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Mental Retardation: An Introduction to Intellectual Disabilities, Seventh Edition

by Mary Beirne-Smith - University of Alabama; James R. Patton; Shannon H. Kim - Baddour Center, Senatobia, Mississippi

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Copyright, ii
Educator Learning Center: An Invaluable Online Resource, iv
Preface, v
About the Authors, xxi
I. Basic Concepts, 1
1. Historical Perspectives, 2
Historical Overview, 4
Antiquity: Prior to 1700, 5
Emergence and Early Disillusionment of a Field: 1700–1890, 6
Facilities-Based Orientation: 1890–1960, 10
Services-Based Orientation: 1960–1985, 19
Supports-Based Orientation: 1985–Present, 26
Final Reflections, 33
Summary, 34
2. Definition and Terminology, 38
Mental Retardation in Context, 40
Terminology, 44
Disablism and Mental Retardation, 46
Defining Mental Retardation, 49
Systems of Classification, 69
Operationalizing Definitions, 69
Incidence and Prevalence, 76
Final Reflections, 80
Summary, 81
3. Assessment of Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities, 84
Assessment of Intelligence, 86
Assessment of Adaptive Behavior, 105
Other Types of Assessment, 118
Final Reflections, 120
Summary, 120
4. Individual Rights and Legal Issues, 122
The Context for Securing Individuals’ Rights, 124
Legal Precedents for Individual Educational Rights, 130
Legislative Mandates Establishing Individual Educational Rights, 143
Legal Precedents for Individual Institutional Rights, 145
Legal Precedents for Individual Community Rights, 151
Legal Issues That Span a Lifetime, 152
Persisting Problems, 156
Final Thoughts, 157
Summary, 157
II. Biology, Psychology, and Sociology of Mental Retardation, 159
5. Psychosocial Aspects of Intellectual Disability, 160
The Role of Poverty, 162
Psychosocial Interventions, 170
Cultural Considerations, 176
Summary, 178
6. Biological Aspects and the Promises of Prevention, 180
Terminology, 184
Genetic Disorders, 186
Genetic Transmission, 188
Chromosomal Differences, 198
Cranial Malformations, 209
Other Congenital Factors, 210
Prematurity and Perinatal Concerns, 213
Postnatal Concerns, 214
Prevention, 216
Ethical Issues, 223
Final Thoughts, 225
Summary, 226
7. Family Considerations, 228
American Families, 230
Understanding Families, 232
Family Systems, 235
Family Life, 242
Summary, 252
III. Characteristics of Mental Retardation, 253
8. Characteristics of Persons with Mild Mental Retardation, 254
Mild Retardation: Definition and Overview, 256
Demographic Characteristics, 262
Motivational and Sociobehavioral Characteristics, 265
Learning Characteristics, 271
Speech and Language Characteristics, 280
Physical Health Characteristics, 282
Educational Characteristics, 287
Summary, 290
9. Characteristics of Persons with Severe Intellectual Disabilities, 292
Severe Intellectual Disabilities: Definition and Overview, 294
Behavioral and Emotional Characteristics, 298
Communication Characteristics, 301
Educational Concerns, 303
Summary, 314
IV. Programming and Issues Across the Life Span, 315
10. Infancy and Early Childhood, 316
Rationale for Early Childhood Special Education, 318
Serving Young Children with Disabilities, 319
Assessment in Early Childhood Special Education, 326
Designing Programs for Young Children, 335
Implementing Programs for Young Children, 342
Family Involvement, 346
Summary, 347
11. School Years, 350
IDEA: An Overview, 352
Educational Environment Options, 356
Assessment and Program Planning, 364
Programming for Elementary-Age Learners, 374
Programming for Secondary-Age Learners, 386
Summary, 400
12. Adult Years, 402
Residential and Community Living, 404
Interpersonal Relationships, 414
Aging with Mental Retardation, 417
Community Involvement, 418
Quality of Life, 426
Summary, 430
13. Assistive Technology Applications, 432
Definition of Assistive Technology, 436
Benefits of Assistive Technology, 439
Policies and Legalities Surrounding Assistive Technology, 441
Teacher Training, 445
Barriers to Assistive Technology, 448
Modifications, 450
Summary, 460
Epilogue, 461
The Demands of Adulthood, 462
Systems of Support, 463
An Agenda for Future Research, 464
Some Final Thoughts, 464
Glossary, 465
References, 472
Name Index, I-1-1
Subject Index, I-2-1

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