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Introduction to Geography: People, Places, and Environment: Third Edition

by Edward F. Bergman - Lehman College of the City University of New York; William H. Renwick - Miami University, Oxford, Ohio

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Copyright, iii
List of Maps, xiv
Preface, xvi
About the Authors, xxiii
1. Introduction to Geography, 2
What Is Geography?, 4
Contemporary Approaches in Geography, 8
Describing Earth, 24
Conclusion: Critical Issues for the Future, 39
Chapter Review: Summary, 40
Key Terms, 41
Questions for Review and Discussion, 41
Thinking Geographically, 41
Suggestions for Further Learning, 42
Web Work, 42
2. Weather And Climate, 44
Energy and Weather, 46
Precipitation, 55
Circulation Patterns, 60
Climate, 71
Classifying Climate, 74
Earth’s Climate Regions, 76
Climate Change, 88
Conclusion: Critical Issues for the Future, 92
Chapter Review: Summary, 93
Key Terms, 93
Questions for Review and Discussion, 94
Thinking Geographically, 94
Suggestions for Further Learning, 94
Web Work, 95
3. Landforms, 96
Plate Tectonics, 99
Slopes and Streams, 107
Ice, Wind, and Waves, 116
The Dynamic Earth, 127
Conclusion: Critical Issues for the Future, 128
Chapter Review: Summary, 129
Key Terms, 129
Questions for Review and Discussion, 129
Thinking Geographically, 130
Suggestions for Further Learning, 130
Web Work, 131
4. Biogeochemical Cycles and the Biosphere, 132
The Biogeochemical Cycles, 135
Carbon, Oxygen, and Nutrient Flows in the Biosphere, 141
Soil, 145
Ecosystems, 150
Biomes: Global Patterns in the Biosphere, 156
Conclusion: Critical Issues for the Future, 164
Chapter Review: Summary, 164
Key Terms, 165
Questions for Review and Discussion, 165
Thinking Geographically, 166
Suggestions for Further Learning, 166
Web Work, 167
5. Population, Population Increase, and Migration, 168
The Distribution and Density of Human Settlement, 170
World Population Growth, 175
Other Significant Demographic Patterns, 190
Migration, 193
Migration Today, 204
Conclusion: Critical Issues for the Future, 214
Chapter Review: Summary, 214
Key Terms, 215
Questions for Review and Discussion, 215
Thinking Geographically, 216
Suggestions for Further Learning, 216
Web Work, 217
6. Cultural Geography, 218
Cultural Evolution Contrasts With Cultural Diffusion, 221
Identity and Behavioral Geography, 229
Culture Realms, 235
The Global Diffusion of European Culture, 247
Conclusion: Critical Issues for the Future, 261
Chapter Review: Summary, 263
Key Terms, 263
Questions for Review and Discussion, 264
Thinking Geographically, 264
Suggestions for Further Learning, 264
Web Work, 265
7. The Geography of Languages and Religions, 266
Defining Languages and Language Regions, 268
The Development and Diffusion of Languages, 272
Linguistic Differentiation in the Modern World, 277
The Teachings, Origin, and Diffusion of the World’s Major Religions, 284
The Political and Social Impact of the Geography of Religion, 301
Conclusion: Critical Issues for the Future, 314
Chapter Review: Summary, 314
Key Terms, 315
Questions for Review and Discussion, 315
Thinking Geographically, 315
Suggestions for Further Learning, 316
Web Work, 317
8. The Human Food Supply, 318
Food Supplies Over the Past 200 Years, 320
Agriculture Today, 322
Livestock Around the World, 334
Food Supplies in the Future, 338
World Distribution of Food Supplies and Production, 345
The Harvest of Fish, 353
Conclusion: Critical Issues for the Future, 355
Chapter Review: Summary, 355
Key Terms, 356
Questions for Review and Discussion, 356
Thinking Geographically, 356
Suggestions for Further Learning, 356
Web Work, 357
9. Earth’s Resources And Environmental Protection, 358
What is a Natural Resource?, 360
Mineral and Energy Resources, 364
Air and Water Resources, 380
Forests, 390
Conclusion: Critical Issues for the Future, 393
Chapter Review: Summary, 394
Key Terms, 394
Questions for Review and Discussion, 395
Thinking Geographically, 395
Suggestions for Further Learning, 395
Web Work, 396
10. Cities and Urbanization, 398
Urban Functions, 402
The Locations of Cities, 405
World Urbanization, 408
The Internal Geography of Cities, 412
Cities and Suburbs in the United States, 421
Conclusion: Critical Issues for the Future, 440
Chapter Review: SUMMARY, 440
Key Terms, 441
Questions for Review and Discussion, 441
Thinking Geographically, 441
Suggestions for Further Learning, 442
Web Work, 443
11. A World of States, 444
The Development of the Nation-State Idea, 446
Efforts To Achieve a World Map of Nation-States, 457
How States Demarcate and Organize Territory, 468
Measuring and Mapping Individual Rights, 484
Conclusion: Critical Issues for the Future, 488
Chapter Review: Summary, 488
Key Terms, 489
Questions for Review and Discussion, 489
Thinking Geographically, 489
Suggestions for Further Learning, 490
Web Work, 490
12. National Paths To Economic Growth, 492
Analyzing and Comparing Countries’ Economies, 494
The Geography of Manufacturing, 509
National Economic-Geographic Policies, 517
National Trade Policies, 528
The Formation of the Global Economy, 532
Conclusion: Critical Issues for the Future, 540
Chapter Review: Summary, 541
Key Terms, 542
Questions for Review and Discussion, 542
Thinking Geographically, 542
Suggestions for Further Learning, 543
Web Work, 543
13. Political Regionalization and Globalization, 544
The Collapse of Empires, 547
New Unions of States, 555
Global Government, 571
Protecting the Global Environment, 588
Conclusion: Critical Issues for the Future, 595
Chapter Review: Summary, 596
Key Terms, 596
Questions for Review and Discussion, 597
Thinking Geographically, 597
Suggestions for Further Learning, 597
Web Work, 598
I. Map Scale and Projections, 599
Map Scale, 599
Map Projections, 601
Scale and Projections in Modern Geography, 604
II. The Köppen Climate Classification System, 606
III. The World Today: Population, Economy, Environment, 609
Glossary, 612
Inside Front Cover, FrontCover
Inside Back Cover, InsideBackCover

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