: Should Colleges Tighten Vaccination Requirements?, 374
In Review, 375
Web Resources, 375
Chapter 18. Cardiovascular Disease: Risks, Prevention, and Treatment, 376
The Cardiovascular System, 377
Cardiovascular Disease, 379
Atherosclerosis, 379
Coronary Heart Disease, 380
Stroke, 382
Hypertension, 383
Congestive Heart Failure, 385
Other Cardiovascular Diseases, 385
Risk Factors for CVD, 387
Major Controllable Risk Factors in CVD, 387
Contributing Risk Factors in CVD, 389
Possible Risk Factors in CVD, 390
Noncontrollable Risk Factors in CVD, 392
Testing and Treatment, 394
Testing and Treatment for Heart Disease, 394
Testing and Treatment for Stroke, 395
Protecting Yourself From CVD, 395
Eating for Heart Health, 396
Exercising Regularly, 396
Avoiding Tobacco Use, 396
Controlling Blood Pressure, 396
Managing Cholesterol Levels, 396
Using Aspirin Therapy, 397
Controlling Diabetes, 397
Managing Stress and Improving Mental Health, 397
You Make the Call: Screening for Cardiovascular Disease in Athletes: How Much Is Enough?, 398
In Review, 399
Web Resources, 399
Chapter 19. Cancer: Understanding a Complex Condition, 400
What Is Cancer?, 401
Healthy Cell Growth, 401
Cancer Cell Growth, 402
Classifying Cancers, 402
Types of Cancer, 403
Risk Factors for Cancer, 403
Family History, 403
Lifestyle Factors, 404
Environmental Factors, 406
Common Cancers, 408
Lung Cancer, 408
Colon and Rectal Cancer, 409
Breast Cancer, 409
Prostate Cancer, 410
Cancers of the Female Reproductive Tract, 412
Skin Cancer, 413
Testicular Cancer, 415
Oral Cancer, 416
Leukemia, 416
Lymphoma, 416
Cancer Screening, 417
Cancer Treatments, 417
Surgery, 417
Chemotherapy, 418
Radiation, 418
Biological Therapies, 418
Bone Marrow Transplantation, 419
Gene Therapy and Genetic Testing, 419
Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 420
Treatments on the Horizon: Clinical Trials, 420
Living With Cancer, 420
You Make the Call: What Do You Do With Conflicting Health Recommendations?, 422
In Review, 423
Web Resources, 423
Chapter 20. Complementary and Alternative Medicine: Health Choices in a Changing Society, 424
Approaches to Health Care, 425
Conventional Medicine, 425
Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 427
Whole Medical Systems, 429
Traditional Chinese Medicine, 430
Ayurveda, 430
Homeopathy, 431
Naturopathy, 432
Native American Medicine, 432
Domains of Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 432
Mind-Body Practices, 432
Biologically Based Practices, 433
Manipulative and Body-Based Practices, 435
Energy Therapies, 436
Making Informed Health Care Choices, 438
Evaluating CAM Choices, 438
Choosing Self-Care, 438
Influences on Health Care Choices, 439
Supporting Integrative Medicine, 439
You Make the Call: Should CAM Be Covered by Health Insurance?, 441
In Review, 442
Web Resources, 442
Part 6. Challenges to Your Health, 443
Chapter 21. Violence: Prevention and Protection, 444
Violence in the United States, 445
Crime Rates and Violence Facts, 445
What Accounts for Violence?, 445
Trends in Violent Crime, 446
Youth Violence, 447
School Violence, 447
Youth Gangs, 448
Violence on the College Campus, 448
Hazing, 449
Free Speech Vs. Hate Speech, 449
Sexual Violence, 450
Sexual Assault, 450
Child Sexual Abuse, 452
Sexual Harassment, 453
Stalking and Cyberstalking, 454
Family and Intimate Partner Violence, 454
Family Violence, 454
Intimate Partner Violence, 455
Workplace Violence, Hate Crime, and Terrorism, 457
Violence in the Workplace, 457
Hate Crime, 457
Terrorism, 458
Preventing Violence, 459
The Role of Guns: Facilitating Violence, 459
The Role of Media and Entertainment: Glorifying Violence, 460
Supporting Families and Communities, 461
You Make the Call: Is Backscatter Body Scanning a Security Improvement or an Invasion of Privacy?, 462
In Review, 463
Web Resources, 463
Chapter 22. Injury: Creating Safe Environments, 464
Motor Vehicle Safety, 465
Factors Contributing to Motor Vehicle Crashes, 466
Approaches to Motor Vehicle Safety, 468
Motorcycle Safety, 469
Pedestrian Safety, 470
Recreational Safety, 470
Bicycle Safety, 470
All-Terrain Vehicle Safety, 472
Water Safety, 472
Hunting Safety, 473
Home Safety, 473
Falls, 473
Fires, 473
Poisonings, 474
Choking and Suffocation, 476
Temperature-Related Injuries, 477
Excessive Noise, 477
Providing Emergency Aid, 478
Work Safety, 478
Back Injury, 479
Computer Use, 480
Repetitive Strain Injuries, 480
Natural Disasters, 480
You Make the Call: Should Vehicles Be Equipped With Event Data Recorders?, 481
In Review, 483
Web Resources, 483
Chapter 23. Environmental Issues: Making a Difference, 484
Water and Water Quality, 485
Water Supplies and Shortages, 485
Water Pollution, 485
Safe Drinking Water, 486
Air and Air Quality, 488
Earth's Atmosphere, 488
Air Pollution, 488
Thinning of the Ozone Layer of the Atmosphere, 491
Global Warming and Climate Change, 491
Indoor Air Pollution, 493
Waste Management, 494
Solid Waste, 494
Hazardous Waste, 495
Approaches to Waste Management: Recycling and More, 496
Ecosystems and Biodiversity, 497
Deforestation, 497
Desertification, 498
Loss of Freshwater Resources, 498
Protecting Ecosystems, 498
Energy Resources, 499
World Population Growth, 499
How Many People Can the Planet Support?, 499
Approaches to Population Control, 500
A Sustainable Planet, 501
You Make the Call: Is Recycling Worth the Trouble?, 502
In Review, 503
Web Resources, 503
ADD IT UP! EXERCISES, 505
REFERENCES, R-1
CREDITS, C-1
INDEX, I-1

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