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Companion Animals: Their Biology, Care, Health, and Management, Second Edition

by Karen L. Campbell, DVM, MS; John R. Campbell, Ph.D., D.Sc. (Hon.)

Publisher: Prentice Hall

Copyright Year: 2009

Publishing Date: 2008/06/13

eText ISBN-10: 0-13-159345-5

eText ISBN-13: 978-0-13-159345-9

Print ISBN-10: 0-13-504767-6

Print ISBN-13: 978-0-13-504767-5

Course: Introduction to Animal Science, Animal Biology, Companion Animals

Pages: 816

eTextbook $48.10

(180 day subscription)

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Table of Contents | Description

Instructor Resources | Student Resources

ABOUT THIS TITLE - TABLE OF CONTENTS

Front Cover Citations, iii

Acknowledgments, xxii

Chapter 1. Companion Animals, 1

1.1. Introduction/Overview, 1

1.2. Companion Animals Defined, 6

1.3. Domestication of Companion Animals, 7

1.3.2. Cats, 10

1.3.3. Horses, 10

1.4. Contributions of Companion Animals to Humans and Society, 11

1.5. Human–Companion Animal Bonding, 13

1.6. Therapeutic Uses of Companion Animals, 13

1.6.1. Animal-Assisted Therapy (AAT), 14

1.7. Trends in Companion Animal Populations, 16

1.8. Summary, 18

1.9. References, 19

1.10. Web Sites, 19

Chapter 2. Companion Animal Industry, 20

2.1. Introduction/Overview, 21

2.2. Annual Expenditures for Care of Companion Animals, 22

2.3. The Petfood Industry, 24

2.3.1. First Commercial Dog Food and Selected Products That Followed, 24

2.3.2. Size and Scope of Petfood and Pet Care–Related Industries, 28

2.3.3. Petfood Treats and Snacks, 28

2.3.4. Trends in Petfoods and Related Product Sales, 28

2.3.5. Providing Standards and Quality Assurance in Petfood and Related Enterprises, 29

2.4. Pet Services, 29

2.5. Pet Supplies, 30

2.5.1. Corporate Leaders in the Pet Supplies Industry, 30

2.5.2. Pet Healthcare Companies, 31

2.5.3. Herbs and Botanicals, 32

2.6. Summary, 32

2.7. References, 33

2.8. Web Sites, 33

Chapter 3. Dog/Cat Breeds and Their Characteristics, 34

3.1. Introduction/Overview, 35

3.2. Breeds and Characteristics of Dogs, 38

3.3. American Kennel Club Groupings of Dog Breeds, 40

3.3.1. Sporting Group, 42

3.3.2. Hound Group, 42

3.3.3. Working Group, 43

3.3.4. Terrier Group, 44

3.3.5. Toy Group, 45

3.3.6. Non-Sporting Group, 46

3.3.7. Herding Group, 47

3.3.8. Miscellaneous Class, 48

3.4. United Kennel Club, 48

3.5. Characteristics of Cats, 48

3.6. Historical Perspective of Cat Breeds, 52

3.6.1. Pedigreed Cats, 54

3.7. Cat Breeds Most Frequently Registered by the Cat Fanciers’ Association, 54

3.7.1. Persian Cats, 55

3.7.2. Maine Coon Cats, 56

3.7.3. Exotic Cats, 57

3.7.4. Siamese Cats, 58

3.7.5. Ragdoll Cats, 58

3.7.6. Abyssinian Cats, 59

3.7.7. Birman Cats, 60

3.7.8. American Shorthair Cats, 61

3.7.9. Oriental Cats, 61

3.7.10. Sphynx Cats, 62

3.8. Summary, 62

3.9. References, 63

3.10. Web Sites, 63

Chapter 4. Choosing a Dog or Cat, 64

4.1. Introduction/Overview, 65

4.2. Responsible Pet Ownership, 66

4.2.1. Vaccinate and License Your Dog or Cat, 66

4.3. Choosing a Dog or Cat, 66

4.3.1. Male or Female, 66

4.3.2. Breed, 68

4.3.3. Temperament, 69

4.3.4. Ease in Training, 70

4.3.5. Puppy Aptitude Test (PAT), 70

4.3.6. Health Aspects, 70

4.3.7. Genetic Screening, 73

4.3.8. Parents and Siblings, 74

4.3.9. Where to Purchase a Dog or Cat, 74

4.3.10. The Sale/Purchase Contract, 75

4.3.11. Full and Limited AKC Registration, 76

4.3.12. Adopting an Older Pet, 77

4.4. Other Factors in Choosing a Cat, 77

4.4.1. Type of Cat, 77

4.4.2. Health Aspects, 78

4.4.3. Shopping for a Cat, 78

4.5. Summary, 79

4.6. References, 79

4.7. Web Sites, 79

Chapter 5. Companion Birds, 80

5.1. Introduction/Overview, 81

5.2. Common Types of Companion Birds, 83

5.2.1. African Grey Parrots, 83

5.2.2. Amazon Parrots, 83

5.2.3. Budgies, 84

5.2.4. Canaries, 85

5.2.5. Cockatiels, 85

5.2.6. Cockatoos, 86

5.2.7. Conures, 86

5.2.8. Eclectus Parrots, 86

5.2.9. Lovebirds, 86

5.2.10. Macaws, 87

5.2.11. Quaker (Monk) Parakeets, 88

5.2.12. Parrotlets (Dwarf Parrots), 88

5.3. Bird Anatomy and Physiology, 88

5.3.1. Feathers, 88

5.3.2. Beaks, 89

5.3.3. Skeletal System, 89

5.3.4. Respiratory System, 90

5.3.5. Digestive System, 90

5.3.6. Circulatory System, 91

5.3.7. Reproductive System, 91

5.3.8. Nutrition, 91

5.4. Companion Bird Husbandry, 92

5.4.1. Cages, 92

5.4.2. Aviaries, 94

5.4.3. Grooming, 95

5.5. Common Diseases of Birds, 95

5.5.1. Ascarids, 95

5.5.2. Aspergillosis, 95

5.5.3. Avian Flu, 96

5.5.4. Beak Disorders, 96

5.5.5. Chlamydiosis, 96

5.5.6. Egg Binding, 97

5.5.7. Gout, 97

5.5.8. Mites, 97

5.5.9. Newcastle Disease, 97

5.5.10. Pacheco’s Parrot Disease, 98

5.5.11. Psittacine Proventricular Dilatation Syndrome, 98

5.5.12. Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease, 98

5.5.13. Salmonella, 98

5.6. Common Toxicological Hazards, 99

5.6.1. Zinc, 99

5.6.2. Lead, 99

5.6.3. Nicotine Products, 100

5.6.4. Inhalants, 100

5.6.5. Avocado, 100

5.6.6. Plants, 101

5.7. Summary, 102

5.8. References, 102

5.9. Web Sites, 103

5.10. About the Author, 103

Chapter 6. Companion Reptiles and Amphibians, 104

6.1. Pet Frogs, 105

6.1.1. Introduction, 105

6.1.2. Common Pet Frogs, 105

6.1.3. Biology and Behavior, 108

6.1.4. Husbandry, 108

6.1.5. Common Diseases, 110

6.1.6. Zoonoses, 111

6.2. Pet Lizards, 112

6.2.1. Introduction, 112

6.2.2. Common Pet Lizards, 112

6.2.3. Biology and Behavior, 116

6.2.4. Husbandry, 117

6.2.5. Common Diseases, 120

6.2.6. Zoonoses, 122

6.3. Pet Snakes, 122

6.3.1. Introduction, 122

6.3.2. Common Pet Snakes, 122

6.3.3. Biology and Behavior, 125

6.3.4. Husbandry, 125

6.3.5. Common Diseases, 129

6.3.6. Zoonoses, 131

6.4. Pet Turtles and Tortoises, 131

6.4.1. Introduction, 131

6.4.2. Common Pet Turtles, 131

6.4.3. Biology and Behavior, 133

6.4.4. Husbandry, 134

6.4.5. Common Diseases, 136

6.4.6. Zoonoses, 137

6.5. Summary, 137

6.6. References, 138

6.7. Web Site, 139

6.8. About the Authors, 139

Chapter 7. Companion Rodents, Ferrets, and Lagomorphs, 140

7.1. Chinchillas, 142

7.1.1. Introduction, 142

7.1.2. Biology/Husbandry, 142

7.1.3. Breeding, 144

7.1.4. Common Diseases, 145

7.1.5. Zoonoses, 146

7.2. Gerbils, 146

7.2.1. Introduction, 146

7.2.2. Physiology, Biology, and Behavior, 146

7.2.3. Breeding, 148

7.2.4. Husbandry, 148

7.2.5. Common Diseases, 149

7.2.6. Zoonoses, 149

7.3. Guinea Pigs, 149

7.3.1. Introduction, 149

7.3.2. Biology and Behavior, 150

7.3.3. Husbandry, 151

7.3.4. Breeding, 151

7.3.5. Common Diseases, 152

7.3.6. Miscellaneous Diseases, 152

7.3.7. Zoonoses, 153

7.4. Hamsters, 153

7.4.1. Introduction, 153

7.4.2. Anatomy and Selected Characteristics, 155

7.4.3. Biology and Behavior, 156

7.4.4. Husbandry, 156

7.4.5. Breeding, 157

7.4.6. Common Diseases, 158

7.4.7. Parasites, 158

7.4.8. Kidney Failure, 158

7.4.9. Atrial Thrombosis, 158

7.4.10. Neoplasia/Tumors, 159

7.4.11. Zoonoses, 159

7.5. Ferrets, 159

7.5.1. Introduction, 159

7.5.2. Biology, 159

7.5.3. Husbandry, 161

7.5.4. Common Diseases, 162

7.5.5. Other Conditions, 164

7.5.6. Zoonoses, 165

7.6. Rabbits, 165

7.6.1. Introduction, 165

7.6.2. Anatomy, 165

7.6.3. Physiology, 166

7.6.4. Behavior, 166

7.6.5. Housing, 167

7.6.6. Nutrition, 167

7.6.7. Reproduction, 168

7.6.8. Common Diseases, 168

7.6.9. Zoonoses, 171

7.7. Mice and Rats, 171

7.7.1. Introduction, 171

7.7.2. Anatomy, 173

7.7.3. Physiology, 173

7.7.4. Husbandry, 174

7.7.5. Common Diseases, 176

7.7.6. Zoonoses, 176

7.8. Degus, 177

7.8.1. Introduction, 177

7.8.2. Biology, 178

7.8.3. Husbandry, 178

7.8.4. Common Diseases, 182

7.8.5. Zoonoses, 183

7.9. Summary, 183

7.10. References, 183

7.11. Web Sites, 184

7.12. About the Authors, 185

Chapter 8. Companion Horses, 186

8.1. Introduction/Overview, 188

8.2. Breed Characteristics and Types of Horses, 190

8.2.1. Types of Horses, 191

8.2.2. American Paint Horse, 194

8.2.3. American Quarter Horse, 195

8.2.4. American Saddlebred Horse, 196

8.2.5. American Standardbred Horse, 197

8.2.6. Appaloosa, 198

8.2.7. Arabian, 198

8.2.8. Belgian, 198

8.2.9. Clydesdale, 201

8.2.10. Hackney, 201

8.2.11. Lipizzan, 203

8.2.12. Missouri Fox Trotter, 203

8.2.13. Morgan, 204

8.2.14. Mustang, 204

8.2.15. Paso Fino, 205

8.2.16. Percheron, 205

8.2.17. Pony of the Americas, 206

8.2.18. Shetland Pony, 206

8.2.19. Tennessee Walking Horse, 207

8.2.20. Thoroughbred Horse, 208

8.2.21. Welsh Pony, 208

8.3. Anatomy and Physiology, 209

8.3.1. Integument, 210

8.3.2. Coat Colors, 210

8.3.3. Common Markings, 212

8.3.4. Musculoskeletal System, 214

8.3.5. Gaits, 216

8.3.6. Teeth, 218

8.3.7. Respiratory System, 218

8.3.8. Cardiovascular System, 219

8.3.9. Digestive System (Gastrointestinal Tract), 219

8.3.10. Reproductive System, 220

8.3.11. Special Senses (Vision, Audition, Olfaction, Taste, Touch), 220

8.4. Feeding and Nutrition, 222

8.4.1. Nutritional Requirements (Water, Proteins, Carbohydrates, Fats and Oils, Minerals, Vitamins), 222

8.4.2. Feeding Horses, 227

8.5. Husbandry (Care and Management), 229

8.5.1. Facilities (Pastures, Stables, Box Stalls, Bedding), 229

8.5.2. Grooming, 231

8.5.3. Hoof Care, 233

8.5.4. Dental Care, 233

8.5.5. Parasites (External/Internal) and Their Control, 234

8.5.6. Preventive Healthcare, 238

8.6. Behavior and Training, 241

8.7. Common Blemishes and Unsoundness in Horses, 243

8.8. Common Diseases, 245

8.8.1. Colic, 245

8.8.2. Equine Infectious Anemia, 246

8.8.3. Equine Endocrine Disorders, 246

8.8.4. Heaves, 247

8.8.5. Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis, 248

8.8.6. Laminitis, 248

8.8.7. Navicular Disease (Caudal Heel Pain), 250

8.9. Summary, 250

8.10. References, 252

8.11. Web Sites, 252

Chapter 9. Feeding and Nutrition of Dogs and Cats, 253

9.1. Introduction/Overview, 255

9.2. From Searching for Food in the Wild to Scientific Feeding and Nutrition, 255

9.3. Nutrient Intake and Terminology, 256

9.3.1. Food Preferences: Palatability and Acceptability, 256

9.4. Nutrients, 257

9.4.1. Water, 258

9.4.2. Carbohydrates, 258

9.4.3. Fats, 259

9.4.4. Protein, 261

9.4.5. Vitamins, 262

9.4.6. Minerals, 265

9.5. Nutrient Requirements of Dogs and Cats, 270

9.5.1. Water Requirements, 271

9.5.2. Energy Requirements, 271

9.5.3. Protein Requirements, 273

9.5.4. Unique Nutrient Requirements of Cats, 274

9.6. Digestion and Absorption of Nutrients, 274

9.7. Practical Feeding Management for Dogs and Cats, 276

9.7.1. Types of Food: Sources and Quality, 276

9.7.2. Types of Petfoods: Physical Forms, 277

9.7.3. Snacks and Treats, 278

9.7.4. Methods of Feeding, 279

9.7.5. Pregnant/Lactating Animals, 279

9.7.6. Early Development and Feeding of Puppies, 280

9.7.7. Kitten Care and Feeding, 281

9.7.8. Orphan Feeding and Care, 281

9.7.9. Nutrition and Endurance in Dogs, 284

9.7.10. Exercise Physiology and Nutrition in Dogs, 284

9.7.11. Stress/Performance Diets, 285

9.7.12. Feeding Geriatric Dogs and Cats, 285

9.8. Labeling Dog and Cat Foods, 286

9.8.1. Nutritional Adequacy on Label, 286

9.8.2. Label Information, 287

9.8.3. Feeding Directions, 287

9.8.4. Use of the Term Natural, 287

9.8.5. Quality Assurance of Petfoods, 288

9.9. Nutritional Counseling and Marketing Petfoods, 288

9.10. Analysis of Commercial Petfoods, 289

9.11. Common Problems and Errors in Feeding Dogs and Cats, 289

9.12. Nutrition and Disease: Therapeutic Petfoods, 290

9.13. Role of Dietary Functional Fiber in Petfoods, 293

9.14. Mycotoxin Concerns in Petfoods, 294

9.15. Xenobiotic Concerns in Petfoods, 294

9.16. Roles and Responsibilities of the FDA in Petfood Safety, 294

9.17. Petfood Additives, 295

9.17.1. Antioxidants, 295

9.17.2. Why Coloring Materials Are Added to Petfoods, 295

9.18. Nutraceuticals/Herbs/Botanicals, 295

9.18.1. Creatine Monohydrate, 296

9.18.2. Methylsulfonylmethane, 296

9.18.3. Glucosamine, 297

9.18.4. Omega-3 Fatty Acids, 297

9.18.5. Probiotics, 297

9.18.6. Prebiotics, 297

9.18.7. Ethoxyquin, 297

9.18.8. Propylene Glycol, 298

9.18.9. Yucca Schidigera, 298

9.19. Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOS), 298

9.20. Summary, 299

9.21. References, 299

9.22. Web Sites, 299

Chapter 10. Anatomy and Physiology of Cats and Dogs, 300

10.1. Introduction/Overview, 301

10.2. External Body Parts, 301

10.3. The Integumentary System, 301

10.4. The Skeletal System, 304

10.5. The Muscular System, 308

10.6. The Circulatory System, 309

10.7. The Lymphatic System, 312

10.7.1. Tonsils, 312

10.7.2. Thymus, 312

10.7.3. Spleen, 312

10.7.4. Lymph Nodes, 312

10.7.5. Lymphatic Vessels, 313

10.7.6. Lymphocytes, 313

10.8. The Respiratory System, 313

10.9. The Nervous System, 315

10.10. The Urinary System, 316

10.11. Organs of Special Senses, 317

10.11.1. Ocular Anatomy and Physiology, 317

10.11.2. Anatomy and Physiology of the Ear, 318

10.11.3. Olfaction, 319

10.11.4. Taste, 320

10.11.5. Touch, 320

10.12. The Endocrine System, 320

10.12.1. Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland, 320

10.12.2. Thyroid Gland, 322

10.12.3. Parathyroid Glands, 322

10.12.4. Adrenal Glands, 322

10.12.5. Pancreas, 322

10.12.6. Ovaries and Testes, 322

10.13. Summary, 323

10.14. References, 323

Chapter 11. Reproductive Biology of Dogs and Cats, 324

11.1. Introduction/Overview, 325

11.2. Myths and Considerations regarding Breeding of Dogs and Cats, 325

11.3. Canine Reproduction, 326

11.3.1. Reproductive Anatomy of the Bitch, 326

11.3.2. Physiology of Reproduction in Bitches, 326

11.3.3. Canine Male Reproductive Anatomy, 329

11.3.4. Reproductive Endocrinology of Male Dogs, 330

11.3.5. Breeding Management of Dogs, 330

11.3.6. Artificial Insemination, 332

11.3.7. Pregnancy, 333

11.3.8. Parturition, 336

11.3.9. Common Reproductive Problems of Dogs, 337

11.4. Feline Reproduction, 340

11.4.1. Reproductive Anatomy of the Queen, 340

11.4.2. Physiology of Reproduction in Queens, 340

11.4.3. Feline Male Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology, 341

11.4.4. Breeding Management of Cats, 341

11.4.5. Artificial Insemination, 342

11.4.6. Pregnancy, 342

11.4.7. Parturition, 342

11.4.8. Care of the Postparturient Queen, 342

11.4.9. Care of the Newborn Kittens, 342

11.5. Prevention of Estrous Cycles, 343

11.6. Sterilization of Males, 343

11.7. Summary, 344

11.8. References, 344

Chapter 12. Companion Animal Behavior and Social Structure, 345

12.1. Introduction/Overview, 346

12.2. Socialization and Other Social Aspects of Domestic Dogs and Cats, 347

12.3. Social Structure in the Wild, 350

12.4. Communicative Behavior, 350

12.4.1. Visual Communication (Postural), 351

12.4.2. Vocal Communication (Auditory), 353

12.4.3. Olfactory Communication, 353

12.5. Ingestive Behavior, 354

12.5.1. Eating, 355

12.6. Elimination Behavior, 356

12.7. Orientation (Navigation or Homing) Behavior, 357

12.8. Agonistic (Fighting or Aggressive) Behavior, 357

12.9. Sexual Behavior, 358

12.10. Learning and Principles of Behavioral Modification, 358

12.11. Approaches to Behavioral Problems, 359

12.11.1. Identify the Problem, 359

12.11.2. Determine History of the Problem, 359

12.11.3. Evaluate the Problem, 360

12.11.4. Recommend Treatment Alternatives and Strategies, 360

12.11.5. Educate the Owner, 360

12.12. Common Behavioral Problems, 361

12.13. Selected Other Feline Behavioral Tidbits of Interest, 361

12.14. Dog Temperaments and Trainability, 362

12.15. Summary, 363

12.16. References, 363

12.17. Web Sites, 364

Chapter 13. Care, Management, and Training of Dogs and Cats, 365

13.1. Introduction/Overview, 366

13.2. Responsible Dog and Cat Owners/Neighbors, 366

13.3. Attending the Young Puppy, 367

13.3.1. Dewclaw Removal, 367

13.3.2. Puppy Socialization (3 to 16 Weeks), 368

13.3.3. Weaned Puppy to a New Home, 368

13.3.4. Growth-Maturing Period, 369

13.4. Sexual Maturity of Dogs, 369

13.5. Feeding Dogs and Cats, 369

13.6. Other Aspects of Care and Management of Dogs and Cats, 370

13.6.1. Housing, 370

13.6.2. Exercise and Attention, 370

13.6.3. Equipment and Related Items, 370

13.6.4. Grooming Supplies and Tools for Dogs and Cats, 372

13.6.5. Healthcare, 372

13.6.6. Dental Care of Dogs and Cats, 372

13.6.7. Identification, 373

13.7. Dog Discipline and Training, 374

13.7.1. Rewards and Punishment, 374

13.7.2. Teaching Old Dogs New Tricks, 375

13.7.3. Leash Training, 375

13.7.4. Clicker Training, 375

13.7.5. Professional Obedience Training for Dogs, 375

13.7.6. Training Dogs for Special Purposes, 379

13.7.7. House Training Cats and Dogs, 380

13.8. Attending to Kittens/Cats, 381

13.8.1. Weaned Kitten to a New Home, 381

13.8.2. Indoor versus Outdoor Cats, 381

13.8.3. Your Residence and Your Cat, 382

13.8.4. Plants and Your Cat, 382

13.8.5. Training Cats, 382

13.8.6. On Neutering Cats, 382

13.8.7. Other Cat Management Tidbits, 383

13.9. Humane Handling, Care, and Treatment of Dogs and Cats, 384

13.10. Additional Considerations, 384

13.11. Summary, 385

13.12. References, 385

13.13. Web Sites, 385

Chapter 14. Fitting, Grooming, and Showing Dogs and Cats, 386

14.1. Introduction/Overview, 387

14.2. Fitting Dogs and Cats, 387

14.3. Grooming Dogs and Cats, 388

14.3.1. Cat Grooming, 388

14.3.2. Dog Grooming, 390

14.4. Showing Dogs and Cats, 394

14.4.1. Cat Shows and Showing, 394

14.4.2. Three Cs of Showing/Judging, 395

14.4.3. Titles Awarded to Cats, 396

14.4.4. Dog Shows and Showing, 396

14.4.5. Judging Conformation Dog Shows, 398

14.4.6. Herding and Performance Showing, 403

14.5. Summary, 409

14.6. References, 409

14.7. Web Sites, 410

14.8. About the Author, 410

Chapter 15. Companion Animal Health, 411

15.1. Introduction/Overview, 412

15.2. Infectious Diseases of Dogs and Cats, 413

15.2.1. Bacterial Diseases, 413

15.2.2. Helminth Infections, 416

15.2.3. Rickettsial Infections, 416

15.2.4. Mycoplasma Infections, 417

15.2.5. Fungal Infections, 417

15.2.6. Viral Diseases, 419

15.3. Zoonoses and Public Health Aspects, 421

15.4. Noninfectious Disorders of Dogs and Cats, 425

15.4.1. Degenerative and Developmental Disorders, 425

15.4.2. Anomalies and Allergic Disorders, 427

15.4.3. Metabolic and Miscellaneous Diseases, 427

15.4.4. Nutritional and Neoplastic Disorders, 429

15.4.5. Infectious, Inflammatory, and Immune-Mediated Disorders, 431

15.4.6. Toxins and Trauma, 433

15.5. Preventive Medicine, 434

15.6. Sanitation/Cleanliness, 435

15.7. Vaccinations of Dogs and Cats, 436

15.7.1. Types of Immunity, 436

15.7.2. Types of Vaccines for Dogs and Cats, 436

15.7.3. Recommended Vaccinations for Dogs, 438

15.7.4. Recommended Vaccinations for Cats, 439

15.7.5. Adverse Reactions to Vaccines, 439

15.7.6. Vaccination Failure, 440

15.8. Animal Emergencies, 440

15.8.1. Recognizing an Emergency, 441

15.8.2. Moving an Injured Animal, 441

15.8.3. Performing CPR, 441

15.8.4. Shock, 442

15.8.5. Bleeding, 443

15.8.6. Choking, 443

15.8.7. Heatstroke, 443

15.8.8. Burns, 444

15.8.9. Fractures, 444

15.8.10. Insect Stings and Spider Bites, 444

15.8.11. Snake Bites, 445

15.8.12. Poisoning, 445

15.8.13. Health Records, 445

15.9. Pet Health Insurance, 445

15.10. Geriatric Care of Dogs and Cats, 446

15.11. Euthanasia, 447

15.11.1. Bereavement, 447

15.11.2. Care of Remains, 448

15.12. Summary, 448

15.13. References, 448

15.14. Web Sites, 449

Chapter 16. Companion Animal Geriatrics, 450

16.1. Introduction/Overview, 452

16.1.1. Terminology, 452

16.1.2. Importance and Demographics of Geriatric Companion Animals, 452

16.2. Why Companion Animals Age, 453

16.2.1. As Part of the Natural Life Cycle, 453

16.2.2. Common External Signs of Aging, 454

16.2.3. Life Span as a Function of Growth Rate, 454

16.2.4. Major Causes of Accelerated Aging, 455

16.2.5. Changes in Gene Function with Age, 455

16.2.6. Immunological Aspects/Results of Aging (Vaccinations/Infections), 457

16.2.7. Genetics and Longevity (Genetic Testing and Interpretation), 457

16.3. Nutritional Aspects of Aging, 458

16.3.1. Major Groups of Nutrients and Companion Animal Needs/Uses of These Dietary Components, 458

16.3.2. Feeding Older Companion Animals, 458

16.3.3. Controlling Optimal Body Weight and Minimizing Obesity, 459

16.3.4. Fiber and Fluids, 460

16.3.5. Judicious Use of Supplements and Organic Foods, 460

16.4. Physiological Factors Affecting Aging, 460

16.4.1. Endocrine Effects, 460

16.4.2. Gender Effects, 461

16.4.3. Other Effects, 461

16.5. Exercise and Fitness, 462

16.5.1. Physical Exercising, 462

16.5.2. Physical Therapy, 462

16.5.3. Grooming, 463

16.5.4. Exercising the Mind, 463

16.6. Effect of Disease in Aging, 464

16.6.1. Major Causes of Mortality in Companion Animals, 464

16.6.2. Arthritis/Degenerative Joint Disease, 464

16.6.3. Spinal Column (Back), 465

16.6.4. Behavioral Disorders, 466

16.6.5. Cancer, 466

16.6.6. Cardiovascular Aspects (Heart Disease), 467

16.6.7. Cataracts and Ocular Diseases, 468

16.6.8. Diabetes, 468

16.6.9. Intestinal and Digestive Disorders, 469

16.6.10. Liver Disease(s), 470

16.6.11. Periodontal and Dental Disease, 470

16.6.12. Renal (Kidney) Failure, 470

16.6.13. Urinary Incontinence, 472

16.6.14. Reduced Sensorial Detection, 472

16.7. Environmental Aspects, 472

16.7.1. Temperature, 472

16.7.2. Stress, 472

16.7.3. Housing, 473

16.8. Geriatric Veterinary Care, 473

16.8.1. Health Screening, 473

16.8.2. Veterinary Specialists, 474

16.8.3. Insurance, 474

16.9. Care of Terminal Patients, 474

16.9.1. Advanced Care Options, 474

16.9.2. Preparing for the End, 475

16.9.3. Grief and Bereavement, 475

16.9.4. Memorializing the Companion Animal, 476

16.10. Summary, 476

16.11. References, 477

16.12. Web Sites, 478

16.13. About the Author, 478

Chapter 17. Parasites and Pests of Companion Animals, 479

17.1. Introduction/Overview, 480

17.2. Phylum Arthropoda, 480

17.2.1. Insects, 480

17.2.2. Arachnids (Mites, Ticks, Scorpions, Spiders), 486

17.3. Phylum Nematoda, 493

17.3.1. Order Rhabditida, 493

17.3.2. Order Strongylida, 494

17.3.3. Order Ascaridida, 496

17.3.4. Order Oxyurida, 497

17.3.5. Order Spirurida, 497

17.3.6. Order Enoplida, 500

17.4. Phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms), 502

17.4.1. Class Trematoda (Flukes), 502

17.4.2. Class Cestoda (Tapeworms), 503

17.5. Kingdom Protista (Protozoa), 506

17.5.1. Phylum Sarcomastigophora, 506

17.5.2. Phylum Ciliophora, 507

17.5.3. Phylum Apicomplexa, 508

17.6. Summary, 510

17.7. References, 510

Chapter 18. Common Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures and Terms, 511

18.1. Introduction/Overview, 512

18.2. History as a Diagnostic Tool, 513

18.3. The Physical Examination as a Diagnostic Tool, 514

18.4. Blood Collection for Diagnostic Tests, 518

18.4.1. Hematology as a Diagnostic Tool, 519

18.4.2. Serum Tests and the Health of Dogs and Cats, 519

18.5. Urine Sample Collection and Urinalysis, 521

18.6. Fecal Collection and Analyses, 522

18.6.1. Fecal Examinations for Parasites, 522

18.7. Skin Scrapings as a Diagnostic Tool, 523

18.8. Impression Smears (Cytology) as a Diagnostic Tool, 524

18.9. Fine Needle Aspirates as a Diagnostic Tool, 525

18.10. Transtracheal Wash, 525

18.11. Cultures as Diagnostic Tests, 525

18.12. Radiographic Imaging as a Diagnostic Tool, 526

18.12.1. Radiography, 526

18.12.2. Characteristics of Radiation, 527

18.12.3. Radiation Safety, 527

18.12.4. Producing X-rays, 528

18.12.5. Producing Film-Based X-ray Images, 528

18.12.6. Producing Digital X-ray Images, 529

18.12.7. Radiograph Interpretation, 529

18.13. Ultrasonography as a Diagnostic Tool, 530

18.13.1. Producing the Sonogram, 531

18.13.2. Sonogram Interpretation, 532

18.14. Nuclear Scintigraphy as a Diagnostic Tool, 532

18.14.1. Producing the Image, 532

18.15. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), 532

18.15.1. Producing the Image, 534

18.16. Computed Tomography (CT), 534

18.16.1. Producing the Image, 534

18.17. Endoscopy as a Diagnostic Technique, 535

18.18. Electrodiagnostics, 538

18.18.1. Electrocardiography, 538

18.19. Anesthesia, 540

18.19.1. Preanesthetic Agents, 540

18.19.2. Induction Agents, 541

18.19.3. Inhalation Anesthesia, 541

18.19.4. Equipment Needed for Anesthesia, 542

18.19.5. Monitoring of Anesthesia, 542

18.20. Lasers, 542

18.21. Radiation Therapy, 543

18.22. Physical Therapy, 544

18.23. Dental Examination and Care, 545

18.24. Summary, 546

18.25. References, 546

18.26. Web Sites, 547

18.27. About the Author, 547

Chapter 19. Records and Case Histories, 548

19.1. Introduction/Overview, 548

19.2. Animal Name and Identification, 549

19.3. Pedigree, 549

19.4. Breeder Records, 549

19.5. Health Records for Owners, 551

19.6. Medical Records, 552

19.6.1. Problem-Oriented Medical Record, 553

19.6.2. Digital Records, 554

19.7. Case Histories (Examples), 555

19.8. Summary, 558

19.9. References, 558

19.10. Web Sites, 558

Chapter 20. Career Opportunities Associated with Companion Animals, 559

20.1. Introduction/Overview, 560

20.2. Veterinary Medicine, 560

20.2.1. Caring Professionals, 561

20.2.2. Protecting the Health of Animals and Society, 561

20.3. Colleges of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Specialties, 564

20.3.1. Postgraduate Veterinary Education, 564

20.4. Careers as Veterinary Technicians and Veterinary Technologists, 565

20.4.1. Specific Career Opportunities, 565

20.5. Bioterrorism-Related Employment Opportunities, 570

20.5.1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 571

20.5.2. United States Department of Agriculture, 572

20.5.3. Foreign Animal Disease (FAD) Surveillance, 572

20.6. Equine-Related Career Opportunities, 573

20.7. Additional Career Opportunities Related to Companion Animals, 575

20.8. Summary, 578

20.9. References, 579

20.10. Web Sites, 579

Chapter 21. Business/Financial Aspects of the Companion Animal Enterprise, 580

21.1. Introduction/Overview, 581

21.2. Good Business Practices—Code of Standards, Ethics, and Values, 581

21.3. Comprehensive Planning and Development of Strategies, 581

21.4. Determining Business Feasibility, 582

21.5. Researching the Market and Analyzing the Competition, 582

21.6. The Economics of Ownership: Buying, Building, or Expanding, 583

21.7. Choosing a Business Name, 583

21.8. Preparing a Business Plan, 583

21.9. Building a Successful Companion Animal-Related Business, 587

21.10. Evaluating Risks and Insurance Alternatives, 589

21.10.1. Pet Health Insurance, 590

21.10.2. Legal Aspects of Animal Companionship, 590

21.11. Veterinary and Service Professionals, 591

21.12. Records/Accounting, 591

21.13. Laws and Regulations, 592

21.14. Summary, 593

21.15. References, 593

21.16. Web Sites, 593

Chapter 22. Kennel/Cattery Design and Management, 594

22.1. Introduction/Overview, 595

22.2. Early Considerations and Actions, 595

22.3. Kennel/Cattery Design, 595

22.4. Sanitation, 598

22.5. Heating, Cooling, Lighting, and Ventilation, 599

22.6. Feeding, Pest Control, and Socialization, 599

22.7. Ancillary Services, 600

22.8. Certification of Boarding Kennels and Catteries, 602

22.8.1. American Boarding Kennels Association (ABKA) Voluntary Facilities Accreditation (VFA) Program, 602

22.8.2. Cattery Certification Programs, 602

22.9. Employees, 603

22.10. Legal Considerations and Insurance, 603

22.11. Summary, 604

22.12. References, 604

22.13. Web Sites, 604

Chapter 23. Pet Sitting, Pet Motels, and Other Boarding Arrangements, 605

23.1. Introduction/Overview, 606

23.2. Pet Sitters, 606

23.2.1. Selecting a Pet Sitter, 606

23.2.2. Final Preparations Before Leaving Pets to the Care of a Pet Sitter, 607

23.2.3. Resources for Those Wanting to Start Pet Sitting Businesses, 607

23.2.4. Insurance and Bonding, 608

23.3. Pet Motels and Other Pet Boarding Facilities, 608

23.4. Special Considerations for Boarding Cats, 610

23.5. Preparing Pets for Boarding, 611

23.6. Cat/Dog Day Care Centers and Camps, 612

23.7. Starting a Day Care/Boarding Kennel or Cattery, 612

23.8. Summary, 613

23.9. References, 614

23.10. Web Sites, 614

Chapter 24. Therapeutic and Service Uses of Companion Animals, 615

24.1. Introduction/Overview, 616

24.2. Human–Companion Animal Bond, 616

24.2.1. Human–Companion Animal Bond and Physical Health, 616

24.3. Service Dogs and Cats, 617

24.3.1. Guide Dogs, 617

24.3.2. Hearing Assistance Dogs, 617

24.3.3. Mobility Assistance Dogs, 618

24.3.4. Medical Alert Dogs, 618

24.3.5. Psychiatric Service Dogs, 619

24.3.6. Minimal Protection Service Dogs, 620

24.3.7. Cats, 620

24.4. Animal-Assisted Therapy, 620

24.5. Pet-Oriented Child Psychotherapy, 621

24.6. Police Dogs, 623

24.6.1. Tracking Police Dogs, 624

24.6.2. Search and Rescue Police Dogs, 624

24.6.3. Patrol and Tracking Police Dogs, 624

24.6.4. Narcotics Detection Dogs, 624

24.6.5. Cadaver Detection Dogs, 624

24.6.6. Explosive Detection Dogs, 625

24.7. USDA Beagle Brigade, 626

24.8. Search and Rescue Dogs, 626

24.9. Personal Protection Dogs, 628

24.10. Premise Security Dogs, 628

24.11. Horses and Hippotherapy, 629

24.12. Summary, 631

24.13. References, 631

24.14. Web Sites, 632

Chapter 25. Animals in Biomedical Research, 633

25.1. Introduction/Overview, 634

25.2. Animal Models for Human Research, 635

25.2.1. Preferred Animal Models, 637

25.3. Ensuring Experimental Control in Animal Research, 637

25.4. Experimental Categories Supported by Companion Animals, 638

25.5. Use of Animals in Biomedical Research, 639

25.5.1. Nobel Prize–Winning Research Involving the Study of Animals, 641

25.6. Animal Welfare and Animal Rights Debates and Challenges, 642

25.6.1. Validity and Conduct of Animal Research, 643

25.6.2. Advancing Behavioral Research, 646

25.7. Unexpected Dividends of Research, 646

25.8. Alternatives to Using Animals in Research and Testing, 647

25.8.1. Geriatric Medical Challenge, 647

25.9. Legislation and Regulatory Activities Affecting the Use of Animals in Research, 648

25.9.1. Animal Care Laws, 648

25.9.2. Laboratory Animal Welfare Act (AWA) of 1966, 648

25.9.3. The Good Laboratory Practices Act of 1978, 649

25.9.4. The Health Research Extension Act of 1985, 649

25.9.5. National Institutes of Health Revitalization Act of 1992, 650

25.9.6. The Animal Enterprise Protection Act of 1992, 650

25.9.7. Pound Laws, 650

25.10. Summary and Coda, 651

25.11. References, 652

25.12. Web Sites, 653

Chapter 26. Managing Unwanted Companion Animals, 654

26.1. Introduction/Overview, 655

26.2. Unwanted Companion Animals, 656

26.3. Responsible Ownership of Companion Animals, 656

26.4. Reasons Companion Animals Become Homeless, 657

26.5. Problems and Hazards Associated with Unwanted/Free-Roaming Companion Animals, 658

26.5.1. Dog and Cat Attacks and Bites, 658

26.5.2. Potential Health Hazards Associated with Stray/Feral Dogs and Cats, 658

26.5.3. The Overpopulation of Feral Cats, 658

26.5.4. The Counterbalancing Effects of Cat and Bird Populations, 659

26.5.5. Impact of Released Pets on Biological Niches, 659

26.6. Controlling Companion Animal Populations, 660

26.6.1. The Public Education Challenge, 660

26.6.2. Governmental Companion Animal Control, 660

26.6.3. Animal Shelters and Horse Sanctuaries, 661

26.6.4. Animal Adoption Programs, 662

26.6.5. Animal Rescue Organizations, 663

26.7. Sterilization/Pregnancy-Prevention Procedures, 664

26.8. Euthanasia, 664

26.9. Summary, 664

26.10. References, 665

26.11. Web Sites, 665

Chapter 27. Trends/Future of Companion Animals and Related Functions, 667

27.1. Introduction/Overview, 668

27.2. Research and Education to Facilitate Further Advancements, 669

27.2.1. Types of Research, 669

27.3. Biology and Genetic Engineering, 670

27.3.1. Biotechnology in the Pet Industry, 670

27.3.2. Biotechnology and Forensics, 670

27.4. Cloning and Biogenetics, 671

27.4.1. Cloning a Cat, 671

27.4.2. Cloning a Horse, 673

27.4.3. Therapeutic Cloning, 673

27.5. Education Component of the Human–Companion Animal Equation, 673

27.6. Trends Related to the Companion Animal Enterprise, 675

27.6.1. Trends in Consumer Preferences, 676

27.6.2. Nutrition-Related Trends/Studies/Developments, 676

27.6.3. Pet Health-Related Considerations, 677

27.6.4. Pet Industry Sales of New Products, 678

27.6.5. Expanding the Number of Companion Animals in Developing Countries, 678

27.6.6. General Pet Industry Trends, 679

27.7. Future of Companion Animals and Related Enterprises, 680

27.7.1. Global Challenges and Opportunities for Expanding the Companion Animal Enterprise, 680

27.8. Areas Related to Companion Animals Needing Additional Research, 681

27.8.1. Companion Animal Nutrition Research Needed, 681

27.8.2. Animal Health–Related Research Needed, 681

27.9. Summary, 682

27.10. References, 683

27.11. Web Sites, 683

Appendix A. Prefixes, 685

Appendix B. Convenient Conversion Data and Abbreviations, 688

Appendix C. Tables of Weights and Measures, 691

Color Plate 1. Bonding with Horses, EP-1

Color Plate 2. People and Pets—Canine: Human Bonding, EP-2

Color Plate 3. Selected Breeds of Cats, EP-3

Color Plate 5. Dogs, EP-5

Color Plate 8. Birds, EP-8

Color Plate 9. Reptiles and Amphibians, EP-9

Color Plate 11. Pocket Pets, EP-11

Color Plate 12. Horse Breeds, EP-12

Color Plate 14. Horse Colors, EP-14

Color Plate 16. Horses in Action, EP-16

Color Plate 18. Devoted Service Par Excellence, EP-18

Color Plate 19. People and Pets—Feline: Human Bonding, EP-19

Color Plate 20. People and Pets—Exotic Pet: Human Bonding, EP-20

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ABOUT THIS TITLE - DESCRIPTION

For courses in Animal Biology, Animal Management, Veterinary Technology, and Animal Science. This comprehensive, up-to-date text serves as a useful reference devoted to companion animals. It provides principles and time-tested practical information for students preparing for careers related to the health and quality of life of—all creatures great and small—with special emphasis on companion animals.

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