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The Heritage of World Civilizations: Combined Volume, Seventh Edition

by Albert M. Craig - Harvard University; William A. Graham - Harvard University; Donald Kagan - Yale University; Steven Ozment - Harvard University; Frank M. Turner - Yale University

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Copyright, ii
Documents, xx
Maps, xxiv
Preface, xxv
About the Authors, xxxi
1. The Birth of Civilization, 1
1. The Birth of Civilization, 7
Early Humans and Their Culture, 9
Early Civilizations to About 1000 B.C.E., 12
Ancient Near Eastern Empires, 26
Early Indian Civilization, 28
Early Chinese Civilization, 35
The Rise of Civilization in the Americas, 41
Summary, 44
Review Questions, 45
Key Terms, 45
Documents CD-ROM, 45
2. Four Great Revolutions in Thought and Religion, 47
Comparing the Four Great Revolutions, 49
Philosophy in China, 50
Religion in India, 56
The Religion of the Israelites, 62
Greek Philosophy, 67
Summary, 76
Review Questions, 77
Key Terms, 77
Documents CD-ROM, 77
2. Empires and Cultures of the Ancient World, 80
3. Greek and Hellenistic Civilization, 85
Bronze Age on Crete and on the Mainland to ca. 1150 B.C.E., 87
Greek “Middle Age” to ca. 750 B.C.E., 89
The Polis, 91
Expansion of the Greek World, 93
Life in Archaic Greece, 95
Major City-States, 98
The Persian Wars, 102
Classical Greece, 103
Emergence of the Hellenistic World, 114
Hellenistic Culture, 118
Summary, 122
Review Questions, 123
Key Terms, 123
Documents CD-ROM, 123
4. Iran, India, and Inner Asia to 200 C.E., 125
Iran, 127
Ancient History, 127
The First Iranian Empire (550–330 B.C.E.), 129
India, 133
The First Indian Empire (321–185 B.C.E.), 134
Consolidation of Indian Civilization (ca. 200 B.C.E.–300 C.E.), 137
Greek and Asian Dynasties, 139
Summary, 143
Review Questions, 143
Key Terms, 143
Documents CD-ROM, 143
5. Africa Early History to 1000 C.E., 147
Problems of Interpretation and Sources, 149
Physical Description of the Continent, 150
African Peoples, 152
The Sahara and the Sudan to the Beginning of the Common Era, 154
Nilotic Africa and the Ethiopian Highlands, 156
The Western and Central Sudan, 163
Central, Southern, and East Africa, 166
Summary, 169
Review Questions, 169
Key Terms, 169
Documents CD-ROM, 169
6. Republican and Imperial Rome, 171
Prehistoric Italy, 173
The Etruscans, 173
Royal Rome, 174
The Republic, 175
Civilization in the Early Roman Republic: Greek Influence, 179
Roman Imperialism, 181
The Fall of the Republic, 184
The Augustan Principate, 186
Civilization of the Ciceronian and Augustan Ages, 187
The Rise of Christianity, 194
The Crisis of the Third Century, 197
The Late Empire, 198
Arts and Letters in the Late Empire, 201
The Problem of the Decline and Fall of the Empire in the West, 203
Summary, 204
Review Questions, 205
Key Terms, 205
Documents CD-ROM, 205
7. China’s First Empire 221 B.C.E.–589 C.E., 207
Qin Unification of China, 209
Former Han Dynasty (206 b.c.e.–8 c.e.), 211
Later Han (25–220 C.E.) and Its Aftermath, 216
Han Thought and Religion, 218
Summary, 223
Review Questions, 223
Key Terms, 223
Documents CD-ROM, 223
3. Consolidation and Interaction of World Civilizations, 224
8. Imperial China 589–1368, 229
Re-establishment of Empire: Sui (589–618) and Tang (618–907) Dynasties, 231
Transition to Late Imperial China: The Song Dynasty (960–1279), 240
China in the Mongol World Empire: The Yuan Dynasty (1279–1368), 248
Summary, 254
Review Questions, 254
Key Terms, 254
Documents CD-ROM, 255
9. Japan: Early History to 1467, 257
Japanese Origins and the Yayoi Revolution, 259
Nara and Heian Japan, 262
Aristocratic Culture and Buddhism, 266
Japan’s Early Feudal Age, 271
Buddhism and Medieval Culture, 277
Summary, 280
Review Questions, 281
Key Terms, 281
Documents CD-ROM, 281
10. Iran and India Before Islam, 285
Iran The Parthians, 287
The Sasanid Empire (224–651 C.E.), 288
India Golden Age of the Guptas, 290
The Development of “Classical” Traditions in Indian Civilization (ca. 300–1000 C.E.), 293
Summary, 298
Review Questions, 299
Key Terms, 299
Documents CD-ROM, 299
11. The Formation of Islamic Civilization 622–945, 301
Origins and Early Development, 303
Women in Early Islamic Society, 305
Early Islamic Conquests, 306
The New Islamic Order, 310
The High Caliphate, 313
“Classical” Islamic Culture, 315
Summary, 320
Review Questions, 320
Key Terms, 321
Documents CD-ROM, 321
12. The Byzantine Empire and Western Europe to 1000, 323
The End of the Western Roman Empire, 326
The Impact of Islam on East and West, 332
The Developing Roman Church, 333
The Kingdom of the Franks, 336
Feudal Society, 343
Summary, 345
Review Questions, 346
Key Terms, 347
Documents CD-ROM, 347
13. Islam in the Heartlands and Beyond, 1000–1600, 349
The Islamic Heartlands, 352
Religion and Society, 352
Regional Developments, 354
The Spread of Islam Beyond the Heartlands, 364
India and Southeast Asia, 364
The Spread of Islam to South Asia, 364
Muslim-Hindu Encounter, 364
Islamic States and Dynasties, 366
Southeast Asia, 367
Religious and Cultural Accommodation, 368
Hindu and Other Indian Traditions, 369
Summary, 370
Review Questions, 371
Key Terms, 371
Documents CD-ROM, 371
14. Ancient Civilizations of the Americas, 373
Problems in Reconstructing the History of Native American Civilization, 375
Mesoamerica, 376
The Formative Period and the Emergence of Mesoamerican Civilization, 377
The Classic Period in Mesoamerica, 379
The Post-Classic Period, 385
Andean South America, 391
The Preceramic and the Initial Period, 391
Chavín de Huantar and the Early Horizon, 392
The Early Intermediate Period, 393
The Middle Horizon Through the Late Intermediate Period, 394
The Inca Empire, 395
Summary, 398
Review Questions, 398
Key Terms, 399
Documents CD-ROM, 399
15. Europe to the Early 1500s, 401
Revival of Empire, Church, and Towns, 403
Society, 412
Growth of National Monarchies, 415
Political and Social Breakdown, 418
Ecclesiastical Breakdown and Revival: The Late Medieval Church, 422
The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527), 422
Revival of Monarchy: Nation Building in the Fifteenth Century, 427
Summary, 430
Review Questions, 431
Key Terms, 431
Documents CD-ROM, 431
4. The World in Transition, 432
16. Europe 1500–1650: Expansion, Reformation, and Religious Wars, 437
The Discovery of a New World, 439
The Reformation, 444
The Reformation’s Achievements, 457
The Wars of Religion, 459
Superstition and Enlightenment: The Battle Within, 466
Summary, 472
Review Questions, 473
Key Terms, 473
Documents CD-ROM, 473
17. Africa ca. 1000–1800, 477
North Africa and Egypt, 479
The Spread of Islam South of the Sahara, 479
Sahelian Empires of the Western and Central Sudan, 480
The Eastern Sudan, 488
The Forestlands—Coastal West and Central Africa, 488
East Africa, 491
Southern Africa, 494
Summary, 498
Review Questions, 498
Key Terms, 499
Documents CD-ROM, 499
18. Conquest and Exploitation: The Development of the Transatlantic Economy, 501
Periods of European Overseas Expansion, 503
Mercantilist Theory of Economic Exploitation, 504
Establishment of the Spanish Empire in America, 506
Economies of Exploitation in the Spanish Empire, 508
Colonial Brazil and Slavery, 512
French and British Colonies in North America, 514
Slavery in the Americas, 516
Africa and the Transatlantic Slave Trade, 517
Summary, 526
Review Questions, 527
Key Terms, 527
Documents CD-ROM, 527
19. East Asia in the Late Traditional Era, 529
Late Imperial China, 531
Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1644–1911) Dynasties, 531
Japan, 545
Warring States Era (1467–1600), 545
Tokugawa Era (1600–1868), 549
Korea and Vietnam, 561
Korea, 562
Vietnam, 564
Southeast Asia, 567
Summary, 568
Review Questions, 568
Key Terms, 569
Documents CD-ROM, 569
20. State Building and Society in Early Modern Europe, 571
European Political Consolidation, 573
European Warfare: From Continental to World Conflict, 582
The Old Regime, 588
The Revolution in Agriculture, 594
The Eighteenth-Century Industrial Revolution, 597
European Cities, 601
Summary, 604
Review Questions, 606
Key Terms, 607
Documents CD-ROM, 607
21. The Last Great Islamic Empires 1500–1800, 609
Islamic Empires, 612
The Ottoman Empire, 612
The Safavid Shi’ite Empire, 618
The Mughals, 621
Islamic Asia, 625
Central Asia: Islamization and Isolation, 625
Power Shifts in the Southern Seas, 627
Summary, 630
Review Questions, 631
Key Terms, 631
Documents CD-ROM, 631
5. Enlightenment and Revolution in the West, 632
22. The Age of European Enlightenment, 637
The Scientific Revolution, 639
The Enlightenment, 646
The Enlightenment and Religion, 648
The Enlightenment and Society, 651
Enlightened Absolutism, 658
Summary, 662
Review Questions, 663
Key Terms, 663
Documents CD-ROM, 663
23. Revolutions in the Transatlantic World, 665
Revolution in the British Colonies in North America, 667
Revolution in France, 670
Wars of Independence in Latin America, 688
Toward the Abolition of Slavery in the Transatlantic, 693
Summary, 696
Review Questions, 697
Key Terms, 697
Documents CD-ROM, 697
24. Political Consolidation in Nineteenth-Century Europe and North America, 1815–1880, 699
The Emergence of Nationalism in Europe, 701
Early-Nineteenth-Century Political Liberalism, 703
Efforts to Liberalize Early-Nineteenth-Century European Political Structures, 705
Testing the New American Republic, 712
The Canadian Experience, 717
Midcentury Political Consolidation in Europe, 718
Unrest of Nationalities in Eastern Europe, 724
Racial Theory and Anti-Semitism, 726
Summary, 729
Review Questions, 730
Key Terms, 730
Documents CD-ROM, 731
6. Into the Modern World, 732
25. Northern Transatlantic Economy and Society, 1815–1914, 737
European Factory Workers and Urban Artisans, 739
Nineteenth-Century European Women, 741
Jewish Emancipation, 750
European Labor, Socialism, and Politics to World War I, 751
North America and the New Industrial Economy, 758
The Emergence of Modern European Thought, 765
Islam and Late-Nineteenth-Century European Thought, 768
Summary, 769
Review Questions, 770
Key Terms, 771
Documents CD-ROM, 771
26. Latin America from Independence to the 1940s, 773
Independence Without Revolution, 776
Economy of Dependence, 779
Search for Political Stability, 782
Three National Histories, 782
Summary, 796
Review Questions, 796
Key Terms, 797
Documents CD-ROM, 797
27. India, the Islamic Heartlands, and Africa The Challenge of Modernity (1800–1945), 799
The Indian Experience, 801
British Dominance and Colonial Rule, 801
From British Crown Raj to Independence, 806
The Islamic Experience, 809
Islamic Responses to Declining Power and Independence, 809
Western Political and Economic Encroachment, 811
The Western Impact, 811
Islamic Responses to Foreign Encroachment, 812
The African Experience, 816
New States and Power Centers, 816
Islamic Reform Movements, 817
Increasing European Involvement, 820
Exploration, 820
African Resistance to Colonialism: The Rise of Nationalism, 824
Summary, 826
Review Questions, 827
Key Terms, 827
Documents CD-ROM, 827
28. Modern East Asia, 831
Modern China (1839–1949), 833
Close of Manchu Rule, 833
From Dynasty to Warlordism (1895–1926), 840
Cultural and Ideological Ferment: The May Fourth Movement, 842
Nationalist China, 844
Modern Japan 1853–1945, 848
Overthrow of the Tokugawa Bakufu (1853–1868), 848
Building the Meiji State (1868–1890), 849
Growth of a Modern Economy, 852
The Politics of Imperial Japan (1890–1945), 855
Japanese Militarism and German Nazism, 863
Summary, 864
Review Questions, 865
Key Terms, 865
Documents CD-ROM, 865
7. Global Conflict and Change, 866
29. Imperialism and World War I, 871
Expansion of European Power and the “New Imperialism”, 874
Emergence of the German Empire, 877
World War I, 881
The Russian Revolution, 889
End of World War I, 891
Summary, 897
Review Questions, 898
Key Terms, 898
Documents CD-ROM, 899
30. Depression, European Dictators, and the American New Deal, 901
After Versailles: Demands for Revision and Enforcement, 903
Toward the Great Depression in Europe, 903
The Soviet Experiment, 905
The Fascist Experiment in Italy, 911
German Democracy and Dictatorship, 913
The Great Depression and the New Deal in the United States, 923
Summary, 926
Review Questions, 927
Key Terms, 927
Documents CD-ROM, 927
31. World War II, 929
Again the Road to War (1933–1939), 931
World War II (1939–1945), 937
The Domestic Fronts, 948
Preparations for Peace, 953
Summary, 956
Review Questions, 957
Key Terms, 957
Documents CD-ROM, 957
32. The West Since World War II, 959
The Cold War Era, 961
European Society in the Second Half of the Twentieth Century and Beyond, 967
American Domestic Scene Since World War II, 974
The Soviet Union to 1989, 977
1989: Year of Revolutions in Eastern Europe, 980
The Collapse of the Soviet Union, 983
The Collapse of Yugoslavia and Civil War, 987
Challenges to the Atlantic Alliance, 988
Summary, 990
Review Questions, 991
Key Terms, 991
Documents CD-ROM, 991
33. East Asia: The Recent Decades, 993
Japan, 996
China, 1005
Taiwan, 1011
Korea, 1013
Vietnam, 1016
Summary, 1020
Review Questions, 1021
Key Terms, 1021
Documents CD-ROM, 1021
34. Postcolonialism and Beyond, 1023
Beyond the Postcolonial Era, 1025
Latin America Since 1945, 1028
Postcolonial Africa, 1035
Central, South, and Southeast Asia—The Islamic Heartland, 1039
The Postcolonial Middle East, 1045
Summary, 1055
Review Questions, 1056
Key Terms, 1056
Documents CD-ROM, 1056
Glossary, 1056
Suggested Readings, SR-1
Chapter 1, SR-2
Chapter 2, SR-9
Chapter 3, SR-16
Chapter 4, SR-19
Chapter 5, SR-24
Chapter 6, SR-25
Chapter 7, SR-29
Chapter 8, SR-31
Chapter 9, SR-36
Chapter 10, SR-38
Chapter 11, SR-41
Chapter 12, SR-43
Chapter 13, SR-44
Chapter 14, SR-49
Chapter 15, SR-50
Chapter 16, SR-52
Chapter 17, SR-53
Chapter 18, SR-55
Chapter 19, SR-56
Chapter 20, SR-62
Chapter 21, SR-64
Chapter 22, SR-65
Chapter 23, SR-66
Chapter 24, SR-68
Chapter 25, SR-70
Chapter 26, SR-71
Chapter 27, SR-73
Chapter 28, SR-78
Chapter 29, SR-82
Chapter 30, SR-83
Chapter 31, SR-85
Chapter 32, SR-87
Chapter 33, SR-88
Chapter 34, SR-93
World History Documents CD-ROM, CD-1
PART 1 The Fertile Crescent, CD-2
PART 2 Early Civilization in East Asia, CD-3
PART 3 Early Civilization in South Asia, CD-4
PART 4 Greece and the Hellenistic World, CD-5
PART 5 Rome, CD-6
PART 6 The Rise of Christianity, CD-7
PART 7 Mediterranean Civilization after the Fall of Rome, CD-8
PART 8 Islam, CD-9
PART 9 Imperial China and the Diffusion of East Asian Civilization, CD-10
PART 10 The Formation of European Civilization, CD-11
PART 11 Eurasian Connections before European Expansion, CD-12
PART 12 Islamic Empires, CD-15
PART 13 Renaissance and Reformation in Europe, CD-16
PART 14 European Explorations and Expansion, CD-17
PART 15 Trade and Exploitation Across the Atlantic, CD-18
PART 16 Late Traditional Asia, CD-19
PART 17 New Science and Enlightenment, CD-20
PART 18 From Old Regime to Revolution, CD-21
PART 19 The Industrial Revolution, CD-22
PART 20 Nationalism and Imperialism, CD-23
PART 21 East Asia Responds to the West, CD-24
PART 22 World War I, CD-25
PART 23 Authoritarian and Totalitarian Experiments in Europe, CD-28
PART 24 Authoritarian and Totalitarian Experiments in Asia, CD-29
PART 25 World War II, CD-30
PART 26 The Cold War, CD-31
PART 27 Decolonization, CD-32
PART 28 Race, Ethnicity, and Conflict in the Twentieth Century, CD-33
PART 29 Contemporary Issues in World History, CD-34
Credits, C-1
Single PC License Agreement and Limited Warranty, L-1
Index, I-1-1

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