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Copyright, ii
Flow Chart of Topics, iv
Preface, xi
About the Author, xvii
1. Prelude: Of Stars and Atoms, 1
1. The Way of Science: Experience and Reason, 2
1.1. Stardust: An Invitation to Science, 2
1.2. Observing the Night Sky, 4
1.3. Ancient Greek Theories: An Earth-Centered Universe, 8
1.4. Copernicus’s Theory: A Sun-Centered Universe, 14
1.5. Kepler’s Theory: A Sun-Focused Universe, 17
1.6. Science: A Dialogue Between Nature and Mind, 19
1.7. The Copernican Revolution: Dawn of the Modern Age, 23
Answers to Concept Checks, 26
Key Concepts, 26
Review Questions, 27
Conceptual Exercises, 27
2. Atoms: The Nature of Things, 29
2.1. The Greek Atom: The Smallest Pieces, 29
2.2. Atoms and Molecules, 32
2.3. The Atom’s Explanatory Power: The Odor of Violets, 34
2.4. Metric Distances and Powers of 10, 37
2.5. The Incredible Smallness of Atoms, 38
2.6. Atomic Materialism: Atoms and Empty Space, 41
2.7. Three Atomic Models: Greek, Planetary, and Quantum, 43
2.8. Chemistry and Life: What Did Atoms Ever Do for You?, 44
Answers to Concept Checks, 47
Key Concepts, 48
Review Questions, 48
Conceptual Exercises, 49
2. The Newtonian Universe: A Clockwork Kingdom, 51
3. How Things Move: Galileo Asks the Right Questions, 52
3.1. Aristotelian Physics: A Commonsense View, 53
3.2. How Do We Know? Difficulties with Aristotelian Physics, 53
3.3. The Law of Inertia: The Foundation of Newtonian Physics, 56
3.4. Measuring Motion: Speed and Velocity, 59
3.5. Measuring Motion: Acceleration, 61
3.6. Falling, 63
Answers to Concept Checks, 66
Key Concepts, 66
Review Questions, 66
Conceptual Exercises, 67
Problems, 69
4. Why Things Move as They Do, 70
4.1. Force: Why Things Accelerate, 71
4.2. Connecting Force and Acceleration, 72
4.3. Newton’s Law of Motion: Centerpiece of Newtonian Physics, 75
4.4. Weight: Gravity’s Force on a Body, 78
4.5. The Law of Force Pairs: You Can’t Do Just One Thing, 80
4.6. Newton Meets the Automobile, 81
Answers to Concept Checks, 85
Key Concepts, 86
Review Questions, 86
Conceptual Exercises, 87
Problems, 89
5. Newton’s Universe, 90
5.1. The Idea of Gravity: The Apple and the Moon, 91
5.2. The Law of Gravity: Moving the Farthest Star, 94
5.3. Gravitational Collapse: The Evolution of the Solar System, 99
5.4. Gravitational Collapse: The Deaths of More Massive Stars, 102
5.5. The Newtonian Worldview: A Democratic, Mechanical Universe, 106
5.6. Beyond Newton: Limitations of Newtonian Physics, 108
Answers to Concept Checks, 110
Key Concepts, 111
Review Questions, 111
Conceptual Exercises, 111
Problems, 113
3. Transition to the New Physics, 114
6. Conservation of Energy: You Can’t Get Ahead—, 116
6.1. Work: Using a Force to Move Something, 117
6.2. Work and Energy: A Simple Example, 118
6.3. A Quantitative Look at Energy, 119
6.4. Energy: The Ability to Do Work, 121
6.5. The Law of Energy: Energy Is Forever, 123
6.6. Transformations of Energy, 125
6.7. Power: The Quickness of Energy Transformation, 127
Answers to Concept Checks, 130
Key Concepts, 131
Review Questions, 131
Conceptual Exercises, 131
Problems, 133
7. Second Law of Thermodynamics: —and You Can’t Even Break Even, 135
7.1. Heating, 136
7.2. Heat Engines: Using Thermal Energy to Do Work, 137
7.3. Energy Quality: Things Run Down, 140
7.4. The Law of Entropy: Why You Can’t Break Even, 140
7.5. The Automobile, 143
7.6. Transportation Efficiency, 147
7.7. The Steam–Electric Power Plant, 149
7.8. Resource Use and Exponential Growth, 152
Answers to Concept Checks, 157
Key Concepts, 157
Review Questions, 158
Conceptual Exercises, 158
Problems, 160
8. Light and Electromagnetism, 162
8.1. Waves: Something Else That Travels, 163
8.2. Interference: A Behavior Unique to Waves, 165
8.3. Light: Particles or Wave?, 168
8.4. Electricity: Part of the Electromagnetic Force, 171
8.5. Magnetism: The Other Part, 172
8.6. The Electric Atom, 174
8.7. The Planetary Model of the Atom: A Useful Theory, 178
8.8. Force Fields: A Disturbance of Space, 181
Answers to Concept Checks, 185
Key Concepts, 186
Review Questions, 186
Conceptual Exercises, 187
Problems, 188
9. Electromagnetic Radiation and Global Climate Change, 190
9.1. The Electromagnetic Wave Theory of Light, 190
9.2. The Decline of the Newtonian Universe, 195
9.3. The Complete Spectrum, 196
9.4. Solar Radiation: The Light from Our Star, 199
9.5. Global Ozone Depletion: A Vulnerable Planet, 201
9.6. Global Warming: Provoking the Beast, 206
Answers to Concept Checks, 215
Key Concepts, 215
Review Questions, 216
Conceptual Exercises, 216
Problems, 217
4. The Post-Newtonian Universe: The Observer Intrudes, 218
10. The Special Theory of Relativity, 220
10.1. Einstein: Rebel with a Cause, 221
10.2. Galilean Relativity: Relativity According to Newtonian Physics, 222
10.3. The Principle of Relativity, 224
10.4. The Constancy of Lightspeed: Strange But True, 225
10.5. The Relativity of Time, 229
10.6. Time Travel: You Can’t Go Home Again, 233
10.7. The Relativity of Space and Mass, 235
10.8. E = mc2: Energy Has Mass, and Mass Has Energy, 239
Answers to Concept Checks, 243
Key Concepts, 244
Review Questions, 244
Conceptual Exercises, 245
Problems, 247
11. The General Theory of Relativity and the New Cosmology, 248
11.1. Einstein’s Gravity: The General Theory of Relativity, 249
11.2. The Big Bang, 254
11.3. The Possible Geometries of the Universe, 256
11.4. The Shape of the Universe, 258
11.5. Dark Matter, 259
11.6. The Accelerating Universe and Dark Energy, 261
11.7. Cosmic Inflation and a Brief History of the Universe, 264
Answers to Concept Checks, 269
Key Concepts, 270
Review Questions, 270
Conceptual Exercises, 271
12. The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, 272
12.1. Are There Other “Good” Places for Life?, 273
12.2. Does Life Originate on “Good” Planets?, 276
12.3. Is Intelligence a Characteristic Feature of Life?, 280
12.4. Does Intelligent Life Develop Technology?, 282
12.5. Interstellar Communication and Travel: Might We Make Contact?, 283
12.6. Fermi’s Question: Where Is Everybody?, 286
12.7. UFOs and Pseudoscience, 289
Answers to Concept Checks, 295
Key Concepts, 295
Review Questions, 295
Conceptual Exercises, 296
Problems, 297
13. The Quantum Idea, 298
13.1. The Post-Newtonian Revolution, 298
13.2. The Quantization of Light, 300
13.3. The Quantum World, 304
13.4. Electron Interference: The Waviness of Matter, 306
13.5. The Quantum Mystery of Matter, 312
13.6. Nature Is Nonlocal, and Uncertain, 313
Answers to Concept Checks, 317
Key Concepts, 317
Review Questions, 318
Conceptual Exercises, 318
Problems, 319
14. The Quantum Universe, 320
14.1. The Uncertainty Principle: The Future Is Not Determined by the Past, 320
14.2. The Effect of Observation, 325
14.3. Quantum Nonlocality: Spooky Action at a Distance, 330
14.4. What Does It Mean? Quantum Reality, 334
14.5. Toward a Post-Newtonian Worldview, 336
14.6. How Do We Know? Observing Atomic Spectra, 338
14.7. The Quantum Atom, 341
Answers to Concept Checks, 348
Key Concepts, 349
Review Questions, 349
Conceptual Exercises, 350
Problems, 351
5. Within the Atom: Fire of the Nucleus, Fire of the Sun, 352
15. The Nucleus and Radioactivity: A New Force—, 354
15.1. Nuclear Forces: The Third Glue, 355
15.2. Nuclear Energy and Nuclear Structure, 356
15.3. Radioactive Decay: Spontaneous Nuclear Disintegration, 358
15.4. Half-Life: When Does a Nucleus Decay?, 362
15.5. Radioactive Dating: When Did We Come From?, 364
15.6. Human Exposure to Ionizing Radiation, 368
15.7. Risk Assessment: Dealing with Risk in a Technological Society, 372
Answers to Concept Checks, 376
Key Concepts, 376
Review Questions, 377
Conceptual Exercises, 377
Problems, 379
16. Fusion and Fission: —and a New Energy, 380
16.1. Fusion: Fire of the Sun, 381
16.2. The Nuclear Energy Curve, 384
16.3. The Origin of the Elements: We’re Made of Star Stuff, 386
16.4. The Discovery of Fission: Passage to a New Age, 387
16.5. The Chain Reaction: Unlocking Nuclear Forces, 391
16.6. The Manhattan Project and Fission Weapons, 394
16.7. Fusion Weapons: Star Fire on Earth, 399
16.8. Nuclear Terrorism, 401
Answers to Concept Checks, 404
Key Concepts, 405
Review Questions, 405
Conceptual Exercises, 406
Problems, 407
17. The Energy Challenge, 408
17.1. A Brief History of Energy, 409
17.2. Energy Use Today and Tomorrow, 412
17.3. Nuclear Power: How It Works, 417
17.4. Technology Assessment: An Example, 420
17.5. Issues for Nuclear Power, 423
17.6. Future Energy Options: Renewables, 426
17.7. Future Energy Options: Using Less, 431
Answers to Concept Checks, 435
Key Concepts, 435
Review Questions, 435
Conceptual Exercises, 436
Problems, 437
18. Quantum Fields: Relativity Meets the Quantum, 439
18.1. Quantized Fields: The Reason There Are Particles, 439
18.2. Quantum Electrodynamics: The Strange Theory of Electrons and Light, 441
18.3. Antimatter, 444
18.4. Electroweak Unification and Neutrinos, 449
18.5. The Strong Force and Quarks, 454
18.6. Quantum Gravity: Physics at the Planck Scale, 460
Answers to Concept Checks, 466
Key Concepts, 467
Review Questions, 467
Conceptual Exercises, 468
Problems, 468
Epilogue: Summing Up, 469
Answers to Odd-Numbered Conceptual Exercises and Problems, A-1
Chapter 1, A-1
Chapter 2, A-1
Chapter 3, A-2
Chapter 4, A-3
Chapter 5, A-4
Chapter 6, A-4
Chapter 7, A-5
Chapter 8, A-6
Chapter 9, A-7
Chapter 10, A-7
Chapter 11, A-8
Chapter 12, A-9
Chapter 13, A-9
Chapter 14, A-10
Chapter 15, A-10
Chapter 16, A-11
Chapter 17, A-12
Chapter 18, A-13
Inside Front Cover, FrontCover
Quick Reference List: Great Ideas of Physics, FrontCover
Quick Reference List: Astronomy, FrontCover
Quick Reference List: Societal Topics, FrontCover
Quick Reference List: Philosophical Topics, FrontCover
Quick Reference List: Great Scientists, FrontCover
Quick Reference List: How Things Work, FrontCover
Quick Reference List: How Do We Know. . ., FrontCover
Glossary, FrontCover
Index, I-1-1

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