Best Golf Course Management Practices: Construction, Watering, Fertilizing, Cultural Practices, and Pest Management Strategies to Maintain Golf Course Turf with Minimal Environmental Impact: Second Edition

by L. B. (Bert) McCarty - Department of Horticulture Clemson University Clemson, SC

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Copyright, ii
Preface, xxvii
Section I. Best Turfgrasses for Golf Courses, 1
1. Turfgrasses, 3
Introduction, 3
Plant Characteristics, 6
Adaptation, 18
Cultivars and Their Characteristics, 20
2. Turfgrass Physiology and Environmental Stress, 59
Introduction, 59
Photosynthesis, 60
Respiration, 72
Environmental Stresses, 73
Salinity, 89
Growth Hormones, 91
Section II. Best Soil Management Practices, 95
3. Soil Chemical Properties, 97
Introduction, 97
Cation Exchange, 98
Soil Acidity and Liming, 108
Soil Alkalinity, 120
4. Soil Mineral Properties and Drainage Characteristics, 127
Introduction, 127
Soil Physical Properties, 128
Soil-Water Relationships, 133
Soil Drainage Characteristics, 140
5. Soil Oxygen and Temperature Properties, 163
Introduction, 163
Soil Temperatures, 167
6. Soil Organisms, 171
Introduction, 171
Benefits of Soil Organisms, 174
Inoculating Soil with Organisms and Other Products, 176
Section III. Best Golf Course Construction and Establishment Practices, 179
7. Golf Course Construction and Renovation, 181
Introduction, 181
Golf Course Construction, 181
Golf Course Renovation, 211
8. Putting Green Construction, 215
Introduction, 215
Initial Planning, 216
Construction, 220
Rootzone Installation, 243
Golf Course Green Calculations, 251
9. Turfgrass Establishment and “Grow-In”, 253
Introduction, 253
Methods of Establishment, 254
Turfgrass “Grow-In”, 269
Seed Calculation Problem Examples, 276
Section IV. Best Turfgrass Fertilization Practices, 276
10. Plant Nutrition and Turf Fertilizers, 279
Introduction, 279
Nutrient Uptake, 281
Primary Nutrients and Fertilizers, 283
Secondary Plant Nutrients, 303
Micronutrients, 306
Liquid Fertilization, 310
11. Developing Turf Fertilizer Programs, 319
Introduction, 319
General Nutritional Requirements, 320
Nutrient Analysis, 326
Soil Testing, 326
Leaf Tissue Analysis, 335
12. Fertilizer Calculations, 339
Introduction, 339
Calculating Nutrient Percentages, 339
Granular Fertilizers, 340
Liquid Fertilizers, 340
Sample Problems, 343
Fertilizer Injection (or Fertigation) Formulas, 344
Parts Per Million (PPM) Problems, 347
Section V. Best Golf Course Irrigation Practices, 349
13. Water Management in Turf, 351
Introduction, 351
Water Use and Turf Stress, 351
Soil-Water Relationships, 355
Turfgrass Evapotranspiration Rates, 365
Irrigation Strategies for Turfgrass Managers, 367
14. Irrigation Water Quality, 379
Introduction, 379
Salinity, 380
Carbonates, 388
Toxic Ions, 394
Managing Irrigation Water Quality Problems, 396
15. Effluent Wastewater Use on Turf, 409
Introduction, 409
Levels of Treated Water, 409
Characteristics of Effluent Water, 412
Calculating Fertilizer Amounts from Effluent Irrigation, 420
Section VI. Best Turfgrass Management Practices, 421
16. Cultural Practices for Golf Courses, 423
Introduction, 423
Mowing, 423
Aerification, 434
Vertical Mowing, 444
Topdressing, 447
17. Management Practices Affecting Putting Speed, 457
Introduction, 457
Grooming Practices, 458
Suggested Sequence of Events, 463
18. Overseeding, 465
Introduction, 465
Overseeding Myths, 465
Timing, 466
Seedbed Preparation, 467
Overseeding Grass Selection, 471
Overseeding, 475
Post-Planting Maintenance, 479
Winter Management, 480
Spring Transition, 481
19. Managing Bentgrass/Poa annua Golf Greens in Stressful Environments, 485
Introduction, 485
Geographical Adaptation, 485
Bentgrass/Poa Physiology, 488
Cultural Practices for Bentgrass/Poa Greens, 491
Pest Management, 506
Other Considerations, 509
20. Managing Bermudagrass Golf Greens, 513
Introduction, 513
Cultural Practices for Bermudagrass Greens, 514
Soil Analysis, 519
Leaf Analysis, 520
Aerification Strategies and Techniques, 520
Topdressing, 523
Overseeding/Painting, 524
Managing Ultradwarf Cultivars, 524
Section VII. Best Pest Management and Control Practices, 529
21. Integrated Pest Management, 531
Introduction, 531
IPM History, 531
Strategies of Integrated Pest Management, 533
Starting an IPM Program, 537
Summary, 543
22. Turfgrass Diseases, 545
Introduction, 545
What Is a Disease?, 545
Biotic Organisms Causing Turfgrass Diseases, 546
The Disease Cycle, 549
Epidemiology of Plant Diseases, 550
Disease Control Strategies, 551
Chemical Control Practices, 555
Diagnostic Features and Management of Specific Turfgrass Diseases, 561
23. Turfgrass Insects, 599
Introduction, 599
Insect Biology, 599
Detection and Identification, 600
Insect Control Strategies, 602
Surface- or Leaf-Feeding Insects, 615
Subsurface- or Root-Feeding Insects, 625
Additional Turfgrass Insects, 638
24. Turfgrass Nematodes, 649
Introduction, 649
Turfgrass Nematodes, 652
Diagnosis of Nematode Problems, 655
Nematode Management, 657
Biological Control, 662
25. Turfgrass Weeds, 663
Introduction, 663
Developing a Weed Management Program, 664
Selective Weed Control, 672
Proper Herbicide Selection and Application, 672
Preemergence Herbicides, 672
Postemergence Herbicides, 677
Special Weed Management Situations, 686
26. Turfgrass Plant Growth Regulators, 705
Introduction, 705
PGR Classification, 706
Currently Available Plant Growth Retardants, 710
Section VIII. Best Pesticide and Nutrient Management and Handling Practices, 715
27. Effective, Safe, and Legal Use of Pesticides, 717
Introduction, 717
Pesticide Nomenclature, 717
Pesticide Registration, 718
Pesticide Formulations and Carriers, 720
Handling Pesticides Safely, 726
Pesticide Labels and Labeling, 736
Preparing Agrochemical Storage Facilities for a Major Disaster, 737
Activated Charcoal to Deactivate Pesticides, 740
28. Best Golf Course Environmental Protection Strategies, 743
Introduction, 743
Pesticides and Nutrients in the Environment, 743
Strategies for Environmentally Sound Golf Course Design, 753
Strategies for Environmentally Sound Golf Course Construction, 755
Strategies for Environmentally Sound Golf Course Management, 756
Best Environmental Golf Course Management Summary, 765
29. Sprayer and Spreader Calibration, 771
Introduction, 771
Sprayer Calibration, 772
Sprayer Pumps, 780
Calibrating Granular Spreaders, 782
Turf Sprayer/Spreader Calibration Problems, 786
30. Budgets and Personnel Management, 789
Introduction, 789
Budgets, 789
Maintenance Equipment Needs, 794
Personnel Requirements, 800
Employment Contracts, 809
A. Stokes’ Equation for Calculating the Velocity of a Falling Particle and Darcy’S Equation for Calculating Hydraulic Conductivity, 811
Stokes’ Equation, 811
Darcy’s Equation, 812
B. Calculating Soil Porosity, 815
Calculating Soil Porosity, 815
C. Determining Surface Area, 817
Determining Surface Area, 817
Average Radius Method, 821
Modified Offset Method, 822
D. Calibration Formulas and Metric Conversion Tables, 825
Pesticide Calibration Formulas and Information, 826
Metric System Conversion Factors, 828
References and Additional Reading, 837
C, 838
D, 838
E, 838
F, 838
G, 838
H, 838
J, 839
K, 839
L, 839
M, 839
N, 839
P, 839
S, 839
T, 840
V, 840
W, 840
Y, 840
Glossary, 840
Color Section, 855
Index, I-1-1

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