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Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis and Applications, Eighth Edition

by L. R. Gay - Late of Florida University; Geoffrey E. Mills - Southern Oregon University; Peter Airasian - Boston College

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Copyright, ii
Preface, iii
Research Articles, xix
I. Introduction, 1
1. Introduction to Educational Research, 2
Objectives, 3
Tasks 1A, 1B, 3
Task 1C, 3
Welcome!, 3
The Scientific Method, 4
Application of the Scientific Method in Education, 5
Classification of Research by Purpose, 6
Classification of Research by Method, 8
Guidelines for Classification, 16
Limitations of the Scientific Method, 17
Summary, 18
Task 1: Performance Criteria, 20
2. Selecting and Defining a Research Topic, 32
Objectives, 33
Task 2, 33
Identifying a Topic or Question to Research, 34
Review of Related Literature, 39
Formulating and Stating a Hypothesis, 56
Summary, 62
Task 2: Performance Criteria, 66
Task 2 Example, 67
3. Preparing and Evaluating a Research Plan, 70
Objectives, 71
Task 3A, 71
Task 3B, 71
Definition and Purpose of a Research Plan, 71
General Considerations in a Research Plan, 73
Components of the Quantitative Research Plan, 78
Components of the Qualitative Research Plan, 84
Revising and Improving the Research Plan, 90
Summary, 91
Task 3: Performance Criteria, 94
Task 3A Example, 95
4. Selecting a Sample, 98
Objectives, 99
Task 4A, 99
Task 4B, 99
Quantitative Sampling, 99
Qualitative Sampling, 113
Summary, 116
Task 4: Performance Criteria, 118
Task 4A Example, 119
5. Selecting Measuring Instruments, 120
Objectives, 121
Task 5, 121
Constructs, 122
Variables, 122
Characteristics of Measuring Instruments, 125
Types of Measuring Instruments, 128
Criteria for Good Measuring Instruments, 134
Selecting a Test, 145
Summary, 151
Task 5: Performance Criteria, 155
Task 5 Example, 156
II. Quantitative Methods, 158
6. Descriptive Research, 158
Objectives, 159
Task 6A, 159
Descriptive Research: Definition and Purpose, 159
The Descriptive Research Process, 160
Classifying Descriptive Research, 161
Conducting Self-Report Research, 163
Summary, 175
7. Correlational Research, 190
Objectives, 191
Task 6B, 191
Correlational Research: Definition and Purpose, 191
The Correlational Research Process, 192
Relationship Studies, 196
Prediction Studies, 200
Other Correlation-Based Analyses, 203
Problems to Consider in Interpreting Correlation Coefficients, 204
Summary, 204
8. Causal–Comparative Research, 216
Objectives, 217
Task 6C, 217
Causal–Comparative Research: Definition and Purpose, 217
Conducting a Causal–Comparative Study, 220
Summary, 224
9. Experimental Research, 232
Objectives, 233
Task 6D, 233
Experimental Research: Definition and Purpose, 233
Threats to Experimental Validity, 237
Group Experimental Designs, 247
Summary, 263
10. Single-Subject Experimental Research, 274
Objectives, 275
Task 6E, 275
Single-Subject Experimental Designs, 275
Summary, 285
Task 6: Performance Criteria, 287
Task 6 Example, 288
11. Descriptive Statistics, 300
Objectives, 301
Task 7, 301
The Word Is “Statistics,” not “Sadistics”, 301
Preparing Data for Analysis, 302
Types of Descriptive Statistics, 304
Calculation for Interval Data, 318
Summary, 331
12. Inferential Statistics, 336
Objectives, 337
Concepts Underlying Inferential Statistics, 337
Tests of Significance: Types, 347
Summary, 378
13. Postanalysis Considerations, 384
Objectives, 385
Verifying and Storing Data, 385
Interpreting Quantitative Research Results, 386
Summary, 390
Task 7: Performance Criteria, 392
Task 7 Example, 393
III. Qualitative Methods, 398
14. Overview of Qualitative Research, 398
Objectives, 399
Task 8, 399
Qualitative Research: Definition and Purpose, 399
The Qualitative Research Process, 400
Qualitative Research Approaches, 401
Characteristics of Qualitative Research, 402
Validity and Reliability in Qualitative Research, 403
Doing the Right Thing: The Role of Ethics in Qualitative Research, 407
Summary, 410
15. Qualitative Data Collection, 412
Objectives, 413
Qualitative Data Collection: Definition and Purpose, 413
Types of Data Collection Sources, 413
Data Collection Techniques, 413
Threats to the Quality of Observations and Interviews, 423
Getting Started, 424
Summary, 425
16. Narrative Research, 428
Objectives, 429
Narrative Research: Definition and Purpose, 429
The Narrative Research Process, 430
Types of Narrative Research, 432
Key Characteristics of Narrative Research, 432
Narrative Research Techniques, 433
Writing the Narrative, 437
Summary, 437
17. Ethnographic Research, 440
Objectives, 441
Ethnographic Research: Definition and Purpose, 441
The Ethnographic Research Process, 442
Types of Ethnographic Research, 444
Key Characteristics of Ethnographic Research, 445
Ethnographic Research Techniques, 446
Summary, 454
18. Qualitative Research: Data Analysis and Interpretation, 466
Objectives, 467
Data Analysis and Interpretation: Definition and Purpose, 467
Data Analysis During Data Collection, 468
Data Analysis After Data Collection, 468
Steps in Analyzing Qualitative Research Data, 469
Data Analysis Strategies, 471
Qualitative Data Analysis: An Example, 474
Using Computer Software to Assist With Data Analysis, 475
Data Interpretation, 478
Ensuring Credibility in Your Study, 480
Summary, 480
Task 8: Performance Criteria, 483
Task 8 Example, 484
IV. Mixed Methods, 487
19. Mixed Methods Research: Integrating Qualitative and Quantitative Methods, 488
Objectives, 489
Introduction to Mixed Methods, 489
Mixed Methods Research: Definition and Purpose, 490
Types of Mixed Methods Research Designs, 490
Characteristics of Mixed Methods Designs, 492
Evaluating a Mixed Methods Study, 494
Summary, 496
V. Action Research, 498
20. Action Research, 498
Objectives, 499
Task 9, 499
Action Research: Definition and Purpose, 499
The Action Research Process, 500
Types of Action Research, 500
Levels of Action Research, 502
Key Characteristics of Action Research, 503
Action Research Techniques, 505
Summary, 508
Task 9: Performance Criteria and Examples, 510
VI. Reporting Research, 513
21. Preparing a Research Report, 514
Objectives, 515
Task 10, 515
General Guidelines, 515
General Rules for Writing, 517
Format and Style, 518
Sections of Theses and Dissertations, 519
Summary, 524
Task 10: Performance Criteria, 527
Task 10 Example, 528
VII. Critiquing Research, 539
22. Evaluating a Research Report, 540
Objectives, 541
Task 11, 541
General Evaluation Criteria, 541
Type-Specific Evaluation Criteria, 544
Summary, 549
Task 11: Performance Criteria, 550
Task 11 Example, 551
A. Reference Tables, 561
B. Math Review, 577
Step-by-Step Key, 584
C. Suggested Responses, 589
Self-Test for Task 1a (page 20), 589
Self-Test for Task 1b (page 20), 589
Self-Test for Task 1c (page 20), 590
Self-Test for Task 11 (pages 556–559), 591
Glossary, 593
Author Index, I-1-1
Subject Index, I-2-1

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