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Copyright, ii
Front Cover Citations, iii
Preface, xix
Acknowledgments, xxii
Chapter 1. Companion Animals, 1
1.1. Introduction/Overview, 1
1.2. Companion Animals Defined, 6
1.3. Domestication of Companion Animals, 7
1.3.1. Dogs, 7
1.3.2. Cats, 10
1.3.3. Horses, 10
1.4. Contributions of Companion Animals to Humans and Society, 11
1.5. Human–Companion Animal Bonding, 13
1.6. Therapeutic Uses of Companion Animals, 13
1.6.1. Animal-Assisted Therapy (AAT), 14
1.7. Trends in Companion Animal Populations, 16
1.8. Summary, 18
1.9. References, 19
1.10. Web Sites, 19
Chapter 2. Companion Animal Industry, 20
2.1. Introduction/Overview, 21
2.2. Annual Expenditures for Care of Companion Animals, 22
2.3. The Petfood Industry, 24
2.3.1. First Commercial Dog Food and Selected Products That Followed, 24
2.3.2. Size and Scope of Petfood and Pet Care–Related Industries, 28
2.3.3. Petfood Treats and Snacks, 28
2.3.4. Trends in Petfoods and Related Product Sales, 28
2.3.5. Providing Standards and Quality Assurance in Petfood and Related Enterprises, 29
2.4. Pet Services, 29
2.5. Pet Supplies, 30
2.5.1. Corporate Leaders in the Pet Supplies Industry, 30
2.5.2. Pet Healthcare Companies, 31
2.5.3. Herbs and Botanicals, 32
2.6. Summary, 32
2.7. References, 33
2.8. Web Sites, 33
Chapter 3. Dog/Cat Breeds and Their Characteristics, 34
3.1. Introduction/Overview, 35
3.2. Breeds and Characteristics of Dogs, 38
3.3. American Kennel Club Groupings of Dog Breeds, 40
3.3.1. Sporting Group, 42
3.3.2. Hound Group, 42
3.3.3. Working Group, 43
3.3.4. Terrier Group, 44
3.3.5. Toy Group, 45
3.3.6. Non-Sporting Group, 46
3.3.7. Herding Group, 47
3.3.8. Miscellaneous Class, 48
3.4. United Kennel Club, 48
3.5. Characteristics of Cats, 48
3.6. Historical Perspective of Cat Breeds, 52
3.6.1. Pedigreed Cats, 54
3.7. Cat Breeds Most Frequently Registered by the Cat Fanciers’ Association, 54
3.7.1. Persian Cats, 55
3.7.2. Maine Coon Cats, 56
3.7.3. Exotic Cats, 57
3.7.4. Siamese Cats, 58
3.7.5. Ragdoll Cats, 58
3.7.6. Abyssinian Cats, 59
3.7.7. Birman Cats, 60
3.7.8. American Shorthair Cats, 61
3.7.9. Oriental Cats, 61
3.7.10. Sphynx Cats, 62
3.8. Summary, 62
3.9. References, 63
3.10. Web Sites, 63
Chapter 4. Choosing a Dog or Cat, 64
4.1. Introduction/Overview, 65
4.2. Responsible Pet Ownership, 66
4.2.1. Vaccinate and License Your Dog or Cat, 66
4.3. Choosing a Dog or Cat, 66
4.3.1. Male or Female, 66
4.3.2. Breed, 68
4.3.3. Temperament, 69
4.3.4. Ease in Training, 70
4.3.5. Puppy Aptitude Test (PAT), 70
4.3.6. Health Aspects, 70
4.3.7. Genetic Screening, 73
4.3.8. Parents and Siblings, 74
4.3.9. Where to Purchase a Dog or Cat, 74
4.3.10. The Sale/Purchase Contract, 75
4.3.11. Full and Limited AKC Registration, 76
4.3.12. Adopting an Older Pet, 77
4.4. Other Factors in Choosing a Cat, 77
4.4.1. Type of Cat, 77
4.4.2. Health Aspects, 78
4.4.3. Shopping for a Cat, 78
4.5. Summary, 79
4.6. References, 79
4.7. Web Sites, 79
Chapter 5. Companion Birds, 80
5.1. Introduction/Overview, 81
5.2. Common Types of Companion Birds, 83
5.2.1. African Grey Parrots, 83
5.2.2. Amazon Parrots, 83
5.2.3. Budgies, 84
5.2.4. Canaries, 85
5.2.5. Cockatiels, 85
5.2.6. Cockatoos, 86
5.2.7. Conures, 86
5.2.8. Eclectus Parrots, 86
5.2.9. Lovebirds, 86
5.2.10. Macaws, 87
5.2.11. Quaker (Monk) Parakeets, 88
5.2.12. Parrotlets (Dwarf Parrots), 88
5.3. Bird Anatomy and Physiology, 88
5.3.1. Feathers, 88
5.3.2. Beaks, 89
5.3.3. Skeletal System, 89
5.3.4. Respiratory System, 90
5.3.5. Digestive System, 90
5.3.6. Circulatory System, 91
5.3.7. Reproductive System, 91
5.3.8. Nutrition, 91
5.4. Companion Bird Husbandry, 92
5.4.1. Cages, 92
5.4.2. Aviaries, 94
5.4.3. Grooming, 95
5.5. Common Diseases of Birds, 95
5.5.1. Ascarids, 95
5.5.2. Aspergillosis, 95
5.5.3. Avian Flu, 96
5.5.4. Beak Disorders, 96
5.5.5. Chlamydiosis, 96
5.5.6. Egg Binding, 97
5.5.7. Gout, 97
5.5.8. Mites, 97
5.5.9. Newcastle Disease, 97
5.5.10. Pacheco’s Parrot Disease, 98
5.5.11. Psittacine Proventricular Dilatation Syndrome, 98
5.5.12. Psittacine Beak and Feather Disease, 98
5.5.13. Salmonella, 98
5.6. Common Toxicological Hazards, 99
5.6.1. Zinc, 99
5.6.2. Lead, 99
5.6.3. Nicotine Products, 100
5.6.4. Inhalants, 100
5.6.5. Avocado, 100
5.6.6. Plants, 101
5.7. Summary, 102
5.8. References, 102
5.9. Web Sites, 103
5.10. About the Author, 103
Chapter 6. Companion Reptiles and Amphibians, 104
6.1. Pet Frogs, 105
6.1.1. Introduction, 105
6.1.2. Common Pet Frogs, 105
6.1.3. Biology and Behavior, 108
6.1.4. Husbandry, 108
6.1.5. Common Diseases, 110
6.1.6. Zoonoses, 111
6.2. Pet Lizards, 112
6.2.1. Introduction, 112
6.2.2. Common Pet Lizards, 112
6.2.3. Biology and Behavior, 116
6.2.4. Husbandry, 117
6.2.5. Common Diseases, 120
6.2.6. Zoonoses, 122
6.3. Pet Snakes, 122
6.3.1. Introduction, 122
6.3.2. Common Pet Snakes, 122
6.3.3. Biology and Behavior, 125
6.3.4. Husbandry, 125
6.3.5. Common Diseases, 129
6.3.6. Zoonoses, 131
6.4. Pet Turtles and Tortoises, 131
6.4.1. Introduction, 131
6.4.2. Common Pet Turtles, 131
6.4.3. Biology and Behavior, 133
6.4.4. Husbandry, 134
6.4.5. Common Diseases, 136
6.4.6. Zoonoses, 137
6.5. Summary, 137
6.6. References, 138
6.7. Web Site, 139
6.8. About the Authors, 139
Chapter 7. Companion Rodents, Ferrets, and Lagomorphs, 140
7.1. Chinchillas, 142
7.1.1. Introduction, 142
7.1.2. Biology/Husbandry, 142
7.1.3. Breeding, 144
7.1.4. Common Diseases, 145
7.1.5. Zoonoses, 146
7.2. Gerbils, 146
7.2.1. Introduction, 146
7.2.2. Physiology, Biology, and Behavior, 146
7.2.3. Breeding, 148
7.2.4. Husbandry, 148
7.2.5. Common Diseases, 149
7.2.6. Zoonoses, 149
7.3. Guinea Pigs, 149
7.3.1. Introduction, 149
7.3.2. Biology and Behavior, 150
7.3.3. Husbandry, 151
7.3.4. Breeding, 151
7.3.5. Common Diseases, 152
7.3.6. Miscellaneous Diseases, 152
7.3.7. Zoonoses, 153
7.4. Hamsters, 153
7.4.1. Introduction, 153
7.4.2. Anatomy and Selected Characteristics, 155
7.4.3. Biology and Behavior, 156
7.4.4. Husbandry, 156
7.4.5. Breeding, 157
7.4.6. Common Diseases, 158
7.4.7. Parasites, 158
7.4.8. Kidney Failure, 158
7.4.9. Atrial Thrombosis, 158
7.4.10. Neoplasia/Tumors, 159
7.4.11. Zoonoses, 159
7.5. Ferrets, 159
7.5.1. Introduction, 159
7.5.2. Biology, 159
7.5.3. Husbandry, 161
7.5.4. Common Diseases, 162
7.5.5. Other Conditions, 164
7.5.6. Zoonoses, 165
7.6. Rabbits, 165
7.6.1. Introduction, 165
7.6.2. Anatomy, 165
7.6.3. Physiology, 166
7.6.4. Behavior, 166
7.6.5. Housing, 167
7.6.6. Nutrition, 167
7.6.7. Reproduction, 168
7.6.8. Common Diseases, 168
7.6.9. Zoonoses, 171
7.7. Mice and Rats, 171
7.7.1. Introduction, 171
7.7.2. Anatomy, 173
7.7.3. Physiology, 173
7.7.4. Husbandry, 174
7.7.5. Common Diseases, 176
7.7.6. Zoonoses, 176
7.8. Degus, 177
7.8.1. Introduction, 177
7.8.2. Biology, 178
7.8.3. Husbandry, 178
7.8.4. Common Diseases, 182
7.8.5. Zoonoses, 183
7.9. Summary, 183
7.10. References, 183
7.11. Web Sites, 184
7.12. About the Authors, 185
Chapter 8. Companion Horses, 186
8.1. Introduction/Overview, 188
8.2. Breed Characteristics and Types of Horses, 190
8.2.1. Types of Horses, 191
8.2.2. American Paint Horse, 194
8.2.3. American Quarter Horse, 195
8.2.4. American Saddlebred Horse, 196
8.2.5. American Standardbred Horse, 197
8.2.6. Appaloosa, 198
8.2.7. Arabian, 198
8.2.8. Belgian, 198
8.2.9. Clydesdale, 201
8.2.10. Hackney, 201
8.2.11. Lipizzan, 203
8.2.12. Missouri Fox Trotter, 203
8.2.13. Morgan, 204
8.2.14. Mustang, 204
8.2.15. Paso Fino, 205
8.2.16. Percheron, 205
8.2.17. Pony of the Americas, 206
8.2.18. Shetland Pony, 206
8.2.19. Tennessee Walking Horse, 207
8.2.20. Thoroughbred Horse, 208
8.2.21. Welsh Pony, 208
8.3. Anatomy and Physiology, 209
8.3.1. Integument, 210
8.3.2. Coat Colors, 210
8.3.3. Common Markings, 212
8.3.4. Musculoskeletal System, 214
8.3.5. Gaits, 216
8.3.6. Teeth, 218
8.3.7. Respiratory System, 218
8.3.8. Cardiovascular System, 219
8.3.9. Digestive System (Gastrointestinal Tract), 219
8.3.10. Reproductive System, 220
8.3.11. Special Senses (Vision, Audition, Olfaction, Taste, Touch), 220
8.4. Feeding and Nutrition, 222
8.4.1. Nutritional Requirements (Water, Proteins, Carbohydrates, Fats and Oils, Minerals, Vitamins), 222
8.4.2. Feeding Horses, 227
8.5. Husbandry (Care and Management), 229
8.5.1. Facilities (Pastures, Stables, Box Stalls, Bedding), 229
8.5.2. Grooming, 231
8.5.3. Hoof Care, 233
8.5.4. Dental Care, 233
8.5.5. Parasites (External/Internal) and Their Control, 234
8.5.6. Preventive Healthcare, 238
8.6. Behavior and Training, 241
8.7. Common Blemishes and Unsoundness in Horses, 243
8.8. Common Diseases, 245
8.8.1. Colic, 245
8.8.2. Equine Infectious Anemia, 246
8.8.3. Equine Endocrine Disorders, 246
8.8.4. Heaves, 247
8.8.5. Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis, 248
8.8.6. Laminitis, 248
8.8.7. Navicular Disease (Caudal Heel Pain), 250
8.9. Summary, 250
8.10. References, 252
8.11. Web Sites, 252
Chapter 9. Feeding and Nutrition of Dogs and Cats, 253
9.1. Introduction/Overview, 255
9.2. From Searching for Food in the Wild to Scientific Feeding and Nutrition, 255
9.3. Nutrient Intake and Terminology, 256
9.3.1. Food Preferences: Palatability and Acceptability, 256
9.4. Nutrients, 257
9.4.1. Water, 258
9.4.2. Carbohydrates, 258
9.4.3. Fats, 259
9.4.4. Protein, 261
9.4.5. Vitamins, 262
9.4.6. Minerals, 265
9.5. Nutrient Requirements of Dogs and Cats, 270
9.5.1. Water Requirements, 271
9.5.2. Energy Requirements, 271
9.5.3. Protein Requirements, 273
9.5.4. Unique Nutrient Requirements of Cats, 274
9.6. Digestion and Absorption of Nutrients, 274
9.7. Practical Feeding Management for Dogs and Cats, 276
9.7.1. Types of Food: Sources and Quality, 276
9.7.2. Types of Petfoods: Physical Forms, 277
9.7.3. Snacks and Treats, 278
9.7.4. Methods of Feeding, 279
9.7.5. Pregnant/Lactating Animals, 279
9.7.6. Early Development and Feeding of Puppies, 280
9.7.7. Kitten Care and Feeding, 281
9.7.8. Orphan Feeding and Care, 281
9.7.9. Nutrition and Endurance in Dogs, 284
9.7.10. Exercise Physiology and Nutrition in Dogs, 284
9.7.11. Stress/Performance Diets, 285
9.7.12. Feeding Geriatric Dogs and Cats, 285
9.8. Labeling Dog and Cat Foods, 286
9.8.1. Nutritional Adequacy on Label, 286
9.8.2. Label Information, 287
9.8.3. Feeding Directions, 287
9.8.4. Use of the Term Natural, 287
9.8.5. Quality Assurance of Petfoods, 288
9.9. Nutritional Counseling and Marketing Petfoods, 288
9.10. Analysis of Commercial Petfoods, 289
9.11. Common Problems and Errors in Feeding Dogs and Cats, 289
9.12. Nutrition and Disease: Therapeutic Petfoods, 290
9.13. Role of Dietary Functional Fiber in Petfoods, 293
9.14. Mycotoxin Concerns in Petfoods, 294
9.15. Xenobiotic Concerns in Petfoods, 294
9.16. Roles and Responsibilities of the FDA in Petfood Safety, 294
9.17. Petfood Additives, 295
9.17.1. Antioxidants, 295
9.17.2. Why Coloring Materials Are Added to Petfoods, 295
9.18. Nutraceuticals/Herbs/Botanicals, 295
9.18.1. Creatine Monohydrate, 296
9.18.2. Methylsulfonylmethane, 296
9.18.3. Glucosamine, 297
9.18.4. Omega-3 Fatty Acids, 297
9.18.5. Probiotics, 297
9.18.6. Prebiotics, 297
9.18.7. Ethoxyquin, 297
9.18.8. Propylene Glycol, 298
9.18.9. Yucca Schidigera, 298
9.19. Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOS), 298
9.20. Summary, 299
9.21. References, 299
9.22. Web Sites, 299
Chapter 10. Anatomy and Physiology of Cats and Dogs, 300
10.1. Introduction/Overview, 301
10.2. External Body Parts, 301
10.3. The Integumentary System, 301
10.4. The Skeletal System, 304
10.5. The Muscular System, 308
10.6. The Circulatory System, 309
10.7. The Lymphatic System, 312
10.7.1. Tonsils, 312
10.7.2. Thymus, 312
10.7.3. Spleen, 312
10.7.4. Lymph Nodes, 312
10.7.5. Lymphatic Vessels, 313
10.7.6. Lymphocytes, 313
10.8. The Respiratory System, 313
10.9. The Nervous System, 315
10.10. The Urinary System, 316
10.11. Organs of Special Senses, 317
10.11.1. Ocular Anatomy and Physiology, 317
10.11.2. Anatomy and Physiology of the Ear, 318
10.11.3. Olfaction, 319
10.11.4. Taste, 320
10.11.5. Touch, 320
10.12. The Endocrine System, 320
10.12.1. Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland, 320
10.12.2. Thyroid Gland, 322
10.12.3. Parathyroid Glands, 322
10.12.4. Adrenal Glands, 322
10.12.5. Pancreas, 322
10.12.6. Ovaries and Testes, 322
10.13. Summary, 323
10.14. References, 323
Chapter 11. Reproductive Biology of Dogs and Cats, 324
11.1. Introduction/Overview, 325
11.2. Myths and Considerations regarding Breeding of Dogs and Cats, 325
11.3. Canine Reproduction, 326
11.3.1. Reproductive Anatomy of the Bitch, 326
11.3.2. Physiology of Reproduction in Bitches, 326
11.3.3. Canine Male Reproductive Anatomy, 329
11.3.4. Reproductive Endocrinology of Male Dogs, 330
11.3.5. Breeding Management of Dogs, 330
11.3.6. Artificial Insemination, 332
11.3.7. Pregnancy, 333
11.3.8. Parturition, 336
11.3.9. Common Reproductive Problems of Dogs, 337
11.4. Feline Reproduction, 340
11.4.1. Reproductive Anatomy of the Queen, 340
11.4.2. Physiology of Reproduction in Queens, 340
11.4.3. Feline Male Reproductive Anatomy and Physiology, 341
11.4.4. Breeding Management of Cats, 341
11.4.5. Artificial Insemination, 342
11.4.6. Pregnancy, 342
11.4.7. Parturition, 342
11.4.8. Care of the Postparturient Queen, 342
11.4.9. Care of the Newborn Kittens, 342
11.5. Prevention of Estrous Cycles, 343
11.6. Sterilization of Males, 343
11.7. Summary, 344
11.8. References, 344
Chapter 12. Companion Animal Behavior and Social Structure, 345
12.1. Introduction/Overview, 346
12.2. Socialization and Other Social Aspects of Domestic Dogs and Cats, 347
12.3. Social Structure in the Wild, 350
12.4. Communicative Behavior, 350
12.4.1. Visual Communication (Postural), 351
12.4.2. Vocal Communication (Auditory), 353
12.4.3. Olfactory Communication, 353
12.5. Ingestive Behavior, 354
12.5.1. Eating, 355
12.6. Elimination Behavior, 356
12.7. Orientation (Navigation or Homing) Behavior, 357
12.8. Agonistic (Fighting or Aggressive) Behavior, 357
12.9. Sexual Behavior, 358
12.10. Learning and Principles of Behavioral Modification, 358
12.11. Approaches to Behavioral Problems, 359
12.11.1. Identify the Problem, 359
12.11.2. Determine History of the Problem, 359
12.11.3. Evaluate the Problem, 360
12.11.4. Recommend Treatment Alternatives and Strategies, 360
12.11.5. Educate the Owner, 360
12.12. Common Behavioral Problems, 361
12.13. Selected Other Feline Behavioral Tidbits of Interest, 361
12.14. Dog Temperaments and Trainability, 362
12.15. Summary, 363
12.16. References, 363
12.17. Web Sites, 364
Chapter 13. Care, Management, and Training of Dogs and Cats, 365
13.1. Introduction/Overview, 366
13.2. Responsible Dog and Cat Owners/Neighbors, 366
13.3. Attending the Young Puppy, 367
13.3.1. Dewclaw Removal, 367
13.3.2. Puppy Socialization (3 to 16 Weeks), 368
13.3.3. Weaned Puppy to a New Home, 368
13.3.4. Growth-Maturing Period, 369
13.4. Sexual Maturity of Dogs, 369
13.5. Feeding Dogs and Cats, 369
13.6. Other Aspects of Care and Management of Dogs and Cats, 370
13.6.1. Housing, 370
13.6.2. Exercise and Attention, 370
13.6.3. Equipment and Related Items, 370
13.6.4. Grooming Supplies and Tools for Dogs and Cats, 372
13.6.5. Healthcare, 372
13.6.6. Dental Care of Dogs and Cats, 372
13.6.7. Identification, 373
13.7. Dog Discipline and Training, 374
13.7.1. Rewards and Punishment, 374
13.7.2. Teaching Old Dogs New Tricks, 375
13.7.3. Leash Training, 375
13.7.4. Clicker Training, 375
13.7.5. Professional Obedience Training for Dogs, 375
13.7.6. Training Dogs for Special Purposes, 379
13.7.7. House Training Cats and Dogs, 380
13.8. Attending to Kittens/Cats, 381
13.8.1. Weaned Kitten to a New Home, 381
13.8.2. Indoor versus Outdoor Cats, 381
13.8.3. Your Residence and Your Cat, 382
13.8.4. Plants and Your Cat, 382
13.8.5. Training Cats, 382
13.8.6. On Neutering Cats, 382
13.8.7. Other Cat Management Tidbits, 383
13.9. Humane Handling, Care, and Treatment of Dogs and Cats, 384
13.10. Additional Considerations, 384
13.11. Summary, 385
13.12. References, 385
13.13. Web Sites, 385
Chapter 14. Fitting, Grooming, and Showing Dogs and Cats, 386
14.1. Introduction/Overview, 387
14.2. Fitting Dogs and Cats, 387
14.3. Grooming Dogs and Cats, 388
14.3.1. Cat Grooming, 388
14.3.2. Dog Grooming, 390
14.4. Showing Dogs and Cats, 394
14.4.1. Cat Shows and Showing, 394
14.4.2. Three Cs of Showing/Judging, 395
14.4.3. Titles Awarded to Cats, 396
14.4.4. Dog Shows and Showing, 396
14.4.5. Judging Conformation Dog Shows, 398
14.4.6. Herding and Performance Showing, 403
14.5. Summary, 409
14.6. References, 409
14.7. Web Sites, 410
14.8. About the Author, 410
Chapter 15. Companion Animal Health, 411
15.1. Introduction/Overview, 412
15.2. Infectious Diseases of Dogs and Cats, 413
15.2.1. Bacterial Diseases, 413
15.2.2. Helminth Infections, 416
15.2.3. Rickettsial Infections, 416
15.2.4. Mycoplasma Infections, 417
15.2.5. Fungal Infections, 417
15.2.6. Viral Diseases, 419
15.3. Zoonoses and Public Health Aspects, 421
15.4. Noninfectious Disorders of Dogs and Cats, 425
15.4.1. Degenerative and Developmental Disorders, 425
15.4.2. Anomalies and Allergic Disorders, 427
15.4.3. Metabolic and Miscellaneous Diseases, 427
15.4.4. Nutritional and Neoplastic Disorders, 429
15.4.5. Infectious, Inflammatory, and Immune-Mediated Disorders, 431
15.4.6. Toxins and Trauma, 433
15.5. Preventive Medicine, 434
15.6. Sanitation/Cleanliness, 435
15.7. Vaccinations of Dogs and Cats, 436
15.7.1. Types of Immunity, 436
15.7.2. Types of Vaccines for Dogs and Cats, 436
15.7.3. Recommended Vaccinations for Dogs, 438
15.7.4. Recommended Vaccinations for Cats, 439
15.7.5. Adverse Reactions to Vaccines, 439
15.7.6. Vaccination Failure, 440
15.8. Animal Emergencies, 440
15.8.1. Recognizing an Emergency, 441
15.8.2. Moving an Injured Animal, 441
15.8.3. Performing CPR, 441
15.8.4. Shock, 442
15.8.5. Bleeding, 443
15.8.6. Choking, 443
15.8.7. Heatstroke, 443
15.8.8. Burns, 444
15.8.9. Fractures, 444
15.8.10. Insect Stings and Spider Bites, 444
15.8.11. Snake Bites, 445
15.8.12. Poisoning, 445
15.8.13. Health Records, 445
15.9. Pet Health Insurance, 445
15.10. Geriatric Care of Dogs and Cats, 446
15.11. Euthanasia, 447
15.11.1. Bereavement, 447
15.11.2. Care of Remains, 448
15.12. Summary, 448
15.13. References, 448
15.14. Web Sites, 449
Chapter 16. Companion Animal Geriatrics, 450
16.1. Introduction/Overview, 452
16.1.1. Terminology, 452
16.1.2. Importance and Demographics of Geriatric Companion Animals, 452
16.2. Why Companion Animals Age, 453
16.2.1. As Part of the Natural Life Cycle, 453
16.2.2. Common External Signs of Aging, 454
16.2.3. Life Span as a Function of Growth Rate, 454
16.2.4. Major Causes of Accelerated Aging, 455
16.2.5. Changes in Gene Function with Age, 455
16.2.6. Immunological Aspects/Results of Aging (Vaccinations/Infections), 457
16.2.7. Genetics and Longevity (Genetic Testing and Interpretation), 457
16.3. Nutritional Aspects of Aging, 458
16.3.1. Major Groups of Nutrients and Companion Animal Needs/Uses of These Dietary Components, 458
16.3.2. Feeding Older Companion Animals, 458
16.3.3. Controlling Optimal Body Weight and Minimizing Obesity, 459
16.3.4. Fiber and Fluids, 460
16.3.5. Judicious Use of Supplements and Organic Foods, 460
16.4. Physiological Factors Affecting Aging, 460
16.4.1. Endocrine Effects, 460
16.4.2. Gender Effects, 461
16.4.3. Other Effects, 461
16.5. Exercise and Fitness, 462
16.5.1. Physical Exercising, 462
16.5.2. Physical Therapy, 462
16.5.3. Grooming, 463
16.5.4. Exercising the Mind, 463
16.6. Effect of Disease in Aging, 464
16.6.1. Major Causes of Mortality in Companion Animals, 464
16.6.2. Arthritis/Degenerative Joint Disease, 464
16.6.3. Spinal Column (Back), 465
16.6.4. Behavioral Disorders, 466
16.6.5. Cancer, 466
16.6.6. Cardiovascular Aspects (Heart Disease), 467
16.6.7. Cataracts and Ocular Diseases, 468
16.6.8. Diabetes, 468
16.6.9. Intestinal and Digestive Disorders, 469
16.6.10. Liver Disease(s), 470
16.6.11. Periodontal and Dental Disease, 470
16.6.12. Renal (Kidney) Failure, 470
16.6.13. Urinary Incontinence, 472
16.6.14. Reduced Sensorial Detection, 472
16.7. Environmental Aspects, 472
16.7.1. Temperature, 472
16.7.2. Stress, 472
16.7.3. Housing, 473
16.8. Geriatric Veterinary Care, 473
16.8.1. Health Screening, 473
16.8.2. Veterinary Specialists, 474
16.8.3. Insurance, 474
16.9. Care of Terminal Patients, 474
16.9.1. Advanced Care Options, 474
16.9.2. Preparing for the End, 475
16.9.3. Grief and Bereavement, 475
16.9.4. Memorializing the Companion Animal, 476
16.10. Summary, 476
16.11. References, 477
16.12. Web Sites, 478
16.13. About the Author, 478
Chapter 17. Parasites and Pests of Companion Animals, 479
17.1. Introduction/Overview, 480
17.2. Phylum Arthropoda, 480
17.2.1. Insects, 480
17.2.2. Arachnids (Mites, Ticks, Scorpions, Spiders), 486
17.3. Phylum Nematoda, 493
17.3.1. Order Rhabditida, 493
17.3.2. Order Strongylida, 494
17.3.3. Order Ascaridida, 496
17.3.4. Order Oxyurida, 497
17.3.5. Order Spirurida, 497
17.3.6. Order Enoplida, 500
17.4. Phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms), 502
17.4.1. Class Trematoda (Flukes), 502
17.4.2. Class Cestoda (Tapeworms), 503
17.5. Kingdom Protista (Protozoa), 506
17.5.1. Phylum Sarcomastigophora, 506
17.5.2. Phylum Ciliophora, 507
17.5.3. Phylum Apicomplexa, 508
17.6. Summary, 510
17.7. References, 510
Chapter 18. Common Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures and Terms, 511
18.1. Introduction/Overview, 512
18.2. History as a Diagnostic Tool, 513
18.3. The Physical Examination as a Diagnostic Tool, 514
18.4. Blood Collection for Diagnostic Tests, 518
18.4.1. Hematology as a Diagnostic Tool, 519
18.4.2. Serum Tests and the Health of Dogs and Cats, 519
18.5. Urine Sample Collection and Urinalysis, 521
18.6. Fecal Collection and Analyses, 522
18.6.1. Fecal Examinations for Parasites, 522
18.7. Skin Scrapings as a Diagnostic Tool, 523
18.8. Impression Smears (Cytology) as a Diagnostic Tool, 524
18.9. Fine Needle Aspirates as a Diagnostic Tool, 525
18.10. Transtracheal Wash, 525
18.11. Cultures as Diagnostic Tests, 525
18.12. Radiographic Imaging as a Diagnostic Tool, 526
18.12.1. Radiography, 526
18.12.2. Characteristics of Radiation, 527
18.12.3. Radiation Safety, 527
18.12.4. Producing X-rays, 528
18.12.5. Producing Film-Based X-ray Images, 528
18.12.6. Producing Digital X-ray Images, 529
18.12.7. Radiograph Interpretation, 529
18.13. Ultrasonography as a Diagnostic Tool, 530
18.13.1. Producing the Sonogram, 531
18.13.2. Sonogram Interpretation, 532
18.14. Nuclear Scintigraphy as a Diagnostic Tool, 532
18.14.1. Producing the Image, 532
18.15. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), 532
18.15.1. Producing the Image, 534
18.16. Computed Tomography (CT), 534
18.16.1. Producing the Image, 534
18.17. Endoscopy as a Diagnostic Technique, 535
18.18. Electrodiagnostics, 538
18.18.1. Electrocardiography, 538
18.19. Anesthesia, 540
18.19.1. Preanesthetic Agents, 540
18.19.2. Induction Agents, 541
18.19.3. Inhalation Anesthesia, 541
18.19.4. Equipment Needed for Anesthesia, 542
18.19.5. Monitoring of Anesthesia, 542
18.20. Lasers, 542
18.21. Radiation Therapy, 543
18.22. Physical Therapy, 544
18.23. Dental Examination and Care, 545
18.24. Summary, 546
18.25. References, 546
18.26. Web Sites, 547
18.27. About the Author, 547
Chapter 19. Records and Case Histories, 548
19.1. Introduction/Overview, 548
19.2. Animal Name and Identification, 549
19.3. Pedigree, 549
19.4. Breeder Records, 549
19.5. Health Records for Owners, 551
19.6. Medical Records, 552
19.6.1. Problem-Oriented Medical Record, 553
19.6.2. Digital Records, 554
19.7. Case Histories (Examples), 555
19.8. Summary, 558
19.9. References, 558
19.10. Web Sites, 558
Chapter 20. Career Opportunities Associated with Companion Animals, 559
20.1. Introduction/Overview, 560
20.2. Veterinary Medicine, 560
20.2.1. Caring Professionals, 561
20.2.2. Protecting the Health of Animals and Society, 561
20.3. Colleges of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Specialties, 564
20.3.1. Postgraduate Veterinary Education, 564
20.4. Careers as Veterinary Technicians and Veterinary Technologists, 565
20.4.1. Specific Career Opportunities, 565
20.5. Bioterrorism-Related Employment Opportunities, 570
20.5.1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 571
20.5.2. United States Department of Agriculture, 572
20.5.3. Foreign Animal Disease (FAD) Surveillance, 572
20.6. Equine-Related Career Opportunities, 573
20.7. Additional Career Opportunities Related to Companion Animals, 575
20.8. Summary, 578
20.9. References, 579
20.10. Web Sites, 579
Chapter 21. Business/Financial Aspects of the Companion Animal Enterprise, 580
21.1. Introduction/Overview, 581
21.2. Good Business Practices—Code of Standards, Ethics, and Values, 581
21.3. Comprehensive Planning and Development of Strategies, 581
21.4. Determining Business Feasibility, 582
21.5. Researching the Market and Analyzing the Competition, 582
21.6. The Economics of Ownership: Buying, Building, or Expanding, 583
21.7. Choosing a Business Name, 583
21.8. Preparing a Business Plan, 583
21.9. Building a Successful Companion Animal-Related Business, 587
21.10. Evaluating Risks and Insurance Alternatives, 589
21.10.1. Pet Health Insurance, 590
21.10.2. Legal Aspects of Animal Companionship, 590
21.11. Veterinary and Service Professionals, 591
21.12. Records/Accounting, 591
21.13. Laws and Regulations, 592
21.14. Summary, 593
21.15. References, 593
21.16. Web Sites, 593
Chapter 22. Kennel/Cattery Design and Management, 594
22.1. Introduction/Overview, 595
22.2. Early Considerations and Actions, 595
22.3. Kennel/Cattery Design, 595
22.4. Sanitation, 598
22.5. Heating, Cooling, Lighting, and Ventilation, 599
22.6. Feeding, Pest Control, and Socialization, 599
22.7. Ancillary Services, 600
22.8. Certification of Boarding Kennels and Catteries, 602
22.8.1. American Boarding Kennels Association (ABKA) Voluntary Facilities Accreditation (VFA) Program, 602
22.8.2. Cattery Certification Programs, 602
22.9. Employees, 603
22.10. Legal Considerations and Insurance, 603
22.11. Summary, 604
22.12. References, 604
22.13. Web Sites, 604
Chapter 23. Pet Sitting, Pet Motels, and Other Boarding Arrangements, 605
23.1. Introduction/Overview, 606
23.2. Pet Sitters, 606
23.2.1. Selecting a Pet Sitter, 606
23.2.2. Final Preparations Before Leaving Pets to the Care of a Pet Sitter, 607
23.2.3. Resources for Those Wanting to Start Pet Sitting Businesses, 607
23.2.4. Insurance and Bonding, 608
23.3. Pet Motels and Other Pet Boarding Facilities, 608
23.4. Special Considerations for Boarding Cats, 610
23.5. Preparing Pets for Boarding, 611
23.6. Cat/Dog Day Care Centers and Camps, 612
23.7. Starting a Day Care/Boarding Kennel or Cattery, 612
23.8. Summary, 613
23.9. References, 614
23.10. Web Sites, 614
Chapter 24. Therapeutic and Service Uses of Companion Animals, 615
24.1. Introduction/Overview, 616
24.2. Human–Companion Animal Bond, 616
24.2.1. Human–Companion Animal Bond and Physical Health, 616
24.3. Service Dogs and Cats, 617
24.3.1. Guide Dogs, 617
24.3.2. Hearing Assistance Dogs, 617
24.3.3. Mobility Assistance Dogs, 618
24.3.4. Medical Alert Dogs, 618
24.3.5. Psychiatric Service Dogs, 619
24.3.6. Minimal Protection Service Dogs, 620
24.3.7. Cats, 620
24.4. Animal-Assisted Therapy, 620
24.5. Pet-Oriented Child Psychotherapy, 621
24.6. Police Dogs, 623
24.6.1. Tracking Police Dogs, 624
24.6.2. Search and Rescue Police Dogs, 624
24.6.3. Patrol and Tracking Police Dogs, 624
24.6.4. Narcotics Detection Dogs, 624
24.6.5. Cadaver Detection Dogs, 624
24.6.6. Explosive Detection Dogs, 625
24.7. USDA Beagle Brigade, 626
24.8. Search and Rescue Dogs, 626
24.9. Personal Protection Dogs, 628
24.10. Premise Security Dogs, 628
24.11. Horses and Hippotherapy, 629
24.12. Summary, 631
24.13. References, 631
24.14. Web Sites, 632
Chapter 25. Animals in Biomedical Research, 633
25.1. Introduction/Overview, 634
25.2. Animal Models for Human Research, 635
25.2.1. Preferred Animal Models, 637
25.3. Ensuring Experimental Control in Animal Research, 637
25.4. Experimental Categories Supported by Companion Animals, 638
25.5. Use of Animals in Biomedical Research, 639
25.5.1. Nobel Prize–Winning Research Involving the Study of Animals, 641
25.6. Animal Welfare and Animal Rights Debates and Challenges, 642
25.6.1. Validity and Conduct of Animal Research, 643
25.6.2. Advancing Behavioral Research, 646
25.7. Unexpected Dividends of Research, 646
25.8. Alternatives to Using Animals in Research and Testing, 647
25.8.1. Geriatric Medical Challenge, 647
25.9. Legislation and Regulatory Activities Affecting the Use of Animals in Research, 648
25.9.1. Animal Care Laws, 648
25.9.2. Laboratory Animal Welfare Act (AWA) of 1966, 648
25.9.3. The Good Laboratory Practices Act of 1978, 649
25.9.4. The Health Research Extension Act of 1985, 649
25.9.5. National Institutes of Health Revitalization Act of 1992, 650
25.9.6. The Animal Enterprise Protection Act of 1992, 650
25.9.7. Pound Laws, 650
25.10. Summary and Coda, 651
25.11. References, 652
25.12. Web Sites, 653
Chapter 26. Managing Unwanted Companion Animals, 654
26.1. Introduction/Overview, 655
26.2. Unwanted Companion Animals, 656
26.3. Responsible Ownership of Companion Animals, 656
26.4. Reasons Companion Animals Become Homeless, 657
26.5. Problems and Hazards Associated with Unwanted/Free-Roaming Companion Animals, 658
26.5.1. Dog and Cat Attacks and Bites, 658
26.5.2. Potential Health Hazards Associated with Stray/Feral Dogs and Cats, 658
26.5.3. The Overpopulation of Feral Cats, 658
26.5.4. The Counterbalancing Effects of Cat and Bird Populations, 659
26.5.5. Impact of Released Pets on Biological Niches, 659
26.6. Controlling Companion Animal Populations, 660
26.6.1. The Public Education Challenge, 660
26.6.2. Governmental Companion Animal Control, 660
26.6.3. Animal Shelters and Horse Sanctuaries, 661
26.6.4. Animal Adoption Programs, 662
26.6.5. Animal Rescue Organizations, 663
26.7. Sterilization/Pregnancy-Prevention Procedures, 664
26.8. Euthanasia, 664
26.9. Summary, 664
26.10. References, 665
26.11. Web Sites, 665
Chapter 27. Trends/Future of Companion Animals and Related Functions, 667
27.1. Introduction/Overview, 668
27.2. Research and Education to Facilitate Further Advancements, 669
27.2.1. Types of Research, 669
27.3. Biology and Genetic Engineering, 670
27.3.1. Biotechnology in the Pet Industry, 670
27.3.2. Biotechnology and Forensics, 670
27.4. Cloning and Biogenetics, 671
27.4.1. Cloning a Cat, 671
27.4.2. Cloning a Horse, 673
27.4.3. Therapeutic Cloning, 673
27.5. Education Component of the Human–Companion Animal Equation, 673
27.6. Trends Related to the Companion Animal Enterprise, 675
27.6.1. Trends in Consumer Preferences, 676
27.6.2. Nutrition-Related Trends/Studies/Developments, 676
27.6.3. Pet Health-Related Considerations, 677
27.6.4. Pet Industry Sales of New Products, 678
27.6.5. Expanding the Number of Companion Animals in Developing Countries, 678
27.6.6. General Pet Industry Trends, 679
27.7. Future of Companion Animals and Related Enterprises, 680
27.7.1. Global Challenges and Opportunities for Expanding the Companion Animal Enterprise, 680
27.8. Areas Related to Companion Animals Needing Additional Research, 681
27.8.1. Companion Animal Nutrition Research Needed, 681
27.8.2. Animal Health–Related Research Needed, 681
27.9. Summary, 682
27.10. References, 683
27.11. Web Sites, 683
Appendix A. Prefixes, 685
Appendix B. Convenient Conversion Data and Abbreviations, 688
Appendix C. Tables of Weights and Measures, 691
Glossary, 693
Index, 749
Color Plate 1: Bonding with Horses, EP-1
Color Plate 2: People and Pets—Canine: Human Bonding, EP-2
Color Plate 3: Selected Breeds of Cats, EP-3
Color Plate 5: Dogs, EP-5
Color Plate 8: Birds, EP-8
Color Plate 9: Reptiles and Amphibians, EP-9
Color Plate 11: Pocket Pets, EP-11
Color Plate 12: Horse Breeds, EP-12
Color Plate 14: Horse Colors, EP-14
Color Plate 16: Horses in Action, EP-16
Color Plate 18: Devoted Service Par Excellence, EP-18
Color Plate 19: People and Pets—Feline: Human Bonding, EP-19
Color Plate 20: People and Pets—Exotic Pet: Human Bonding, EP-20

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