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Copyright, ii
Web Site for Computer Organization and Archictecure, Seventh Edition, iv
Preface, xi
0. Reader’s Guide, 1
0.1. Outline of the Book, 2
0.2. Internet and Web Resources, 2
One. Overview, 5
1. Introduction, 6
1.1. Organization and Architecture, 7
1.2. Structure and Function, 8
1.3. Why Study Computer Organization and Architecture?, 15
2. Computer Evolution and Performance, 16
2.1. A Brief History of Computers, 17
2.2. Designing for Performance, 38
2.3. Pentium and PowerPC Evolution, 45
2.4. Recommended Reading and Web Sites, 48
2.5. Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems, 50
Two. The Computer System, 53
3. A Top-Level View of Computer Function and Interconnection, 55
3.1. Computer Components, 57
3.2. Computer Function, 59
3.3. Interconnection Structures, 73
3.4. Bus Interconnection, 75
3.5. PCI, 84
3.6. Recommended Reading and Web Sites, 94
3.7. Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems, 95
Appendix 3A Timing Diagrams, 98
4. Cache Memory, 100
4.1. Computer Memory System Overview, 101
4.2. Cache Memory Principles, 108
4.3. Elements of Cache Design, 111
4.4. Pentium 4 and PowerPC Cache Organizations, 127
4.5. Recommended Reading, 131
Appendix 4A Performance Characteristics of Two-Level Memories, 137
5. Internal Memory, 144
5.1. Semiconductor Main Memory, 145
5.2. Error Correction, 154
5.3. Advanced DRAM Organization, 159
5.4. Recommended Reading and Web Sites, 164
5.5. Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems, 165
6. External Memory, 169
6.1. Magnetic Disk, 170
6.2. RAID, 179
6.3. Optical Memory, 190
6.4. Magnetic Tape, 194
6.5. Recommended Reading and Web Sites, 196
6.6. Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems, 197
7. Input/Output, 200
7.1. External Devices, 202
7.2. I/O Modules, 206
7.3. Programmed I/O, 209
7.4. Interrupt-Driven I/O, 212
7.5. Direct Memory Access, 221
7.6. I/O Channels and Processors, 227
7.7. The External Interface: FireWire and InfiniBand, 229
7.8. Recommended Reading and Web Sites, 238
7.9. Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems, 239
8. Operating System Support, 243
8.1. Operating System Overview, 244
8.2. Scheduling, 255
8.3. Memory Management, 262
8.4. Pentium II and PowerPC Memory Management, 273
8.5. Recommended Reading and Web Sites, 281
8.6. Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems, 282
Three. The Central Processing Unit, 286
9. Computer Arithmetic, 289
9.1. The Arithmetic and Logic Unit, 290
9.2. Integer Representation, 291
9.3. Integer Arithmetic, 296
9.4. Floating-Point Representation, 312
9.5. Floating-Point Arithmetic, 318
9.6. Recommended Reading and Web Site, 328
9.7. Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems, 329
10. Instruction Sets: Characteristics and Functions, 334
10.1. Machine Instruction Characteristics, 336
10.2. Types of Operands, 342
10.3. Pentium and PowerPC Data Types, 344
10.4. Types of Operations, 347
10.5. Pentium and PowerPC Operation Types, 359
10.6. Assembly Language, 369
10.7. Recommended Reading, 371
10.8. Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems, 371
Appendix 10A Stacks, 377
Appendix 10B Little-, Big- and Bi-Endian, 381
11. Instruction Sets: Addressing Modes and Formats, 386
11.1. Addressing, 387
11.2. Pentium and PowerPC Addressing Modes, 394
11.3. Instruction Formats, 399
11.4. Pentium and PowerPC Instruction Formats, 407
11.5. Recommended Reading, 411
11.6. Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems, 411
12. Processor Structure and Function, 415
12.1. Processor Organization, 416
12.2. Register Organization, 418
12.3. Instruction Cycle, 423
12.4. Instruction Pipelining, 427
12.5. The Pentium Processor, 441
12.6. The PowerPC Processor, 449
12.7. Recommended Reading, 455
12.8. Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems, 456
13. Reduced Instruction Set Computers, 460
13.1. Instruction Execution Characteristics, 463
13.2. The Use of a Large Register File, 467
13.3. Compiler-Based Register Optimization, 472
13.4. Reduced Instruction Set Architecture, 474
13.5. RISC Pipelining, 480
13.6. MIPS R4000, 483
13.7. SPARC, 490
13.8. RISC versus CISC Controversy, 495
13.9. Recommended Reading, 496
13.10. Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems, 497
14. Instruction-Level Parallelism and Superscalar Processors, 500
14.1. Overview, 502
14.2. Design Issues, 506
14.3. Pentium 4, 515
14.4. PowerPC, 521
14.5. Recommended Reading, 529
14.6. Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems, 530
15. The IA-64 Architecture, 535
15.1. Motivation, 537
15.2. General Organization, 538
15.3. Predication, Speculation, and Software Pipelining, 540
15.4. IA-64 Instruction Set Architecture, 556
15.5. Itanium Organization, 562
15.6. Recommended Reading and Web Sites, 565
15.7. Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems, 566
Four. The Control Unit, 569
16. Control Unit Operation, 571
16.1. Micro-Operations, 573
16.2. Control of the Processor, 579
16.3. Hardwired Implementation, 591
16.4. Recommended Reading, 594
16.5. Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems, 594
17. Microprogrammed Control, 596
17.1. Basic Concepts, 597
17.2. Microinstruction Sequencing, 606
17.3. Microinstruction Execution, 612
17.4. TI 8800, 624
17.5. Recommended Reading, 634
17.6. Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems, 635
Five. Parallel Organization, 637
18. Parallel Processing, 638
18.1. Multiple Processor Organizations, 640
18.2. Symmetric Multiprocessors, 642
18.3. Cache Coherence and the MESI Protocol, 650
18.4. Multithreading and Chip Multiprocessors, 656
18.5. Clusters, 663
18.6. Nonuniform Memory Access, 669
18.7. Vector Computation, 673
18.8. Recommended Reading and Web Site, 686
18.9. Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems, 687
A. Number Systems, 693
A.1. The Decimal System, 694
A.2. The Binary System, 694
A.3. Converting between Binary and Decimal, 695
A.4. Hexadecimal Notation, 697
A.5. Problems, 699
B. Digital Logic, 700
B.1. Boolean Algebra, 701
B.2. Gates, 703
B.3. Combinational Circuits, 705
B.4. Sequential Circuits, 726
B.5. Recommended Reading and Web Site, 735
B.6. Problems, 735
C. Projects for Teaching Computer Organization and Architecture, 738
C.1. Research Projects, 739
C.2. Simulation Projects, 739
C.3. Reading/Report Assignments, 740
Glossary, 740
References, 751
Abbreviations, 751
The William Stallings Books on Computer and Data Communications Technology, FrontCover
Acronyms, InsideBackCover
Index, I-1-1

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