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Copyright, iv
Preface to the Instructor, xi
Introduction to the Student, xvii
Chapter 1. Displaying the Order in a Group of Numbers Using Tables and Graphs, 1
The Two Branches of Statistical Methods, 2
Box 1-1. Math Anxiety, Statistics Anxiety, and You: A Message for Those of You Who Are Truly Worried about This Course, 3
Some Basic Concepts, 4
Kinds of Variables, 5
Frequency Tables, 6
Frequency Graphs, 10
Shapes of Frequency Distributions, 16
Box 1-2. Gender, Ethnicity, and Math Performance, 19
Frequency Tables, Histograms, and Frequency Polygons in Research Articles, 21
Summary, 22
Key Terms, 23
Example Worked-Out Problems, 23
Practice Problems, 25
Using SPSS, 29
Chapter 2. The Mean, Variance, Standard Deviation, and Z Scores, 32
Representative Values, 33
Variability, 39
Z Scores, 46
Box 2-1. The Psychology of Statistics and the Tyranny of the Mean, 48
Mean, Variance, Standard Deviation, and Z Scores in Research Articles, 52
Summary, 55
Key Terms, 55
Example Worked-Out Problems, 55
Practice Problems, 58
Using SPSS, 61
Chapter 3. Correlation and Prediction, 66
Graphing Correlations: The Scatter Diagram, 68
Patterns of Correlation, 71
The Correlation Coefficient, 76
Box 3-1. Galton: Gentleman Genius, 76
Issues in Interpreting the Correlation Coefficient, 84
Prediction, 87
Prediction Using Raw Scores, 91
The Correlation Coefficient and Proportion of Variance Accounted for, 92
Correlation and Prediction in Research Articles, 93
Advanced Topic: Multiple Regression and Multiple Correlation, 95
Advanced Topic: Multiple Correlation and Multiple Regression in Research Articles, 98
Summary, 99
Key Terms, 100
Example Worked-Out Problems, 101
Practice Problems, 104
Using SPSS, 113
Appendix: Hypothesis Tests and Power for the Correlation Coefficient, 117
Chapter 4. Some Key Ingredients for Inferential Statistics: The Normal Curve, Sample Versus Population, and Probability, 120
The Normal Curve, 121
Sample and Population, 130
Probability, 133
Box 4-1. Surveys, Polls, and 1948’s Costly “Free Sample”, 134
Normal Curves, Samples and Populations, and Probabilities in Research Articles, 138
Summary, 139
Key Terms, 139
Example Worked-Out Problems, 140
Practice Problems, 142
Chapter 5. Introduction to Hypothesis Testing, 145
A Hypothesis-Testing Example, 146
The Core Logic of Hypothesis Testing, 147
The Hypothesis-Testing Process, 148
One-Tailed and Two-Tailed Hypothesis Tests, 154
Box 5-1. To Be or Not to Be—But Can Not Being Be? The Problem of Whether and When to Accept the Null Hypothesis, 157
Decision Errors, 159
Hypothesis Tests as Reported in Research Articles, 162
Summary, 163
Key Terms, 164
Example Worked-Out Problems, 164
Practice Problems, 166
Chapter 6. Hypothesis Tests with Means of Samples, 172
The Distribution of Means, 173
Hypothesis Testing with a Distribution of Means: The Z Test, 182
Hypothesis Tests about Means of Samples (Z Tests) in Research Articles, 186
Box 6-1. More about Polls: Sampling Errors and Errors in Thinking about Samples, 186
Advanced Topic: Estimation and Confidence Intervals, 188
Advanced Topic: Confidence Intervals in Research Articles, 192
Summary, 193
Key Terms, 194
Example Worked-Out Problems, 194
Practice Problems, 197
Chapter 7. Making Sense of Statistical Significance: Effect Size and Statistical Power, 203
Effect Size, 203
Statistical Power, 210
Box 7-1. Effect Sizes for Relaxation and Meditation: A Restful Meta-Analysis, 211
Box 7-2. Jacob Cohen, the Ultimate New Yorker: Funny, Pushy, Brilliant, and Kind, 215
What Determines the Power of a Study?, 215
The Role of Power When Planning a Study, 222
The Role of Power When Interpreting the Results of a Study, 225
Effect Size and Power in Research Articles, 228
Summary, 229
Key Terms, 230
Example Worked-Out Problems, 230
Practice Problems, 231
Chapter 8. Introduction to the t Test: Single Sample and Dependent Means, 234
The t Test for a Single Sample, 235
Box 8-1. William S. Gosset, alias “Student”: Not a Mathematician, but a Practical Man, 236
The t Test for Dependent Means, 246
Assumptions of the t Test for a Single Sample and t Test for Dependent Means, 255
Effect Size and Power for the t test for Dependent Means, 256
Single-Sample t Tests and Dependent Means t Tests in Research Articles, 260
Summary, 261
Key Terms, 262
Example Worked-Out Problems, 262
Practice Problems, 266
Using SPSS, 272
Chapter 9. The t Test for Independent Means, 275
The Distribution of Differences between Means, 276
Hypothesis Testing with a t Test for Independent Means, 283
Assumptions of the t Test for Independent Means, 290
Effect Size and Power for the t Test for Independent Means, 291
Box 9-1. Two Women Make a Point about Gender and Statistics, 293
Review and Comparison of the Three Kinds of t Tests, 295
The t Test for Independent Means in Research Articles, 296
Summary, 296
Key Terms, 297
Example Worked-Out Problems, 297
Practice Problems, 301
Using SPSS, 307
Chapter 10. Introduction to the Analysis of Variance, 311
Basic Logic of the Analysis of Variance, 312
Box 10-1. Sir Ronald Fisher, Caustic Genius at Statistics, 318
Carrying Out an Analysis of Variance, 319
Hypothesis Testing with the Analysis of Variance, 327
Assumptions in the Analysis of Variance, 328
Comparing Each Group to Each Other Group, 329
Effect Size and Power for the Analysis of Variance, 331
Factorial Analysis of Variance, 334
Recognizing and Interpreting Interaction Effects, 338
Analyses of Variance in Research Articles, 344
Summary, 345
Key Terms, 346
Example Worked-Out Problems, 346
Practice Problems, 348
Using SPSS, 356
Chapter 11. Chi-Square Tests and Strategies When Population Distributions Are Not Normal, 359
Chi-Square Tests, 360
Box 11-1. Karl Pearson: Inventor of Chi-Square and Center of Controversy, 360
The Chi-Square Statistic and the Chi-Square Test for Goodness of Fit, 362
The Chi-Square Test for Independence, 367
Assumptions for the Chi-Square Tests, 376
Effect Size and Power for the Chi-Square Tests for Independence, 376
Strategies for Hypothesis Testing When Population Distributions Are Not Normal, 379
Data Transformations, 382
Rank-Order Tests, 387
Comparison of Methods, 389
Chi-Square Tests, Data Transformations, and Rank-Order Tests in Research Articles, 391
Summary, 393
Key Terms, 394
Example Worked-Out Problems, 395
Practice Problems, 399
Using SPSS, 405
Chapter 12. Applying Statistical Methods in Your Own Research Project, 412
Designing Your Study: Selecting a Statistical Test, 413
Figuring Power and Needed Sample Size, 416
Box 12-1. The Golden Age of Statistics: Four Guys Around London, 417
Conducting the Study, 417
Data Screening, 418
Carrying Out the Major Analyses, 421
Writing Up Your Results, 421
In Closing, 422
Summary, 422
Key Terms, 423
Appendixes, 425
A. Tables, 425
B. Answers to Set I Practice Problems, 435
Glossary, 455
Glossary of Symbols, 463
References, 465
Index, 469
InsideFrontCover, IFC-1

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