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Music: An Appreciation, Brief Edition, 6th Edition

by Kamien, Roger

Publisher: McGraw-Hill Higher Education

Publishing Date: 2008/09/12

Print ISBN-10

0-073-40134-X

Print ISBN-13

978-0-07-340134-8

eText ISBN-10

0-077-30385-7

eText ISBN-13

978-0-07-730385-3

Saleable Print ISBN-10

0-073-40134-X

Saleable Print ISBN-13

978-0-07-340134-8

Table of Contents

1. Sound: Pitch, Dynamics, and Tone Color, 4

Pitch: Highness or Lowness of Sound, 4

Listening Outlines, Vocal Music Guides, and the Properties of Sound, 7

The Firebird, Scene 2 (1910), by Igor Stravinsky, 8

LISTENING OUTLINE, 8

C-Jam Blues (1942), by Duke Ellington and His Famous Orchestra, 9

LISTENING OUTLINE, 9

2. Performing Media: Voices and Instruments, 9

Musical Instruments, 10

String Instruments, 12

Woodwind Instruments, 15

Brass Instruments, 19

Percussion Instruments, 20

Keyboard Instruments, 24

Electronic Instruments, 26

The Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra, Op. 34 (1946), by Benjamin Britten, 28

LISTENING OUTLINE, 28

Accent and Syncopation, 32

4. Music Notation, 33

Notating Pitch, 33

Notating Rhythm, 35

Notating Silence (Rests), 36

Notating Meter, 36

Consonance and Dissonance, 41

PERFORMANCE PERSPECTIVE: Roger Kamien, Pianist, Playing Chopin's Prelude in E Minor, 42

Broken Chords (Arpeggios), 43

Prelude in E Minor for Piano, Op. 28, No. 4 (1839), by Frédéric Chopin, 43

LISTENING OUTLINE, 44

The Major Scale, 45

The Minor Scale, 46

The Key Signature, 47

The Chromatic Scale, 47

Modulation: Change of Key, 47

8. Musical Texture, 48

Monophonic Texture, 48

Polyphonic Texture, 48

Homophonic Texture, 49

Changes of Texture, 50

Farandole from L'Arlésienne Suite No. 2 (1879), by Georges Bizet, 50

LISTENING OUTLINE, 51

9. Musical Form, 52

Techniques That Create Musical Form, 52

Types of Musical Form, 53

Three-Part (Ternary) Form: A B A, 53

Dance of the Reed Pipes from Nutcracker Suite (1892), by Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky, 53

LISTENING OUTLINE, 54

Two-Part (Binary) Form: A B, 55

Contradance No. 7 in E Flat Major from Twelve Contradances for Orchestra (1801), by Ludwig van Beethoven, 55

LISTENING OUTLINE, 55

Listening for Form, 56

10. Musical Style, 56

II. The Middle Ages and Renaissance, 59

1. Music in the Middle Ages (450–1450), 65

Gregorian Chant, 65

The Church Modes, 67

Alleluia: Vidimus Stellam (We Have Seen His Star), 67

VOCAL MUSIC GUIDE, 68

O successores (You successors), by Hildegard of Bingen, 69

VOCAL MUSIC GUIDE, 70

Secular Music in the Middle Ages, 71

Estampie (Thirteenth Century), 72

The Development of Polyphony: Organum, 72

School of Notre Dame: Measured Rhythm, 73

Fourteenth-Century Music: The “New Art” in France, 74

Guillaume de Machaut, 74

Puis qu'en oubli sui de vous (Since I am forgotten by you; around 1363), 74

VOCAL MUSIC GUIDE, 75

Notre Dame Mass (Mid-Fourteenth Century), 76

PERFORMANCE PERSPECTIVE: Andrew Parrott Conducting the Agnus Dei from Machaut's Notre Dame Mass, 77

VOCAL MUSIC GUIDE: Agnus Dei, 78

2. Music in the Renaissance (1450–1600), 78

Characteristics of Renaissance Music, 79

Words and Music, 79

Rhythm and Melody, 80

Sacred Music in the Renaissance, 80

Josquin Desprez and the Renaissance Motet, 80

Ave Maria … Virgo Serena (Hail, Mary … Serene Virgin; c. 1475), 81

VOCAL MUSIC GUIDE, 82

Palestrina and the Renaissance Mass, 82

Pope Marcellus Mass (1562–1563), 84

VOCAL MUSIC GUIDE: Kyrie, 85

Secular Music in the Renaissance, 85

Vocal Music: The Renaissance Madrigal, 85

As Vesta Was Descending (1601), by Thomas Weelkes, 86

VOCAL MUSIC GUIDE, 87

Instrumental Music, 87

Passamezzo and Galliard, by Pierre Francisque Caroubel, from Terpsichore (1612), by Michael Praetorius, 89

III. The Baroque Period, 91

1. Baroque Music (1600–1750), 96

Characteristics of Baroque Music, 97

Unity of Mood, 97

Chords and the Basso Continuo (Figured Bass), 98

Words and Music, 99

The Baroque Orchestra, 99

Baroque Forms, 100

2. Music in Baroque Society, 100

3. The Concerto Grosso and Ritornello Form, 103

Brandenburg Concerto No. 5 in D Major (about 1721), by Johann Sebastian Bach, 104

LISTENING OUTLINE: First Movement, 105

4. The Fugue, 107

Organ Fugue in G Minor (Little Fugue; about 1709), by Johann Sebastian Bach, 108

LISTENING OUTLINE, 109

5. The Elements of Opera, 110

6. Opera in the Baroque Era, 114

7. Claudio Monteverdi, 116

Orfeo (Orpheus, 1607), 117

VOCAL MUSIC GUIDE: Tu se' morta, 119

8. Henry Purcell, 119

Ground Bass, 120

Dido and Aeneas (1689), 120

VOCAL MUSIC GUIDE: Dido's Lament, 121

9. The Baroque Sonata, 122

Trio Sonata in A Minor, Op. 3, No. 10 (1689), by Arcangelo Corelli, 123

10. Antonio Vivaldi, 124

La Primavera (Spring), Concerto for Violin and String Orchestra, Op. 8, No. 1, from The Four Seasons (1725), 125

LISTENING OUTLINE: First Movement, 126

PERFORMANCE PERSPECTIVE: Jeanne Lamon, Violinist, Plays and Conducts Vivaldi's Spring Concerto, 128

11. Johann Sebastian Bach, 130

Bach's Music, 131

12. The Baroque Suite, 132

Suite No. 3 in D Major (1729–1731), by Johann Sebastian Bach, 133

13. The Chorale and Church Cantata, 134

The Church Cantata, 134

Cantata No. 140: Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme (Awake, a Voice Is Calling Us; 1731), by Johann Sebastian Bach, 135

VOCAL MUSIC GUIDE: Fourth Movement, 139

Seventh Movement: Chorale, 139

VOCAL MUSIC GUIDE: Seventh Movement, 140

14. The Oratorio, 140

15. George Frideric Handel, 141

Handel's Music, 142

Messiah (1741), 142

Ev'ry Valley Shall Be Exalted, 143

VOCAL MUSIC GUIDE, 144

For unto Us a Child Is Born, 144

Hallelujah Chorus, 146

VOCAL MUSIC GUIDE, 146

IV. The Classical Period, 149

1. The Classical Style (1750–1820), 154

Characteristics of the Classical Style, 154

Contrast of Mood, 154

Dynamics and the Piano, 155

The End of the Basso Continuo, 156

The Classical Orchestra, 156

Classical Forms, 156

2. Composer, Patron, and Public in the Classical Period, 157

3. Sonata Form, 160

Exposition, 161

Development, 161

Recapitulation, 161

Symphony No. 40 in G Minor, K. 550, by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, 162

LISTENING OUTLINE: First Movement, 164

4. Theme and Variations, 165

Symphony No. 94 in G Major (Surprise; 1791), by Joseph Haydn, 166

LISTENING OUTLINE: Second Movement, 166

5. Minuet and Trio, 168

Eine kleine Nachtmusik (A Little Night Music; 1787), K. 525, by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, 169

LISTENING OUTLINE: Third Movement, 169

String Quartet in C Minor, Op. 18, No. 4 (1798–1800), by Ludwig van Beethoven, 170

LISTENING OUTLINE: Fourth Movement, 171

7. The Classical Symphony, 172

8. The Classical Concerto, 173

9. Classical Chamber Music, 174

10. Joseph Haydn, 174

Haydn's Music, 176

Trumpet Concerto in E Flat Major (1796), 176

11. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, 177

Mozart's Music, 179

Don Giovanni (1787), 179

VOCAL MUSIC GUIDE: Opening Scene, 181

Act I: Madamina (Leporello's catalog aria), 184

Symphony No. 40 in G Minor, K. 550 (1788), 186

Piano Concerto No. 23 in A Major, K. 488 (1786), 188

LISTENING OUTLINE: First Movement, 189

PERFORMANCE PERSPECTIVE: Murray Perahia, Pianist, Playing and Conducting the First Movement of Mozart's Piano Concerto in A Major, K. 488, 192

12. Ludwig van Beethoven, 193

Beethoven's Music, 194

Piano Sonata in C Minor, Op. 13 (Pathétique; 1798), 195

Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, Op. 67 (1808), 197

LISTENING OUTLINES: First Movement, 199

LISTENING OUTLINES: Second Movement, 202

V. The Romantic Period, 207

1. Romanticism in Music (1820–1900), 213

Characteristics of Romantic Music, 213

Individuality of Style, 213

Expressive Aims and Subjects, 213

Nationalism and Exoticism, 214

Program Music, 214

Expressive Tone Color, 214

Colorful Harmony, 215

Expanded Range of Dynamics, Pitch, and Tempo, 216

Forms: Miniature and Monumental, 216

2. Romantic Composers and Their Public, 217

3. The Art Song, 219

Strophic and Through-Composed Form, 220

The Song Cycle, 220

4. Franz Schubert, 220

Schubert's Music, 221

Erlkönig (The Erlking; 1815), 222

VOCAL MUSIC GUIDE, 223

5. Robert Schumann, 225

Robert Schumann's Music, 226

Carnaval (Carnival; 1834–1835), 226

6. Clara Wieck Schumann, 228

Clara Wieck Schumann's Music, 229

Liebst du um Schönheit (If you love for beauty; 1841), 229

VOCAL MUSIC GUIDE, 230

7. Frédéric Chopin, 231

Chopin's Music, 232

Nocturne in E Flat Major, Op. 9, No. 2 (1830–1831), 232

LISTENING OUTLINE, 232

Étude in C Minor, Op. 10, No. 12 (Revolutionary; 1831?), 234

LISTENING OUTLINE, 234

Polonaise in A Flat Major, Op. 53 (1842), 235

8. Franz Liszt, 236

Liszt's Music, 237

Transcendental Étude No. 10 in F Minor (1851), 238

9. Felix Mendelssohn, 239

Mendelssohn's Music, 240

Concerto for Violin and Orchestra in E Minor, Op. 64 (1844), 240

LISTENING OUTLINE: First Movement, 241

PERFORMANCE PERSPECTIVE: Hilary Hahn, Violinist, Playing the First Movement of Mendelssohn's Violin Concerto in E Minor, Op. 64, 244

10. Program Music, 245

11. Hector Berlioz, 246

Berlioz's Music, 247

Symphonie fantastique (Fantastic Symphony; 1830), 248

LISTENING OUTLINE: Fourth Movement, 249

12. Nationalism in Nineteenth-Century Music, 252

The Moldau (1874) by Bedřich Smetana, 254

LISTENING OUTLINE, 255

13. Antonin Dvořák, 256

Symphony No. 9 in E Minor (From the New World; 1893), 257

LISTENING OUTLINE: First Movement, 258

14. Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky, 260

Tchaikovsky's Music, 260

Romeo and Juliet, Overture-Fantasy, 261

15. Johannes Brahms, 262

Brahms's Music, 264

Symphony No. 3 in F Major, Op. 90, 264

LISTENING OUTLINE: Third Movement, 265

16. Giuseppe Verdi, 267

Verdi's Music, 268

Rigoletto (1851), 269

17. Giacomo Puccini, 270

La Bohème (1896), 270

VOCAL MUSIC GUIDE: Act I, From Mimi's entrance through Che gelida manina, 272

PERFORMANCE PERSPECTIVE: Luciano Pavarotti, Tenor, Singing the Part of Rodolfo in Puccini's La Bohème, 277

18. Richard Wagner, 278

Wagner's Music, 279

Die Walküre (The Valkyrie; 1856), 279

VOCAL MUSIC GUIDE: Act I, Love scene, Conclusion, 282

VI. The Twentieth Century and Beyond, 287

1. Musical Styles: 1900–1945, 293

1900–1945: An Age of Musical Diversity, 293

Characteristics of Twentieth-Century Music, 295

Tone Color, 295

Alternatives to the Traditional Tonal System, 298

2. Music and Musicians in Society, 301

3. Impressionism and Symbolism, 304

French Impressionist Painting, 304

French Symbolist Poetry, 305

4. Claude Debussy, 306

Debussy's Music, 307

Prélude à L'Après-midi d'un Faune (Prelude to The Afternoon of a Faun; 1894), 308

LISTENING OUTLINE, 309

5. Neoclassicism, 310

6. Igor Stravinsky, 311

Stravinsky's Music, 312

Le Sacre du printemps (The Rite of Spring, 1913), 313

LISTENING OUTLINE: Part I, Introduction, Omens of Spring—Dances of the Youths and Maidens, Ritual of Abduction, 316

7. Expressionism, 318

8. Arnold Schoenberg, 320

Schoenberg's Music, 321

The Twelve-Tone System, 321

Pierrot lunaire, Op. 21 (Moonstruck Pierrot; 1912), 323

Mondestrunken (Moondrunk), 324

VOCAL MUSIC GUIDE, 324

A Survivor from Warsaw, Op. 46 (1947), 325

VOCAL MUSIC GUIDE, 326

9. Alban Berg, 328

Wozzeck (1917–1922), 328

10. Anton Webern, 332

Webern's Music, 332

Five Pieces for Orchestra, Op. 10 (1911–1913), 333

LISTENING OUTLINE: Third Piece, 333

11. Béla Bartók, 334

Bartók's Music, 334

Concerto for Orchestra (1943), 335

LISTENING OUTLINE: Second Movement, 336

12. Charles Ives, 337

Ives's Music, 338

Putnam's Camp, Redding, Connecticut (1912), from Three Places in New England (1908?–1914), 339

13. George Gershwin, 340

Rhapsody in Blue (1924), 341

14. William Grant Still, 342

Afro-American Symphony (1931), 343

LISTENING OUTLINE: Third Movement, 344

15. Aaron Copland, 345

Appalachian Spring (1943–1944), 347

LISTENING OUTLINE: Theme and Variations on Simple Gifts, 348

16. Musical Styles since 1945, 349

Characteristics of Music since 1945, 349

Increased Use of the Twelve-Tone System, 350

Extensions of the Twelve-Tone System: Serialism, 351

Chance Music, 352

Minimalist Music, 353

Musical Quotation, 354

Tonal Music and a Return to Tonality, 355

Electronic Music, 356

“Liberation of Sound”, 356

Mixed Media, 357

Rhythm and Form, 358

17. Music since 1945: Five Representative Pieces, 360

Sonatas and Interludes for Prepared Piano (1946–1948), by John Cage, 360

Poème électronique (Electronic Poem; 1958), by Edgard Varèse, 362

LISTENING OUTLINE: Opening Segment, 362

Fugata (1969) by Astor Piazzolla, 363

LISTENING OUTLINE, 364

Concerto Grosso 1985 (To Handel's Sonata in D Major for Violin and Continuo, First Movement), by Ellen Taaffe Zwilich, 365

PERFORMANCE PERSPECTIVE: Yo-Yo Ma, Cellist, Playing Piazzolla's Fugata, 366

LISTENING OUTLINE: First Movement (Concerto Grosso 1985), 368

Short Ride in a Fast Machine (1986), by John Adams, 368

LISTENING OUTLINE, 370

Jazz in Society, 371

Roots of Jazz, 371

Lost Your Head Blues (1926), by Bessie Smith, 374

VOCAL MUSIC GUIDE, 375

Elements of Jazz, 376

Tone Color, 376

PERFORMANCE PERSPECTIVE: Bessie Smith Singing Lost Your Head Blues, 377

Improvisation, 378

Rhythm, Melody, and Harmony, 378

Jazz Styles, 379

New Orleans Style, 379

Hotter Than That (1927), by Louis Armstrong and His Hot Five, 380

LISTENING OUTLINE, 380

Bloomdido (1950), by Charlie Parker, 383

Jazz Rock (Fusion), 384

Miles Runs the Voodoo Down (1969), by Miles Davis, 384

19. Music for Stage and Screen, 386

Musical Theater, 386

Elements of the Musical, 386

Development of the Musical, 386

Leonard Bernstein, 388

West Side Story (1957), 389

LISTENING OUTLINE: Tonight Ensemble, 390

Music in Film, 391

Early Film Music, 391

Functions and Styles of Film Music, 391

Creating Film Music, 392

Music and Image, 392

Development of Rock, 393

PERFORMANCE PERSPECTIVE: Carlos Santana, 395

Elements of Rock, 398

Tone Color, 398

Form, Melody, and Harmony, 400

Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds, from Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1967), by the Beatles, 400

VII. Nonwestern Music, 403

1. Music in Nonwestern Cultures, 405

Characteristics of Nonwestern Music, 405

Oral Tradition, 405

Improvisation, 405

Instruments, 405

Melody, Rhythm, and Texture, 406

Interaction between Nonwestern and Western Music, 406

2. Music in Sub-Saharan Africa, 407

Music in Society, 407

Elements of African Music, 409

Rhythm and Percussion, 409

Vocal Music, 409

African Instruments, 409

Idiophones, 409

Membranophones, 410

Aerophones and Chordophones, 410

LISTENING OUTLINE, 411

3. Classical Music of India, 412

Performers, 412

Improvisation, 412

Elements of Indian Classical Music, 413

Melodic Structure: Raga, 413

Rhythmic Structure: Tala, 414

Instruments, 415

Maru-Bihag, by Ravi Shankar, 415

Glossary and Example Locator, G-1

Acknowledgments, A-0

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