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Copyright, ii
Preface, xiii
About the Author, 1
1. Thinking Geographically, 2
Maps, 7
Contemporary Tools, 12
Place: Unique Location of a Feature, 15
Regions: Areas of Unique Characteristics, 20
Scale: From Local to Global, 31
Space: Distribution of Features, 33
Connections Between Places, 36
Summary, 41
Case Study Revisited: The Geography of a Big Mac Attack, 41
Key Terms, 41
Thinking Geographically, 42
On the Internet: In Cyberspace, 42
Further Readings, 43
2. Population, 44
Population Concentrations, 47
Sparsely Populated Regions, 50
Population Density, 51
Natural Increase, 53
Fertility, 55
Mortality, 55
The Demographic Transition, 58
Population Pyramids, 62
Countries in Different Stages of Demographic Transition, 63
Demographic Transition and World Population Growth, 68
Malthus on Overpopulation, 69
Declining Birth Rates, 70
World Health Threats, 72
Summary, 77
Case Study Revisited: India Versus China, 78
Key Terms, 79
Thinking Geographically, 79
On the Internet, 80
Further Readings, 80
3. Migration, 82
Reasons for Migrating, 85
Distance of Migration, 88
Characteristics of Migrants, 89
Global Migration Patterns, 90
U.S. Immigration Patterns, 91
Impact of Immigration on the United States, 95
Immigration Policies of Host Countries, 99
Cultural Problems Living in Other Countries, 103
Migration Between Regions of a Country, 104
Migration Within One Region, 108
Summary, 110
Case Study Revisited: Give Me Your Tired, Your Poor ..., 110
Key Terms, 111
Thinking Geographically, 111
On the Internet, 112
Further Readings, 112
4. Folk and Popular Culture, 114
Origin of Folk and Popular Cultures, 118
Diffusion of Folk and Popular Cultures, 120
Isolation Promotes Cultural Diversity, 122
Influence of the Physical Environment, 123
Diffusion of Popular Housing, Clothing, and Food, 129
Role of Television in Diffusing Popular Culture, 133
Threat to Folk Culture, 137
Environmental Impact of Popular Culture, 139
Summary, 142
Case Study Revisited: The Aboriginal Artists Return to Australia, 143
Key Terms, 143
Thinking Geographically, 143
On the Internet, 144
Further Readings, 144
5. Language, 146
Origin and Diffusion of English, 149
Dialects of English, 152
Indo-European Branches, 156
Origin and Diffusion of Indo-European, 162
Classification of Languages, 165
Distribution of Language Families, 166
Preserving Language Diversity, 171
Global Dominance of English, 176
Summary, 180
Case Study Revisited: The Future of French and Spanish in Anglo-America, 181
Key Terms, 182
Thinking Geographically, 182
On the Internet, 182
Further Readings, 182
6. Religion, 184
Universalizing Religions, 187
Ethnic Religions, 193
Origin of Religions, 195
Diffusion of Religions, 196
Holy Places, 201
The Calendar, 205
Places of Worship, 207
Sacred Space, 209
Administration of Space, 211
Religion Versus Government Policies, 213
Religion Versus Religion, 214
Summary, 221
Case Study Revisited: Future of Buddhism in Tibet, 221
Key Terms, 222
Thinking Geographically, 222
On the Internet, 222
Further Readings, 222
7. Ethnicity, 224
Distribution of Ethnicities in the United States, 227
Differentiating Ethnicity and Race, 232
Rise of Nationalities, 237
Multinational States, 239
Revival of Ethnic Identity, 243
Ethnic Competition to Dominate Nationality, 244
Dividing Ethnicities Among More Than One State, 247
Ethnic Cleansing in Yugoslavia, 250
Ethnic Cleansing in Central Africa, 255
Summary, 256
Case Study Revisited: Ethnic Cleansing in Central Africa, 256
Key Terms, 258
Thinking Geographically, 258
On the Internet, 258
Further Readings, 258
8. Political Geography, 260
Problems of Defining States, 263
Development of the State Concept, 266
Shapes of States, 271
Types of Boundaries, 275
Boundaries Inside States, 278
Political and Military Cooperation, 281
Economic Cooperation, 284
Terrorism by Individuals and Organizations, 288
State Support for Terrorism, 290
Summary, 292
Case Study Revisited: Future of the Nation-State in Europe, 293
Key Terms, 293
Thinking Geographically, 294
On the Internet, 294
Further Readings, 294
9. Development, 296
Economic Indicators of Development, 299
Social Indicators of Development, 304
Demographic Indicators of Development, 306
More Developed Regions, 307
Less Developed Regions, 311
Gender-Related Development Index, 316
Gender Empowerment, 319
Development Through Self-Sufficiency, 322
Development Through International Trade, 322
Financing Development, 325
Summary, 327
Case Study Revisited: Future Prospects for Development, 328
Key Terms, 328
Thinking Geographically, 329
On the Internet, 329
Further Readings, 329
10. Agriculture, 330
Origins of Agriculture, 333
Location of Agricultural Hearths, 334
Classifying Agricultural Regions, 335
Shifting Cultivation, 340
Pastoral Nomadism, 343
Intensive Subsistence Agriculture, 344
Mixed Crop and Livestock Farming, 347
Dairy Farming, 348
Grain Farming, 350
Livestock Ranching, 351
Mediterranean Agriculture, 354
Commercial Gardening and Fruit Farming, 355
Plantation Farming, 355
Issues for Commercial Farmers, 356
Issues for Subsistence Farmers, 358
Strategies to Increase Food Supply, 359
Summary, 364
Case Study Revisited: Uncertain Future for Farming, 364
Key Terms, 365
Thinking Geographically, 365
On the Internet, 365
Further Readings, 366
11. Industry, 368
The Industrial Revolution, 371
Diffusion of the Industrial Revolution, 372
North America, 375
Europe, 377
East Asia, 380
Situation Factors, 381
Site Factors, 387
Obstacles to Optimum Location, 393
Industrial Problems from a Global Perspective, 393
Industrial Problems in More Developed Countries, 396
Industrial Problems in Less Developed Countries, 398
Summary, 399
Case Study Revisited: Free Trade in North America, 400
Key Terms, 400
Thinking Geographically, 400
On the Internet, 401
Further Readings, 401
12. Services, 402
Types of Services, 405
Origin of Services, 407
Services in Rural Settlements, 409
Central Place Theory, 412
Market-Area Analysis, 414
Hierarchy of Services and Settlements, 416
World Cities, 418
Hierarchy of Business Services, 422
Economic Base of Settlements, 425
Central Business District, 427
Suburbanization of Businesses, 431
Summary, 432
Case Study Revisited: Romanian Policy, 433
Key Terms, 434
Thinking Geographically, 434
On the Internet, 434
Further Readings, 435
13. Urban Patterns, 436
Urbanization, 439
Defining Urban Settlements, 440
Three Models of Urban Structure, 445
Use of the Models Outside North America, 448
Inner-City Physical Problems, 454
Inner-City Social Problems, 456
Inner-City Economic Problems, 458
The Peripheral Model, 459
Contribution of Transportation to Suburbanization, 462
Local Government Fragmentation, 466
Summary, 467
Case Study Revisited: Contrasts in the City, 468
Key Terms, 469
Thinking Geographically, 469
On the Internet, 469
Further Readings, 469
14. Resource Issues, 472
Energy Resources, 475
Mineral Resources, 486
Air Pollution, 490
Water Pollution, 494
Land Pollution, 496
Renewing Resources, 498
Recycling Resources, 500
Sustainable Development, 503
Biodiversity, 504
Summary, 505
Case Study Revisited: Future Directions, 506
Key Terms, 506
Thinking Geographically, 507
On the Internet, 507
Further Readings, 507
Conclusion: Careers in Geography, 508
Appendix: Map Scale and Projections: Phillip C. Muercke, 510
Map Scale, 510
Map Projections, 511
Scale and Projections in Modern Geography, 514
Key Terms, 515
Photo Credits, 524
Chapter 1, 524
Chapter 2, 524
Chapter 3, 524
Chapter 4, 524
Chapter 5, 524
Chapter 6, 524
Chapter 7, 524
Chapter 8, 524
Chapter 9, 524
Chapter 10, 524
Chapter 11, 525
Chapter 12, 525
Chapter 13, 525
Chapter 14, 525
Contents, 525
Index, I-1-1
Map Index, I-2-1

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