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Modern Systems Analysis and Design, Fifth Edition

by Jeffrey A. Hoffer - University of Dayton; Joey F. George - Florida State University; Joseph S. Valacich - Washington State University

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Copyright, iv
Dedication, v
Preface, xxv
Description, xxv
Distinctive Features, xxvi
New to the Fifth Edition, xxvii
Pedagogical Features, xxviii
Three Illustrative Fictional Cases, xxviii
End-of-Chapter Material, xxviii
Using This Text, xxviii
Software Packaging Options, xxix
The Supplement Package: www.prenhall.com/hoffer, xxix
For Instructors, xxx
Materials for Your Online Course, xxx
Acknowledgments, xxx
Part One. Foundations for Systems Development, 1
1. The Systems Development Environment, 3
Introduction, 3
A Modern Approach to Systems Analysis and Design, 6
Types of Information Systems and Systems Development, 7
Transaction Processing Systems, 7
Management Information Systems, 8
Decision Support Systems, 8
Summary of Information Systems Types, 9
Developing Information Systems and the Systems Development Life Cycle, 9
The Heart of the Systems Development Process, 15
The Traditional Waterfall SDLC, 16
Different Approaches to Improving Development, 18
Rapid Application Development, 21
Agile Methodologies, 22
eXtreme Programming, 24
Object-Oriented Analysis and Design, 25
Our Approach to Systems Development, 27
Summary, 28
Key Terms, 28
Review Questions, 29
Problems and Exercises, 29
Field Exercises, 30
References, 30
2. The Origins of Software, 31
Introduction, 31
Systems Acquisition, 32
Outsourcing, 32
Sources of Software, 34
Choosing Off-the-Shelf Software, 40
Validating Purchased Software Information, 41
Reuse, 42
Summary, 45
Key Terms, 45
Review Questions, 45
Problems and Exercises, 45
Field Exercises, 46
References, 46
3. Managing the Information Systems Project, 47
Introduction, 47
Pine Valley Furniture Company Background, 48
Managing the Information Systems Project, 49
Initiating a Project, 52
Planning the Project, 56
Executing the Project, 63
Closing Down the Project, 66
Representing and Scheduling Project Plans, 67
Representing Project Plans, 68
Calculating Expected Time Durations Using PERT, 70
Constructing a Gantt Chart and Network Diagram at Pine Valley Furniture, 71
Using Project Management Software, 74
Establishing a Project Starting Date, 75
Entering Tasks and Assigning Task Relationships, 76
Selecting a Scheduling Method to Review Project Reports, 76
Summary, 78
Key Terms, 78
Review Questions, 79
Problems and Exercises, 79
Field Exercises, 81
References, 81
Appendix: Object-Oriented Analysis and Design: <?lb?>Project Management, 82
Unique Characteristics of an OOSAD Project, 82
Define the System as a Set of Components, 83
Complete Hard Problems First, 84
Using Iterations to Manage the Project, 85
Don’t Plan Too Much Up Front, 85
How Many and How Long Are Iterations?, 86
Project Activity Focus Changes Over the Life of a Project, 87
Summary, 88
Review Question, 88
Problems and Exercises, 88
Broadway Entertainment Company, Inc.: <?lb?>Company Background, 89
Case Introduction, 89
The Company, 89
Company History, 90
Company Organization, 91
Development of Information Systems, 91
Information Systems at BEC Today, 92
In-Store Systems, 92
Corporate Systems, 94
Status of Systems, 94
Case Summary, 95
Case Questions, 95
Part Two. Planning, 97
4. Identifying and Selecting Systems Development Projects, 100
Introduction, 100
Identifying and Selecting Systems Development Projects, 101
The Process of Identifying and Selecting IS Development Projects, 102
Deliverables and Outcomes, 107
Corporate and Information Systems Planning, 108
Corporate Strategic Planning, 109
Information Systems Planning, 111
Electronic Commerce Applications: Identifying and Selecting Systems Development Projects, 119
Internet Basics, 119
Pine Valley Furniture WebStore, 120
Summary, 121
Key Terms, 121
Review Questions, 122
Problems and Exercises, 122
Field Exercises, 123
References, 123
Broadway Entertainment Company, Inc.: <?lb?>Identifying and Selecting the Customer Relationship Management System, 125
Case Introduction, 125
The Idea for a New System, 125
Formalizing a Project Proposal, 126
Case Summary, 129
Case Questions, 129
5. Initiating and Planning Systems Development Projects, 130
Introduction, 130
Initiating and Planning Systems Development Projects, 131
The Process of Initiating and Planning IS Development Projects, 132
Deliverables and Outcomes, 134
Assessing Project Feasibility, 135
Assessing Economic Feasibility, 135
Assessing Technical Feasibility, 144
Assessing Other Feasibility Concerns, 146
Building and Reviewing the Baseline Project Plan, 148
Building the Baseline Project Plan, 148
Reviewing the Baseline Project Plan, 152
Electronic Commerce Applications: Initiating and Planning Systems Development Projects, 157
Initiating and Planning Systems Development Projects for Pine Valley Furniture’s WebStore, 157
Summary, 159
Key Terms, 160
Review Questions, 160
Problems and Exercises, 161
Field Exercises, 162
References, 162
Broadway Entertainment Company, Inc.: <?lb?>Initiating and Planning the Customer Relationship Management System, 163
Case Introduction, 163
Initiating and Planning the Project, 163
Developing the Baseline Project Plan, 165
Case Summary, 166
Case Questions, 166
Part Three. Analysis, 167
6. Determining System Requirements, 170
Introduction, 170
Performing Requirements Determination, 171
The Process of Determining Requirements, 172
Deliverables and Outcomes, 172
Traditional Methods for Determining Requirements, 173
Interviewing and Listening, 174
Interviewing Groups, 178
Nominal Group Technique, 178
Directly Observing Users, 179
Analyzing Procedures and Other Documents, 180
Contemporary Methods for Determining System Requirements, 185
Joint Application Design, 186
Using Prototyping During Requirements Determination, 189
Radical Methods for Determining System Requirements, 190
Identifying Processes to Reengineer, 191
Disruptive Technologies, 192
Requirements Determination Using Agile Methodologies, 193
Continual User Involvement, 193
Agile Usage-Centered Design, 194
The Planning Game from eXtreme Programming, 194
Electronic Commerce Applications: Determining System Requirements, 196
Determining System Requirements for Pine Valley Furniture’s WebStore, 197
Summary, 199
Key Terms, 200
Review Questions, 201
Problems and Exercises, 201
Field Exercises, 201
References, 202
Broadway Entertainment Company, Inc.: <?lb?>Determining Requirements for the Web-Based Customer Relationship Management System, 203
Case Introduction, 203
Getting Started on Requirements Determination, 203
Conducting Requirements Determination, 203
Case Summary, 204
Case Questions, 205
7. Structuring System Process Requirements, 206
Introduction, 206
Process Modeling, 207
Modeling a System’s Process for Structured Analysis, 207
Deliverables and Outcomes, 207
Data Flow Diagramming Mechanics, 209
Definitions and Symbols, 209
Developing DFDs: An Example, 212
Data Flow Diagramming Rules, 214
Decomposition of DFDs, 215
Balancing DFDs, 218
Four Different Types of DFDs, 220
Using Data Flow Diagramming in the Analysis Process, 225
Guidelines for Drawing DFDs, 225
Using DFDs as Analysis Tools, 228
Using DFDs in Business Process Reengineering, 228
Electronic Commerce Application: Process Modeling Using Data Flow Diagrams, 230
Process Modeling for Pine Valley Furniture’s WebStore, 230
Summary, 232
Key Terms, 233
Review Questions, 234
Problems and Exercises, 234
Field Exercises, 238
References, 238
Appendix: Object-Oriented Analysis and Design: <?lb?>Use Cases, 239
Introduction, 239
Use Cases, 239
What Is a Use Case?, 239
Use Case Diagrams, 240
Definitions and Symbols, 241
Written Use Cases, 243
Electronic Commerce Application: Process Modeling Using Use Cases, 245
Summary, 246
Key Terms, 246
Review Questions, 247
Problems and Exercises, 247
Field Exercises, 247
References, 247
Broadway Entertainment Company, Inc.: <?lb?>Structuring System Process Requirements for the Web-Based Customer Relationship Management System, 248
Case Introduction, 248
Structuring the High-Level Process Findings from Requirements Determination, 248
Movie Rental Agreement, 248
Movie Rental Request, 249
Movie Return, 249
Favorite Picks, 250
Inventory Review, 250
Movie Rental, 250
Rental Status, 250
Movie Suggestions, 250
Case Summary, 250
Case Questions, 251
8. Structuring System Logic Requirements, 252
Introduction, 252
Logic Modeling, 253
Modeling a System’s Logic, 253
Deliverables and Outcomes, 253
Modeling Logic with Structured English, 255
Modeling Logic with Decision Tables, 258
Deciding Among Structured English and Decision Tables, 262
Electronic Commerce Application: Logic Modeling, 262
Logic Modeling for Pine Valley Furniture’s WebStore, 263
Summary, 264
Key Terms, 265
Review Questions, 265
Problems and Exercises, 265
Field Exercises, 267
References, 268
Appendix: Object-Oriented Analysis and Design: <?lb?>Sequence Diagrams and Activity Diagrams, 268
Introduction, 268
Dynamic Modeling: Sequence Diagrams, 269
Designing a Use Case with a Sequence Diagram, 270
A Sequence Diagram for Hoosier Burger, 274
Summary of Sequence Diagrams, 274
Process Modeling: Activity Diagrams, 275
Summary, 277
Key Terms, 277
Review Questions, 278
Problems and Exercises, 278
Field Exercise, 279
References, 279
Broadway Entertainment Company, Inc.: <?lb?>Structuring System Requirements: Logic Modeling for the Web-Based Customer Relationship Management System, 280
Case Introduction, 280
The Logic of Information Processes, 280
Process 1: Process Movie Rental Agreement, 280
Process 2: Process Movie Request, 280
Process 3: Process Movie Return, 281
Case Summary, 282
Case Questions, 282
9. Structuring System Data Requirements, 283
Introduction, 283
Conceptual Data Modeling, 284
The Conceptual Data Modeling Process, 285
Deliverables and Outcomes, 286
Gathering Information for Conceptual Data Modeling, 288
Introduction to E-R Modeling, 290
Entities, 290
Attributes, 293
Candidate Keys and Identifiers, 294
Other Attribute Types, 294
Relationships, 296
Conceptual Data Modeling and the E-R Model, 297
Degree of a Relationship, 297
Cardinalities in Relationships, 300
Naming and Defining Relationships, 301
Associative Entities, 302
Summary of Conceptual Data Modeling with E-R Diagrams, 304
Representing Supertypes and Subtypes, 305
Business Rules, 306
Domains, 307
Triggering Operations, 309
Role of Packaged Conceptual Data Models—Database Patterns, 310
Universal Data Models, 310
Industry-Specific Data Models, 310
Benefits of Database Patterns and Packaged Data Models, 310
Electronic Commerce Application: Conceptual Data Modeling, 311
Conceptual Data Modeling for Pine Valley Furniture’s WebStore, 311
Summary, 315
Key Terms, 315
Review Questions, 316
Problems and Exercises, 317
Field Exercises, 319
References, 320
Appendix: Object-Oriented Analysis and Design: <?lb?>Object Modeling—Class Diagrams, 321
Introduction, 321
Representing Objects and Classes, 321
Types of Operations, 323
Representing Associations, 323
Representing Associative Classes, 325
Representing Stereotypes for Attributes, 327
Representing Generalization, 327
Representing Aggregation, 330
An Example of Conceptual Data Modeling at Hoosier Burger, 331
Summary, 334
Key Terms, 335
Review Questions, 335
Problems and Exercises, 335
References, 336
Broadway Entertainment Company, Inc.: <?lb?>Structuring System Requirements: Conceptual Data Modeling for the Web-Based Customer Relationship Management System, 337
Case Introduction, 337
Structuring the High-Level Data Modeling Findings from Requirements Determination, 337
Case Summary, 338
Case Questions, 339
Part Four. Design, 341
10. Designing Databases, 344
Introduction, 344
Database Design, 345
The Process of Database Design, 346
Deliverables and Outcomes, 347
Relational Database Model, 351
Well-Structured Relations, 352
Normalization, 352
Rules of Normalization, 353
Functional Dependence and Primary Keys, 353
Second Normal Form, 354
Third Normal Form, 354
Transforming E-R Diagrams into Relations, 355
Represent Entities, 356
Represent Relationships, 357
Summary of Transforming E-R Diagrams to Relations, 360
Merging Relations, 360
An Example of Merging Relations, 361
View Integration Problems, 361
Logical Database Design for Hoosier Burger, 363
Physical File and Database Design, 366
Designing Fields, 366
Choosing Data Types, 366
Controlling Data Integrity, 368
Designing Physical Tables, 369
Arranging Table Rows, 372
Designing Controls for Files, 376
Physical Database Design for Hoosier Burger, 377
Electronic Commerce Application: Designing Databases, 378
Designing Databases for Pine Valley Furniture’s WebStore, 378
Summary, 381
Key Terms, 381
Review Questions, 382
Problems and Exercises, 383
Field Exercises, 384
References, 384
Broadway Entertainment Company, Inc.: <?lb?>Designing the Relational Database for the Customer Relationship Management System, 385
Case Introduction, 385
Identifying Relations, 385
Designing the Physical Database, 386
Case Summary, 386
Case Questions, 386
11. Designing Forms and Reports, 388
Introduction, 388
Designing Forms and Reports, 389
The Process of Designing Forms and Reports, 390
Deliverables and Outcomes, 393
Formatting Forms and Reports, 395
General Formatting Guidelines, 395
Highlighting Information, 397
Color Versus No Color, 399
Displaying Text, 399
Designing Tables and Lists, 400
Paper Versus Electronic Reports, 404
Assessing Usability, 405
Usability Success Factors, 406
Measures of Usability, 407
Electronic Commerce Applications: Designing Forms and Reports for Pine Valley Furniture’s Webstore, 407
General Guidelines, 408
Designing Forms and Reports at Pine Valley Furniture, 408
Lightweight Graphics, 408
Forms and Data Integrity Rules, 409
Template-Based HTML, 410
Summary, 410
Key Terms, 410
Review Questions, 411
Problems and Exercises, 411
Field Exercises, 412
References, 412
Broadway Entertainment Company, Inc.: <?lb?>Designing Forms and Reports for the Customer Relationship Management System, 413
Case Introduction, 413
Identifying the Forms and Reports, 413
Designing Forms and Reports for Mybroadway, 413
Case Summary, 414
Case Questions, 415
12. Designing Interfaces and Dialogues, 417
Introduction, 417
Designing Interfaces and Dialogues, 418
The Process of Designing Interfaces and Dialogues, 418
Deliverables and Outcomes, 418
Interaction Methods and Devices, 419
Methods of Interacting, 419
Hardware Options for System Interaction, 427
Designing Interfaces, 429
Designing Layouts, 429
Structuring Data Entry, 433
Controlling Data Input, 434
Providing Feedback, 436
Providing Help, 437
Designing Dialogues, 440
Designing the Dialogue Sequence, 441
Building Prototypes and Assessing Usability, 442
Designing Interfaces and Dialogues in Graphical Environments, 443
Graphical Interface Design Issues, 445
Dialogue Design Issues in a Graphical Environment, 445
Electronic Commerce Application: Designing Interfaces and Dialogues for Pine Valley Furniture’s Webstore, 447
General Guidelines, 447
Designing Interfaces and Dialogues at Pine Valley Furniture, 448
Menu-Driven Navigation with Cookie Crumbs, 449
Summary, 449
Key Terms, 450
Review Questions, 450
Problems and Exercises, 451
Field Exercises, 451
References, 452
Broadway Entertainment Company, Inc.: <?lb?>Designing the Human Interface for the Customer Relationship Management System, 453
Case Introduction, 453
Designing the Dialogue Between MyBroadway and Users, 453
Case Summary, 453
Case Questions, 454
13. Finalizing Design Specifications, 455
Introduction, 455
Finalizing Design Specifications, 457
The Process of Finalizing Design Specifications in Traditional Projects, 457
Deliverables and Outcomes for Traditional Projects, 459
Traditional Methods for Representing Design Specifications, 459
Specification Documents, 459
Structure Charts, 463
Prototyping, 466
Rapid Application Development, 467
Agile Methodologies, 469
Electronic Commerce Application: Finalizing Design Specifications for Pine Valley Furniture’s Webstore, 471
Finalizing Design Specifications for Pine Valley Furniture’s WebStore, 471
Summary, 474
Key Terms, 474
Review Questions, 474
Problems and Exercises, 475
Field Exercises, 475
References, 475
Broadway Entertainment Company, Inc.: <?lb?>Finalizing Design Specifications for the Customer Relationship Management System, 476
Case Introduction, 476
Using Throwaway Prototyping for Documenting System Specifications, 476
Case Summary, 476
Case Questions, 476
14. Designing Distributed and Internet Systems, 478
Introduction, 478
Designing Distributed and Internet Systems, 479
The Process of Designing Distributed and Internet Systems, 479
Deliverables and Outcomes, 480
Designing Distributed Systems, 481
Designing Systems for LANs, 481
Designing Systems for a Client/Server Architecture, 483
Alternative Designs for Distributed Systems, 485
Designing Internet Systems, 489
Internet Design Fundamentals, 490
Site Consistency, 492
Design Issues Related to Site Management, 496
Managing Online Data, 499
Electronic Commerce Application: Designing a Distributed Advertisement Server for Pine Valley Furniture’s Webstore, 507
Advertising on Pine Valley Furniture’s WebStore, 507
Designing the Advertising Component, 508
Designing the Management Reporting Component, 509
Summary, 509
Key Terms, 510
Review Questions, 511
Problems and Exercises, 511
Field Exercises, 512
References, 513
Broadway Entertainment Company, Inc.: <?lb?>Designing Internet Features into the Customer Relationship Management System, 514
Case Introduction, 514
Establishing Web Site Design Principles for Mybroadway, 514
Case Summary, 514
Case Questions, 514
Part Five. Implementation and Maintenance, 517
15. System Implementation, 520
Introduction, 520
System Implementation, 521
The Processes of Coding, Testing, and Installation, 522
Deliverables and Outcomes from Coding, Testing, and Installation, 522
The Processes of Documenting the System, Training Users, and Supporting Users, 523
Deliverables and Outcomes from Documenting the System, Training Users, and Supporting Users, 524
Software Application Testing, 524
Seven Different Types of Tests, 526
The Testing Process, 528
Combining Coding and Testing, 531
Acceptance Testing by Users, 531
Installation, 532
Direct Installation, 532
Parallel Installation, 534
Single-Location Installation, 534
Phased Installation, 534
Planning Installation, 535
Documenting the System, 536
User Documentation, 537
Preparing User Documentation, 539
Training and Supporting Users, 540
Training Information Systems Users, 541
Supporting Information Systems Users, 542
Support Issues for the Analyst to Consider, 544
Organizational Issues in Systems Implementation, 544
Why Implementation Sometimes Fails, 545
Security Issues, 548
Electronic Commerce Application: System Implementation and Operation for Pine Valley Furniture’s Webstore, 549
Developing Test Cases for the WebStore, 549
Alpha and Beta Testing the WebStore, 551
WebStore Installation, 551
Project Closedown, 552
Summary, 552
Key Terms, 553
Review Questions, 554
Problems and Exercises, 554
Field Exercises, 555
References, 555
Broadway Entertainment Company, Inc.: <?lb?>Designing a Testing Plan for the Customer Relationship Management System, 557
Case Introduction, 557
Preparing the Testing Plan, 557
Preparing a Test Case, 558
Case Summary, 559
Case Questions, 559
16. Maintaining Information Systems, 560
Introduction, 560
Maintaining Information Systems, 561
The Process of Maintaining Information Systems, 561
Deliverables and Outcomes, 563
Conducting Systems Maintenance, 564
Types of Maintenance, 564
The Cost of Maintenance, 565
Managing Maintenance, 567
Role of CASE and Automated Development Tools in Maintenance, 572
Web Site Maintenance, 573
Electronic Commerce Application: Maintaining an Information System for Pine Valley Furniture’s Webstore, 574
Maintaining Pine Valley Furniture’s WebStore, 574
Summary, 576
Key Terms, 576
Review Questions, 577
Problems and Exercises, 577
Field Exercises, 578
References, 578
Broadway Entertainment Company, Inc.: <?lb?>Designing a Maintenance Plan for the Customer Relationship Management System, 579
Case Introduction, 579
Preparing the Maintenance Plan, 579
Case Summary, 580
Case Questions, 580
Glossary of Terms, 583
Glossary of Acronyms, 593
Index, 595

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