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Copyright, iv
Preface, xiv
1. Astronomy and the Universe, xxiv
1. Charting the Heavens: The Foundations of Astronomy, 2
1.1. Our Place in Space, 4
1.2. Scientific Theory and the Scientific Method, 6
1.3. The “Obvious” View, 8
1.4. Earth’s Orbital Motion, 13
1.5. Astronomical Timekeeping, 17
1.6. The Motion of the Moon, 19
1.7. The Measurement of Distance, 25
Chapter Review, 29
2. The Copernican Revolution: The Birth of Modern Science, 32
2.1. Ancient Astronomy, 34
2.2. The Geocentric Universe, 36
2.3. The Heliocentric Model of the Solar System, 39
2.4. The Birth of Modern Astronomy, 41
2.5. The Laws of Planetary Motion, 44
2.6. The Dimensions of the Solar System, 48
2.7. Newton’s Laws, 50
Chapter Review, 57
3. Radiation: Information from the Cosmos, 60
3.1. Information from the Skies, 62
3.2. Waves in What?, 65
3.3. The Electromagnetic Spectrum, 69
3.4. Thermal Radiation, 71
3.5. The Doppler Effect, 77
Chapter Review, 79
4. Spectroscopy: The Inner Workings of Atoms, 82
4.1. Spectral Lines, 84
4.2. The Formation of Spectral Lines, 88
4.3. Molecules, 96
4.4. Spectral-Line Analysis, 97
Chapter Review, 101
5. Telescopes: The Tools of Astronomy, 104
5.1. Telescope Design, 106
5.2. Images and Detectors, 111
5.3. Telescope Size, 116
5.4. High-Resolution Astronomy, 119
5.5. Radio Astronomy, 123
5.6. Interferometry, 127
5.7. Space-Based Astronomy, 130
5.8. Full-Spectrum Coverage, 136
Chapter Review, 137
2. Our Planetary System, 140
6. The Solar System: An Introduction to Comparative Planetology, 142
6.1. An Inventory of the Solar System, 144
6.2. Planetary Properties, 146
6.3. The Overall Layout of the Solar System, 148
6.4. Terrestrial and Jovian Planets, 149
6.5. Interplanetary Debris, 151
6.6. Spacecraft Exploration of the Solar System, 152
6.7. How Did the Solar System Form?, 160
Chapter Review, 165
7. Earth Our Home in Space, 168
7.1. Overall Structure of Planet Earth, 170
7.2. Earth’s Atmosphere, 170
7.3. Earth’s Interior, 177
7.4. Surface Activity, 180
7.5. Earth’s Magnetosphere, 189
7.6. The Tides, 192
Chapter Review, 194
8. The Moon and Mercury: Scorched and Battered Worlds, 198
8.1. Orbital Properties, 200
8.2. Physical Properties, 202
8.3. Surface Features on the Moon and Mercury, 203
8.4. Rotation Rates, 206
8.5. Lunar Cratering and Surface Composition, 212
8.6. The Surface of Mercury, 219
8.7. Interiors, 220
8.8. The Origin of the Moon, 222
8.9. Evolutionary History of the Moon and Mercury, 224
Chapter Review, 225
9. Venus: Earth’s Sister Planet, 228
9.1. Orbital Properties, 230
9.2. Physical Properties, 230
9.3. Long-Distance Observations of Venus, 232
9.4. The Surface of Venus, 235
9.5. The Atmosphere of Venus, 243
9.6. Venus’s Magnetic Field and Internal Structure, 246
Chapter Review, 247
10. Mars: A Near Miss for Life?, 250
10.1. Orbital Properties, 252
10.2. Physical Properties, 253
10.3. Long-Distance Observations of Mars, 254
10.4. The Surface of Mars, 255
10.5. The Martian Atmosphere, 266
10.6. Martian Internal Structure, 270
10.7. The Moons of Mars, 270
Chapter Review, 271
11. Jupiter: Giant of the Solar System, 274
11.1. Orbital and Physical Properties, 276
11.2. The Atmosphere of Jupiter, 278
11.3. Internal Structure, 284
11.4. Jupiter’s Magnetosphere, 285
11.5. The Moons of Jupiter, 287
11.6. Jupiter’s Ring, 298
Chapter Review, 299
12. Saturn: Spectacular Rings and Mysterious Moons, 302
12.1. Orbital and Physical Properties, 304
12.2. Saturn’s Atmosphere, 305
12.3. Saturn’s Interior and Magnetosphere, 309
12.4. Saturn’s Spectacular Ring System, 310
12.5. The Moons of Saturn, 317
Chapter Review, 325
13. Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto: The Outer worlds of the Solar System, 328
13.1. The Discovery of Uranus, 330
13.2. The Discovery of Neptune, 330
13.3. Physical Properties of Uranus and Neptune, 332
13.4. The Atmospheres of Uranus and Neptune, 333
13.5. Magnetospheres and Internal Structure, 337
13.6. The Moon Systems of Uranus and Neptune, 338
13.7. The Rings of the Outermost Jovian Planets, 344
13.8. The Discovery of Pluto, 347
13.9. Physical Properties of Pluto, 348
13.10. The Origin of Pluto, 349
Chapter Review, 351
14. Solar System Debris: Keys to Our Origin, 354
14.1. Asteroids, 356
14.2. Comets, 363
14.3. Meteoroids, 374
Chapter Review, 379
15. The Formation of Planetary Systems: The Solar System and Beyond, 382
15.1. Modeling Planet Formation, 384
15.2. Planets in the Solar System, 385
15.3. Interplanetary Debris, 391
15.4. The Role of Catastrophes, 393
15.5. Planets beyond the Solar System, 393
15.6. Is Our Solar System Unusual?, 397
Chapter Review, 399
3. Stars and Stellar Evolution, 402
16. The Sun: Our Parent Star, 404
16.1. Physical Properties of the Sun, 406
16.2. The Heart of the Sun, 408
16.3. The Solar Interior, 412
16.4. The Solar Atmosphere, 417
16.5. The Active Sun, 421
16.6. Observations of Solar Neutrinos, 431
Chapter Review, 433
17. Red Giants and White Dwarfs: A Field Guide to the Stars, 436
17.1. The Solar Neighborhood, 438
17.2. Luminosity and Apparent Brightness, 442
17.3. Stellar Temperatures, 446
17.4. Stellar Sizes, 449
17.5. The Hertzsprung–Russell Diagram, 452
17.6. Extending the Cosmic Distance Scale, 455
17.7. Stellar Masses, 458
17.8. Mass and Other Stellar Properties, 460
Chapter Review, 463
18. The Interstellar Medium: Gas and Dust among the Stars, 466
18.1. Interstellar Matter, 468
18.2. Emission Nebulae, 471
18.3. Dark Dust Clouds, 478
18.4. 21-Centimeter Radiation, 481
18.5. Interstellar Molecules, 483
Chapter Review, 485
19. Star Formation: A Traumatic Birth, 488
19.1. Star-Forming Regions, 490
19.2. The Formation of Stars Like the Sun, 492
19.3. Stars of Other Masses, 497
19.4. Observations of Cloud Fragments and Protostars, 499
19.5. Shock Waves and Star Formation, 504
19.6. Star Clusters, 505
Chapter Review, 511
20. Stellar Evolution: The Life and Death of a Star, 514
20.1. Leaving the Main Sequence, 516
20.2. Evolution of a Sun-like Star, 518
20.3. The Death of a Low-Mass Star, 523
20.4. Evolution of Stars More Massive than the Sun, 530
20.5. Observing Stellar Evolution in Star Clusters, 533
20.6. The Evolution of Binary-Star Systems, 536
Chapter Review, 539
21. Stellar Explosions: Novae, Supernovae, and the Formation of the Elements, 542
21.1. Life after Death for White Dwarfs, 544
21.2. The End of a High-Mass Star, 546
21.3. Supernovae, 548
21.4. The Formation of the Elements, 555
21.5. The Cycle of Stellar Evolution, 561
Chapter Review, 562
22. Neutron Stars and Black Holes: Strange States of Matter, 566
22.1. Neutron Stars, 568
22.2. Pulsars, 569
22.3. Neutron-Star Binaries, 573
22.4. Gamma-Ray Bursts, 576
22.5. Black Holes, 580
22.6. Einstein’s Theories of Relativity, 581
22.7. Space Travel Near Black Holes, 586
22.8. Observational Evidence for Black Holes, 590
Chapter Review, 597
4. Galaxies and Cosmology, 600
23. The Milky Way Galaxy: A Spiral in Space, 602
23.1. Our Parent Galaxy, 604
23.2. Measuring the Milky Way, 606
23.3. Galactic Structure, 612
23.4. The Formation of the Milky Way, 616
23.5. Galactic Spiral Arms, 617
23.6. The Mass of the Milky Way Galaxy, 622
23.7. The Galactic Center, 625
Chapter Review, 629
24. Normal and Active Galaxies: Building Blocks of the Universe, 632
24.1. Hubble’s Galaxy Classification, 634
24.2. The Distribution of Galaxies in Space, 641
24.3. Hubble’s Law, 644
24.4. Active Galactic Nuclei, 648
24.5. The Central Engine of an Active Galaxy, 658
Chapter Review, 662
25. Galaxies and Dark Matter: The Large-Scale Structure of the Cosmos, 666
25.1. Dark Matter in the Universe, 668
25.2. Galaxy Collisions, 672
25.3. Galaxy Formation and Evolution, 674
25.4. Black Holes and Active Galaxies, 678
25.5. The Universe on Large Scales, 682
Chapter Review, 689
26. Cosmology: The Big Bang and the Fate of the Universe, 692
26.1. The Universe on the Largest Scales, 694
26.2. The Expanding Universe, 696
26.3. The Fate of the Cosmos, 701
26.4. The Geometry of Space, 703
26.5. Will the Universe Expand Forever?, 706
26.6. Dark Energy and Cosmology, 708
26.7. The Cosmic Microwave Background, 711
Chapter Review, 713
27. The Early Universe: Toward the Beginning of Time, 716
27.1. Back to the Big Bang, 718
27.2. The Evolution of the Universe, 721
27.3. The Formation of Nuclei and Atoms, 726
27.4. The Inflationary Universe, 729
27.5. The Formation of Structure in the Universe, 734
Chapter Review, 738
28. Life in the Universe: Are We Alone?, 742
28.1. Cosmic Evolution, 744
28.2. Life in the Solar System, 749
28.3. Intelligent Life in the Galaxy, 751
28.4. The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, 755
Chapter Review, 759
Appendices, A-1
1. Scientific Notation, A-1
2. Astronomical Measurement, A-2
3. Tables, A-3
Glossary, A-8
Answers to Concept Check Questions, AK-1
Chapter 1, AK-1
Chapter 2, AK-1
Chapter 3, AK-1
Chapter 4, AK-1
Chapter 5, AK-1
Chapter 6, AK-1
Chapter 7, AK-1
Chapter 8, AK-2
Chapter 9, AK-2
Chapter 10, AK-2
Chapter 11, AK-2
Chapter 12, AK-2
Chapter 13, AK-2
Chapter 14, AK-2
Chapter 15, AK-3
Chapter 16, AK-3
Chapter 17, AK-3
Chapter 18, AK-3
Chapter 19, AK-3
Chapter 20, AK-3
Chapter 21, AK-3
Chapter 22, AK-3
Chapter 23, AK-4
Chapter 24, AK-4
Chapter 25, AK-4
Chapter 26, AK-4
Chapter 27, AK-4
Chapter 28, AK-4
Answers to Self-Test Questions, AK-5
Chapter 1, AK-5
Chapter 2, AK-5
Chapter 3, AK-5
Chapter 4, AK-5
Chapter 5, AK-5
Chapter 6, AK-5
Chapter 7, AK-5
Chapter 8, AK-5
Chapter 9, AK-5
Chapter 10, AK-5
Chapter 11, AK-5
Chapter 12, AK-5
Chapter 13, AK-6
Chapter 14, AK-6
Chapter 15, AK-6
Chapter 16, AK-6
Chapter 17, AK-6
Chapter 18, AK-6
Chapter 19, AK-6
Chapter 20, AK-6
Chapter 21, AK-6
Chapter 22, AK-6
Chapter 23, AK-6
Chapter 24, AK-7
Chapter 25, AK-7
Chapter 26, AK-7
Chapter 27, AK-7
Chapter 28, AK-7
Star Charts, S-1
Inside Front Cover, FrontCover
H-R Overlays, Overlay 1
Index, I-1-1

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