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Corrections in America: An Introduction, Eleventh Edition

by Harry E. Allen; Edward J. Latessa; Bruce S. Ponder - Allen Ponder Associates; Clifford E. Simonsen

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Copyright, iv
Acknowledgments, xxi
About the Authors, xxiii
1. Historical Perspectives, 1
1. Early History (2000 B.C. to A.D. 1800), 2
Key Words, 3
Overview, 3
Behavior as a Continuum, 4
Redress of Wrongs, 5
Early Codes, 6
Punishment, 8
The Age of Enlightenment and Reform, 12
Houses of Correction, Workhouses, and Gaols, 15
Transportation Systems, 16
Early Cellular Prisons, 17
Summary, 21
Review Questions, 21
Endnotes, 21
2. Prisons (1800 to the present), 24
Key Words, 25
Overview, 25
The Pennsylvania System, 26
The Auburn System, 26
Prison Competition, 28
Rules, 29
The Reformatory Era (1870 to 1910), 33
Post–Civil War Prisons, 34
The Twentieth Century and the Industrial Prison, 35
The Period of Transition (1935 to 1960), 37
The Modern Era, 38
Internally Sought Reform, 39
Summary, 41
Review Questions, 41
Endnotes, 41
3. Correctional Ideologies:The Pendulum Swings, 44
Key Words, 45
Overview, 45
Conflicting Correctional Ideologies, 45
The Punishment Ideology, 46
The Treatment Ideology, 51
The Prevention Ideology, 53
The Pendulum Swings, 54
Restorative Justice, 55
Contemporary Corrections, 57
Summary, 59
Review Questions, 60
Endnotes, 60
Suggested Readings: Part 1, 62
2. The Court Process, 63
4. Sentencing, 64
Key Words, 65
Overview, 65
The Correctional Filter, 65
The Sentencing Decision, 67
Felony Sentences in State Court, 2002, 76
Deterrence by Sentencing, 77
Summary, 78
Review Questions, 78
Endnotes, 78
5. Appellate Review, 80
Key Words, 81
Overview, 81
The Issue of Due Process, 81
The Path of a Criminal Case, 83
The Mechanics of an Appeal, 85
Appeals from Behind the Walls, 87
Reform by Judicial Decree, 87
Court Orders and Court Decrees, 88
Appeals Flood the Courts, 89
Summary, 91
Review Questions, 91
Endnotes, 91
Suggested Readings: Part 2, 92
3. Alternatives to Imprisonment, 93
6. Jails and Detention Facilities, 94
Key Words, 95
Overview, 95
Jails: A Grim History, 96
Jails Today, 99
Jail Populations and Characteristics, 99
The New Generation Jail, 101
The Jail in Context, 104
Alternatives to Jail, 108
Alternatives to Jail at the Pretrial Stage, 111
Summary, 112
Review Questions, 113
Endnotes, 113
7. Probation, 116
Key Words, 117
Overview, 117
Suspended Sentence and Sanctuary, 117
The History of Probation, 118
The Spread of Probation, 119
Organization and Administration of Probation, 121
Targeting Risk Factors: Challenge for Probation, 126
Conditions of Probation, 127
Probation Revocation, 131
Felony Probation, 134
The Broken Windows Approach, 135
Probation and Its Role in Corrections, 136
Summary, 138
Review Questions, 138
Endnotes, 138
8. Diversion and Intermediate Sanctions, 140
Key Words, 141
Overview, 141
Diversion: Keeping the Offender Out of the System, 141
Between Probation and Prisons, 144
Overcrowding, 145
Intermediate Sanctions, 146
Summary, 160
Review Questions, 160
Endnotes, 161
Suggested Readings: Part 3, 164
4. Correctional Systems, 165
9. Imprisonment, 166
Key Words, 167
Overview, 167
Prison Populations Continue to Climb, 169
Classification: A Basic Element of Corrections, 173
Maximum-Security Prisons, 174
Medium-Security Institutions, 180
New Prisons: 1989 to 2004, 181
Alternatives to Prison Overcrowding, 182
The Future of Imprisonment, 183
Summary, 183
Review Questions, 183
Endnotes, 184
10. State and Local Prison Systems, 186
Key Words, 187
Overview, 187
State Correctional Institutions: The Core of the System, 188
Inmates in State Prisons, 193
Local Adult City-Operated Prisons, 195
Are Prisons “Cruel and Unusual Punishment”?, 196
Training in State Systems, 201
Summary, 202
Review Questions, 203
Endnotes, 203
11. The Federal System, 204
Key Words, 205
Overview, 205
The Use of State Facilities, 205
Early Federal Prison Facilities, 206
The Bureau of Prisons Is Born, 207
Organization and Administration, 211
Inmate Populations Explode, 212
Community-Based Programs and Contract Facilities, 212
A Model Inmate Classification System, 213
Unicor: Federal Prison Industries, Inc., 216
Education and Training: Inmates and Staff, 216
Federal Female Offenders, 217
Community Corrections in the Federal System, 218
Changing Population of Federal Institutions, 219
Summary, 220
Review Questions, 220
Endnotes, 221
12. Private Sector Prisons, 222
Key Words, 223
Overview, 223
The Private Sector in Community Corrections, 224
Some Historical Considerations, 225
Private Sector Treatment Programs, 227
Low-Security Custody Programs, 228
Surveillance and Control Technologies, 230
Correctional Privatization: Issues and Evidence, 231
Summary, 233
Review Questions, 233
Endnotes, 234
Suggested Readings: Part 4, 234
5. Corrections Functions, 235
13. Custody Functions, 236
Key Words, 237
Overview, 237
Institutions: Bureaucratic Control, 238
Custody: A Twenty-Four-Hour Impact, 239
Wardens and Superintendents, 240
Correctional Officers and Jailers: On the Front Lines, 241
Inmate Organization: The Social System, 244
Custody as a Way of Life, 247
Prevention of Escape, 253
Unit Team and Other Methods to Avoid Compartmentalization, 257
Upgrading Correctional Personnel, 257
Summary, 258
Review Questions, 258
Endnotes, 258
14. Management and Treatment Functions, 260
Key Words, 261
Overview, 261
The Treatment Model, 262
Perceptions and Correctional Management, 263
Classification for Security and Treatment, 264
Treatment in Prison, 264
The Vocational-Rehabilitation Model, 273
The Reintegration Model, 276
Summary, 277
Review Questions, 278
Endnotes, 278
Suggested Readings: Part 5, 279
6. Institutional Clients, 281
15. Female Offenders, 282
Key Words, 283
Overview, 283
Female Crime and Incarceration Rates, 283
A Differential Justice System for Females?, 286
Females in Jail, 289
Females in Prison, 292
Female Institutions, 293
Special Problems for Incarcerated Females, 295
The Co-Correctional Institution, 300
Community Corrections and Female Offenders, 303
Summary, 304
Review Questions, 305
Endnotes, 305
16. Male Offenders, 308
Key Words, 309
Overview, 309
Prison Populations Continue to Soar, 310
Prisoner Population, 311
Prisonization Plays a Role, 318
The Graying of America’s Male Prisoners, 321
Summary, 323
Review Questions, 323
Endnotes, 323
17. Juvenile Offenders, 326
Key Words, 327
Overview, 327
Where Does the Juvenile Fit In?, 328
Criminal Behavior Declines With Aging, 329
Categories of Juvenile Offenders, 332
Juvenile Rights: The Landmark Cases, 334
Juveniles Held in Institutional Environments, 337
Who Is a Juvenile Today?, 342
The Juvenile Crime Problem, 345
Juvenile Violence In Decline, 345
Juvenile Victims of Violence, 347
Juvenile Gangs, 348
Today’s Approach to Juvenile Institutions, 349
Institutional Treatment and Rehabilitation, 350
Summary, 351
Review Questions, 352
Endnotes, 352
18. Special Category Offenders, 354
Key Words, 355
Overview, 355
The Mentally Disordered Offender, 356
The Developmentally Challenged Offender, 361
Sex Offenders, 364
AIDS in Prisons, 368
Geriatric Inmates: The Graying of American Prisons, 372
Summary, 375
Review Questions, 376
Endnotes, 376
Suggested Readings: Part 6, 379
7. Rights of Correctional Clients, 381
19. Inmate and Ex-Offender Rights, 382
Key Words, 383
Overview, 383
The Status of the Convicted Offender, 384
Basic Inmate Rights, 384
Tort Suits, 393
Civil Rights Act “1983” Suits, 393
Remedies for Violations of Rights, 393
The Legend of the Ex-con, 394
Consequences of a Conviction, 394
Right to Work Versus Need to Work, 397
Restricted Trades: Barriers to Employment, 399
The Problem With a Record, 400
Restoring Offender’s Rights, 402
Summary, 404
Review Questions, 404
Endnotes, 404
20. The Death Penalty—The Ultimate Right, 408
Key Words, 409
Overview, 409
Origins of the Death Penalty, 409
Better Ways to Die?, 410
Arbitrary and Infrequent Punishment, 411
The Eighth Amendment and the Death Penalty, 413
Prosecutor’s Discretion, 416
Deterrence of the Death Penalty, 417
The Issue of Equability, 419
Women and the Death Penalty, 420
Juveniles and the Death Penalty, 421
The Death Penalty and Terrorism, 422
Commitments to Death Row Continue, 423
Summary, 424
Review Questions, 424
Endnotes, 424
Suggested Readings: Part 7, 427
8. Reintegration Systems, 428
21. Parole and Reentry, 430
Key Words, 431
Overview, 431
The Development of Parole, 431
Pardon and Parole: Two of the Ways Out of Prison, 433
What Is Parole?, 435
Parole Administration, 435
The Parole Board, 436
Parole Release, 436
Parole Release Guidelines, 437
Parole Conditions, 438
Parole Revocation, 438
Parole Remains a Major Segment of Corrections, 440
Pardons, 440
Reentry: The New Challenge, 441
Is Parole Effective?, 446
Summary, 448
Review Questions, 448
Endnotes, 448
Suggested Readings: Part 8, 450
9. A link to the Future, 451
22. The Futures of Corrections, 452
Overview, 453
Current Trends, 454
Alternatives, 455
Promising Changes, 456
Intermediate Sanctions, 457
Creating Change, 457
Summary and Conclusion, 458
Endnotes, 459
Suggested Readings: Part 9, 459
Glossary, 460
Corrections in America: An Introduction, FrontCover
Welcome to the 11th Edition, FrontCover
Contemporary Topics and Major Issues, FrontCover
Updated and Expanded Chapter Learning Tools, FrontCover
Pearson Education, Inc., InsideBackCover
License Grant, InsideBackCover
Term, InsideBackCover
Limited Warranty, InsideBackCover
Limitation of Remedies, InsideBackCover
General, InsideBackCover
Author Index, I-1-1
Subject Index, I-2-1

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