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Copyright, ii
Preface, ix
Acknowledgments, xi
1. Introduction, 1
Critical Thinking in Everyday Life, 1
Play Fair, 2
Seating a Jury, 3
Impartial Critical Thinking, 4
Critical Thinking in Everyday Life, 5
Notes, 8
Additional Reading, 8
Online Resources, 9
2. A Few Important Terms, 10
Arguments, 10
Statements, 10
Premises and Conclusions, 12
Deductive and Inductive Arguments, 15
Deduction, Validity, and Soundness, 16
Induction, Strong Arguments, and Cogent Arguments, 18
Review Questions, 24
Online Resources, 24
3. What’s the Question?, 25
Determine the Conclusion, 26
What Is the Exact Conclusion?, 27
Review Question, 33
Notes, 34
4. Relevant and Irrelevant Reasons, 35
Premises are Relevant or Irrelevant Relative to the Conclusion, 36
Irrelevant Reason Fallacy, 41
Review Questions, 51
Notes, 51
5. The Burden of Proof, 52
Who Bears the Burden of Proof?, 52
Appeal to Ignorance, 54
The Burden of Proof in the Courtroom, 55
Unappealing Ignorance, 61
Review Questions, 66
Notes, 66
Additional Reading, 66
6. Analyzing Arguments, 68
Argument Structure, 69
Subarguments, 73
Assumptions: Their Use and Abuse, 87
Review Questions, 92
Notes, 92
Additional Reading, 92
7. Necessary and Sufficient Conditions, 94
Necessary Conditions, 94
Sufficient Conditions, 97
Necessary and Sufficient Conditions in Ordinary Language, 98
Conditional Statements, 100
Alternative Ways of Stating Necessary and Sufficient Conditions, 101
Both Necessary and Sufficient, 103
Valid Inferences from Necessary and Sufficient Conditions, 109
Fallacies Based on Confusion Between Necessary and Sufficient Conditions, 111
Detecting Argument Forms, 114
Review Questions, 120
Notes, 120
8. Symbolic Sentential Logic, 121
Truth-Functional Definitions, 121
Testing for Validity and Invalidity, 127
Punctuation, 130
The Truth-Table Method of Testing for Validity, 135
The Short-Cut Method for Determining Validity or Invalidity, 139
Review Questions, 153
9. Arguments about Classes, 154
Types of Categorical Propositions, 155
Relations among Categorical Propositions, 156
Venn Diagrams, 157
Translating Ordinary-Language Statements into Standard-Form Categorical Propositions, 175
Review Questions, 179
10. Ad Hominem Arguments, 180
The Ad Hominem Fallacy, 180
Nonfallacious Ad Hominem Arguments, 181
Distinguishing Argument from Testimony, 185
Tricky Types of Ad Hominem, 193
Inverse Ad Hominem, 202
Attacking Arguments, 203
Review Questions, 209
Notes, 209
Additional Reading, 209
11. Appeal to Authority, 210
Authorities as Testifiers, 211
Conditions for Legitimate Appeal to Authority, 211
Popularity and Tradition, 221
Review Questions, 225
Notes, 225
Additional Reading, 226
Cumulative Exercises One (Chapters 1 through 11), 227
12. The Truth, the Whole Truth, and Nothing but the Truth, 235
Eyewitness Testimony, 236
The Whole Truth, 248
Are the Premises True?, 252
Language, Truth, and Ambiguity, 255
Review Questions, 261
Notes, 261
Additional Reading, 262
Online Resources, 263
13. Strawman, Slippery Slope, Dilemma, and Golden Mean Arguments: Their Use and Abuse, 265
Strawman, 265
Slippery Slope, 273
Dilemmas, False and True, 278
Golden Mean, 289
Review Questions, 294
Notes, 294
Additional Reading, 295
14. Begging the Question, 296
The Problem with Question-Begging Arguments, 296
Subtle Forms of Question Begging, 297
False Charges of Begging the Question, 307
Review Questions, 309
Notes, 309
Cumulative Exercises Two (Chapters 1 through 14), 310
15. Arguments by Analogy, 326
Figurative Analogy, 327
Deductive Argument by Analogy, 328
Inductive Arguments by Analogy, 349
Review Questions, 368
Notes, 368
Additional Reading, 369
16. Scientific Reasoning, 370
Distinguishing Causation from Correlation, 371
The Questionable Cause Fallacy, 376
The Method of Science, 379
Review Questions, 389
Notes, 390
Additional Reading, 390
Cumulative Exercises Three (Chapters 1 through 16), 391
17. Thinking Critically about Statistics, 416
All Children are Above Average, 416
Empty Statistics, 418
Finding the Appropriate Context, 418
Caught off Base, 419
Statistical Apples and Oranges, 420
Statistical Half-Truths, 421
Surveys, 423
Notes, 426
Additional Reading, 426
Online Resources, 427
Consider Your Verdict: Comprehensive Critical Thinking in the Jury Room, 429
Case One: Commonwealth v. Moyer, 430
Case Two: State v. Ransom, 439
Note, 455
Additional Reading, 455
Key Terms, 455
Answers to Selected Exercises, 463
Chapter 2, 463
Chapter 3, 464
Chapter 4, 464
Chapter 5, 465
Chapter 6, 465
Chapter 7, 465
Chapter 8, 466
Chapter 9, 469
Chapter 10, 469
Chapter 11, 470
Cumulative Exercises One, 471
Chapter 12, 471
Chapter 13, 472
Chapter 14, 473
Cumulative Exercises Two, 474
Chapter 15, 474
Chapter 16, 476
Cumulative Exercises Three, 476
Chapter 17, 478
Index, I-1-1

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