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Copyright, ii
Criminalistics Now Accompanied by DNA Evidence CD-ROMs, iv
Preface, xiii
About the Author, xvi
1. Introduction, 2
Definition and Scope of Forensic Science, 4
History and Development of Forensic Science, 5
Organization of a Crime Laboratory, 10
Services of the Crime Laboratory, 13
Functions of the Forensic Scientist, 16
Other Forensic Science Services, 21
Chapter Summary, 25
Review Questions, 26
Further References, 28
Case Study: Detection of Curare in the Jascalevich Murder Trial, 29
2. The Crime Scene, 36
Processing the Crime Scene, 38
Legal Considerations at the Crime Scene, 55
Chapter Summary, 56
Review Questions, 57
Further References, 58
Case Study: The Enrique Camarena Case: A Forensic Nightmare, 59
3. Physical Evidence, 68
Common Types of Physical Evidence, 70
The Significance of Physical Evidence, 72
Forensic Databases, 79
Crime Scene Reconstruction, 83
Chapter Summary, 84
Review Questions, 86
Further References, 86
Case Study: Fiber Evidence and the Wayne Williams Trial, 87
4. Physical Properties: Glass and Soil, 98
The Metric System, 100
Physical Properties, 102
Comparing Glass Fragments, 109
Glass Fractures, 116
Collection and Preservation of Glass Evidence, 118
Forensic Characteristics of Soil, 119
Collection and Preservation of Soil Evidence, 122
Chapter Summary, 123
Review Questions, 124
Further References, 125
5. Organic Analysis, 126
Elements and Compounds, 128
Selecting an Analytical Technique, 132
Chromatography, 133
Spectrophotometry, 144
Mass Spectrometry, 151
Chapter Summary, 154
Review Questions, 155
Further References, 157
6. Inorganic Analysis, 158
Evidence in the Assassination of President Kennedy, 162
The Emission Spectrum of Elements, 164
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, 167
The Origin of Emission and Absorption Spectra, 169
Neutron Activation Analysis, 171
X-Ray Diffraction, 174
Chapter Summary, 175
Review Questions, 176
Further References, 177
7. The Microscope, 178
The Compound Microscope, 182
The Comparison Microscope, 184
The Stereoscopic Microscope, 186
The Polarizing Microscope, 188
The Microspectrophotometer, 189
The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), 192
Chapter Summary, 195
Review Questions, 196
Further References, 197
Case Study: Microscopic Trace Evidence—The Overlooked Clue: Arthur Koehler—Wood Detective, 198
8. Hairs, Fibers, and Paint, 206
Morphology of Hair, 208
Identification and Comparison of Hair, 212
Collection and Preservation of Hair Evidence, 218
Types of Fibers, 219
Identification and Comparison of Manufactured Fibers, 224
Collection and Preservation of Fiber Evidence, 231
Forensic Examination of Paint, 232
Collection and Preservation of Paint Evidence, 239
Chapter Summary, 242
Review Questions, 243
Further References, 245
9. Drugs, 246
Drug Dependence, 248
Narcotic Drugs, 251
Hallucinogens, 254
Depressants, 259
Stimulants, 260
Club Drugs, 263
Anabolic Steroids, 264
Drug-Control Laws, 265
Drug Identification, 268
Collection and Preservation of Drug Evidence, 273
Chapter Summary, 274
Review Questions, 275
Further References, 277
10. Forensic Toxicology, 278
Toxicology of Alcohol, 281
The Role of the Toxicologist, 297
Techniques Used in Toxicology, 298
The Significance of Toxicological Findings, 302
The Drug Recognition Expert, 303
Chapter Summary, 306
Review Questions, 307
Further References, 309
11. Forensic Aspects of Arson and Explosion Investigations, 310
The Chemistry of Fire, 312
Searching the Fire Scene, 318
Collection and Preservation of Arson Evidence, 321
Analysis of Flammable Residues, 323
Types of Explosives, 327
Collection and Analysis of Explosives, 332
Chapter Summary, 340
Review Questions, 341
Further References, 342
12. Forensic Serology, 344
The Nature of Blood, 347
Immunoassay Techniques, 350
Forensic Characterization of Bloodstains, 352
Stain Patterns of Blood, 359
Principles of Heredity, 364
Forensic Characterization of Semen, 367
Collection of Rape Evidence, 371
Chapter Summary, 376
Review Questions, 377
Further References, 379
13. DNA: The Indispensable Forensic Science Tool, 380
What Is DNA?, 382
DNA at Work, 385
Replication of DNA, 387
Recombinant DNA: Cutting and Splicing DNA, 388
DNA Typing, 390
Mitochondrial DNA, 403
The Combined DNA Index System (CODIS), 410
Collection and Preservation of Biological Evidence for DNA Analysis, 411
Chapter Summary, 417
Review Questions, 418
Further References, 420
Case Study: The Forensic Community’s Response to September 11, 421
14. Fingerprints, 426
History of Fingerprinting, 428
Fundamental Principles of Fingerprints, 430
Classification of Fingerprints, 435
Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems, 436
Methods of Detecting Fingerprints, 440
Preservation of Developed Prints, 451
Digital Imaging for Fingerprint Enhancement, 452
Chapter Summary, 454
Review Questions, 455
Further References, 457
15. Firearms, Tool Marks, and Other Impressions, 458
Bullet Comparisons, 460
Cartridge Cases, 467
Automated Firearms Search Systems, 468
Gunpowder Residues, 471
Primer Residues on the Hands, 475
Serial Number Restoration, 478
Collection and Preservation of Firearms Evidence, 479
Tool Marks, 481
Other Impressions, 484
Chapter Summary, 492
Review Questions, 493
Further References, 494
16. Document and Voice Examination, 496
Handwriting Comparisons, 498
Collection of Handwriting Exemplars, 501
Typescript Comparisons, 502
Photocopier, Printer, and Fax Examination, 504
Alterations, Erasures, and Obliterations, 505
Other Document Problems, 511
Voice Examination, 515
Chapter Summary, 519
Review Questions, 520
Further References, 521
17. Computer Forensics, 522
From Input to Output: How Does the Computer Work?, 525
Putting It All Together, 529
How Data Is Stored, 530
Processing the Electronic Crime Scene, 532
Evidentiary Data, 536
Chapter Summary, 544
Review Questions, 544
Further References, 545
Case Study 1. Computer Forensic Analysis Answers the Question “Arson or Accident?”, 546
Case Study 2. Counterfeiting and Fraud: A Forensic Computer Investigation, 548
18. Forensic Science and the Internet, 550
What Is the Internet?, 552
Where to Go on the Internet, 555
Exploring Forensic Science on the World Wide Web, 561
Websites You May Wish to Explore, 563
Forensic Analysis of Internet Data, 564
Forensic Investigation of Internet Communications, 566
Hacking, 569
Chapter Summary, 570
Review Questions, 571
Further References, 571
19. The Future, 572
Further References, 579
Case Readings, 581
The “Bobby Joe” Long Serial Murder Case: A Study in Cooperation, 582
The Attempted Assassination of Archbishop Makarios: A Forensic Science Case Study, 593
Teamwork in the Forensic Sciences: Report of a Case, 602
I. Guides to the Collection of Physical Evidence—FBI, 611
DNA Examinations, 624
II. , 627
III. Chromatographic and Spectrophotometric Parameters for Figures Contained in the Text, 629
IV. Chemical Formulas for Latent Fingerprint Development, 630
Iodine Spray Reagent, 630
1,8-Diazafluoren-9-one (DFO), 630
Ninhydrin, 631
Zinc Chloride Solution (Post-Ninhydrin Treatment), 631
Physical Developer, 632
Cyanoacrylate Fluorescent Enhancement Reagents, 632
Source of Chemicals, 634
V. Chemical Formulas for Development of Footwear Impressions in Blood, 635
Amido Black, 635
Coomassie Blue, 635
Crowle’s Double Stain, 635
Diaminobenzidine (DAB), 636
Fuchsin Acid, 636
Hungarian Red, 636
Leucocrystal Violet, 636
Leucocrystal Violet Field Kit, 637
Patent Blue, 637
Tartrazine, 637
Answers to Odd-Numbered Review Questions, 639
Chapter 1, 639
Chapter 2, 639
Chapter 3, 639
Chapter 4, 639
Chapter 5, 639
Chapter 6, 639
Chapter 7, 639
Chapter 8, 639
Chapter 9, 640
Chapter 10, 640
Chapter 11, 640
Chapter 12, 640
Chapter 13, 640
Chapter 14, 640
Chapter 15, 640
Chapter 16, 641
Chapter 17, 641
Chapter 18, 641
Appendix, 656
Instructor’s Resources, R-1
To The Instructor, R-2
Chapter 1. Introduction, R-4
Chapter 2. The Crime Scene, R-10
Chapter 3. Physical Evidence, R-16
Chapter 4. Physical Properties: Glass and Soil, R-22
Chapter 5. Organic Analysis, R-28
Chapter 6. Inorganic Analysis, R-32
Chapter 7. The Microscope, R-36
Chapter 8. Hair, Fibers, and Paint, R-40
Chapter 9. Drugs, R-44
Chapter 10. Forensic Toxicology, R-48
Chapter 11. Forensic Aspects of Arson and Explosion Investigations, R-54
Chapter 12. Forensic Serology, R-60
Chapter 13. DNA: The Indispensable Forensic Science Tool, R-66
Chapter 14. Fingerprints, R-72
Chapter 15. Firearms, Tool Marks, and Other Impressions, R-78
Chapter 16. Document and Voice Examination, R-84
Chapter 17. Computer Forensics, R-88
Chapter 18. Forensic Science and the Internet, R-92
The Best Just Got Better, FrontCover
New Look, FrontCover
New Learning Tools, FrontCover
Technology, FrontCover
Supplements, FrontCover
Index, I-1-1

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