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Copyright, iv
To the Instructor, xv
1. Thinking Critically About Critical Thinking, xvi
2. Exploring New Research in Biology and Neuroscience, xvi
3. Mainstreaming Culture and Gender, xvii
4. Facing the Controversies, xviii
5. Applications and Active Learning: Getting Involved, xviii
A Note to Users of Previous Editions, xix
Instructor and Student Supplements to Accompany Psychology, Ninth Edition, xx
Supplements for Instructors, xx
Media and Online Resources for Instructors and Students, xxi
Video Resources for Instructors, xxiii
Supplementary Texts, xxiii
Acknowledgments, xxiv
To the Student, xxvii
Getting Involved, xxvii
How to Study, xxviii
About the Authors, 1
Part One. An Invitation to Psychology, 2
One. What is Psychology?, 2
Psychology, Pseudoscience, and Popular Opinion, 4
Thinking Critically and Creatively About Psychology, 7
Ask Questions; Be Willing to Wonder, 8
Define Your Terms, 9
Examine the Evidence, 9
Analyze Assumptions and Biases, 10
Avoid Emotional Reasoning, 12
Don’t Oversimplify, 13
Consider Other Interpretations, 14
Tolerate Uncertainty, 14
Psychology’s Past: From the Armchair to the Laboratory, 16
The Birth of Modern Psychology, 17
Three Early Psychologies, 18
Psychology’s Present: Behavior, Body, Mind, and Culture, 20
The Major Psychological Perspectives, 20
Two Influential Movements in Psychology, 22
What Psychologists Do, 24
Psychological Research, 25
Psychological Practice, 26
Psychology in the Community, 29
Summary, 32
Psychology, Pseudoscience, and Popular Opinion, 32
Thinking Critically and Creatively About Psychology, 32
Psychology’s Past: From the Armchair to the Laboratory, 32
Psychology’s Present: Behavior, Body, Mind, and Culture, 32
What Psychologists Do, 32
Biology and Psychology: Beyond the Borders, 33
Key Terms, 33
Two. How Psychologists Do Research, 34
What Makes Psychological Research Scientific?, 36
Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts, 40
Case Studies, 42
Observational Studies, 43
Tests, 44
Surveys, 46
Correlational Studies: Looking for Relationships, 48
Measuring Correlations, 48
Cautions About Correlations, 50
Experiments: Hunting for Causes, 51
Experimental Variables, 52
Experimental and Control Conditions, 53
Experimenter Effects, 54
Advantages and Limitations of Experiments, 55
Evaluating the Findings, 57
Descriptive Statistics: Finding Out What’s So, 57
Inferential Statistics: Asking “So What?”, 58
Interpreting the Findings, 59
Keeping the Enterprise Ethical, 62
The Ethics of Studying Human Beings, 63
The Ethics of Studying Animals, 64
Summary, 67
What Makes Psychological Research Scientific?, 67
Descriptive Studies: Establishing the Facts, 67
Correlational Studies: Looking for Relationships, 68
Experiments: Hunting for Causes, 68
Evaluating the Findings, 68
Keeping the Enterprise Ethical, 68
Key Terms, 69
Part Two. Biology and Behavior, 70
Three. Genes, Evolution, and Environment, 70
Unlocking the Secrets of Genes, 72
The Genetics of Similarity, 74
Evolution and Natural Selection, 75
Innate Human Characteristics, 77
Our Human Heritage: Language, 79
The Nature of Language, 79
The Innate Capacity for Language, 80
Learning and Language, 84
Our Human Heritage: Courtship and Mating, 85
Evolution and Sexual Strategies, 85
Culture and the “Genetic Leash”, 87
The Genetics of Difference, 90
The Meaning of Heritability, 91
Computing Heritability, 92
Our Human Diversity: The Case of Intelligence, 94
Genes and Individual Differences, 94
The Question of Group Differences, 96
The Environment and Intelligence, 98
Beyond Nature Versus Nurture, 101
Summary, 103
Unlocking the Secrets of Genes, 103
The Genetics of Similarity, 104
Our Human Heritage: Language, 104
Our Human Heritage: Courtship and Mating, 104
The Genetics of Difference, 104
Our Human Diversity: The Case of Intelligence, 105
Beyond Nature Versus Nurture, 105
Key Terms, 105
Four. The Brain: Source of Mind and Self, 106
The Nervous System: A Basic Blueprint, 108
The Central Nervous System, 108
The Peripheral Nervous System, 109
Communication in the Nervous System, 111
The Structure of the Neuron, 112
Neurons in the News, 113
How Neurons Communicate, 115
Chemical Messengers in the Nervous System, 117
Mapping the Brain, 121
Electrical and Magnetic Detection, 122
Scanning the Brain, 122
Controversies and Cautions, 123
A Tour Through the Brain, 125
The Brain Stem, 125
The Cerebellum, 126
The Thalamus, 126
The Hypothalamus and the Pituitary Gland, 127
The Amygdala, 128
The Hippocampus, 128
The Cerebrum, 128
The Two Hemispheres of the Brain, 132
Split Brains: A House Divided, 132
The Two Hemispheres: Allies or Opposites?, 135
Two Stubborn Issues in Brain Research, 136
Where Is the Self?, 136
Are There “His” and “Hers” Brains?, 138
Using Our Brains About Brain Research, 140
Summary, 142
The Nervous System: A Basic Blueprint, 142
Communication in the Nervous System, 143
Mapping the Brain, 143
A Tour Through the Brain, 143
The Two Hemispheres of the Brain, 144
Two Stubborn Issues in Brain Research, 144
Using Our Brains About Brain Research, 144
Key Terms, 145
Five. Body Rhythms and Mental States, 146
Biological Rhythms: The Tides of Experience, 148
Circadian Rhythms, 149
Moods and Long-Term Rhythms, 151
The Rhythms of Sleep, 156
The Realms of Sleep, 156
Why We Sleep, 159
Exploring the Dream World, 162
Dreams as Unconscious Wishes, 163
Dreams as Efforts to Deal with Problems, 164
Dreams as Thinking, 164
Dreams as Interpreted Brain Activity, 166
Evaluating Dream Theories, 167
The Riddle of Hypnosis, 168
The Nature of Hypnosis, 169
Theories of Hypnosis, 170
Consciousness-Altering Drugs, 174
Classifying Drugs, 175
The Physiology of Drug Effects, 178
The Psychology of Drug Effects, 179
The Drug Debate, 182
Summary, 185
Biological Rhythms: The Tides of Experience, 185
The Rhythms of Sleep, 185
Exploring the Dream World, 185
The Riddle of Hypnosis, 186
Consciousness-Altering Drugs, 186
Key Terms, 187
Six. Sensation and Perception, 188
Our Sensational Senses, 190
The Riddle of Separate Sensations, 190
Measuring the Senses, 192
Sensory Adaptation, 194
Sensing Without Perceiving, 196
Vision, 197
What We See, 197
An Eye on the World, 198
Why the Visual System Is Not a Camera, 200
How We See Colors, 201
Constructing the Visual World, 202
Hearing, 210
What We Hear, 210
An Ear on the World, 211
Constructing the Auditory World, 213
Other Senses, 214
Taste: Savory Sensations, 214
Smell: The Sense of Scents, 216
Senses of the Skin, 218
The Mystery of Pain, 218
The Environment Within, 220
Perceptual Powers: Origins and Influences, 222
Inborn Abilities, 222
Critical Periods, 223
Psychological and Cultural Influences, 224
Puzzles of Perception, 226
Subliminal Perception: How Persuasive?, 226
Extrasensory Perception: Reality or Illusion?, 228
Summary, 231
Our Sensational Senses, 231
Vision, 232
Hearing, 232
Other Senses, 232
Perceptual Powers: Origins and Influences, 233
Puzzles of Perception, 233
Key Terms, 233
Part Three. The Environment and Behavior, 234
Seven. Learning and Conditioning, 234
Classical Conditioning, 236
New Reflexes from Old, 237
Principles of Classical Conditioning, 238
What Is Actually Learned in Classical Conditioning?, 239
Classical Conditioning in Real Life, 241
Learning to Like, 241
Learning to Fear, 242
Accounting for Taste, 243
Reacting to Medical Treatments, 244
Operant Conditioning, 247
The Birth of Radical Behaviorism, 247
The Consequences of Behavior, 248
Principles of Operant Conditioning, 251
Extinction, 252
Stimulus Generalization and Discrimination, 252
Learning on Schedule, 252
Shaping, 254
Biological Limits on Learning, 254
Skinner: The Man and the Myth, 255
Operant Conditioning in Real Life, 256
The Pros and Cons of Punishment, 257
The Problems with Reward, 260
Learning and the Mind, 264
Latent Learning, 264
Social-Cognitive Learning Theories, 265
Summary, 271
Classical Conditioning, 271
Classical Conditioning in Real Life, 271
Operant Conditioning, 271
Operant Conditioning in Real Life, 272
Learning and the Mind, 272
Key Terms, 273
Eight. Behavior in Social and Cultural Context, 274
Roles and Rules, 277
The Obedience Study, 278
The Prison Study, 280
Why People Obey, 281
Social Influences on Beliefs, 284
Attributions, 284
Attitudes, 286
Individuals in Groups, 292
Conformity, 292
Groupthink, 294
The Anonymous Crowd, 295
Altruism and Dissent, 297
Us Versus Them: Group Identity, 299
Ethnic Identity, 300
Ethnocentrism, 301
Stereotypes, 302
Group Conflict and Prejudice, 304
The Origins of Prejudice, 304
Defining and Measuring Prejudice, 308
Reducing Conflict and Prejudice, 311
The Question of Human Nature, 314
Summary, 316
Roles and Rules, 316
Social Influences on Beliefs, 317
Individuals in Groups, 317
Us Versus Them: Group Identity, 318
Group Conflict and Prejudice, 318
The Question of Human Nature, 318
Key Terms, 319
Part Four. Thinking and Feeling, 320
Nine. Thinking and Intelligence, 320
Thought: Using What We Know, 322
The Elements of Cognition, 322
How Conscious Is Thought?, 324
Reasoning Rationally, 327
Formal Reasoning: Algorithms and Logic, 327
Informal Reasoning: Heuristics and Dialectical Thinking, 328
Reflective Judgment, 329
Barriers to Reasoning Rationally, 332
Exaggerating the Improbable (and Minimizing the Probable), 332
Avoiding Loss, 333
The Fairness Bias, 334
The Hindsight Bias, 335
The Confirmation Bias, 336
Mental Sets, 337
The Need for Cognitive Consistency, 338
Overcoming Our Cognitive Biases, 340
Measuring Intelligence: The Psychometric Approach, 341
The Invention of IQ Tests, 342
Culture and Testing, 344
Dissecting Intelligence: The Cognitive Approach, 346
The Triarchic Theory, 346
Domains of Intelligence, 348
Thinking Critically About Intelligence(s), 349
Motivation, Hard Work, and Intellectual Success, 350
Animal Minds, 353
Animal Intelligence, 353
Animals and Language, 355
Thinking About the Thinking of Animals, 357
Summary, 360
Thought: Using What We Know, 360
Reasoning Rationally, 360
Barriers to Reasoning Rationally, 360
Measuring Intelligence: The Psychometric Approach, 360
Dissecting Intelligence: The Cognitive Approach, 361
Animal Minds, 361
Key Terms, 361
Ten. Memory, 362
Reconstructing the Past, 364
The Manufacture of Memory, 365
The Fading Flashbulb, 366
The Conditions of Confabulation, 367
Memory and the Power of Suggestion, 368
The Eyewitness on Trial, 369
Children’s Testimony, 370
In Pursuit of Memory, 373
Measuring Memory, 374
Models of Memory, 375
The Three-Box Model of Memory, 377
The Sensory Register: Fleeting Impressions, 377
Short-Term Memory: Memory’s Scratch Pad, 378
Long-Term Memory: Final Destination, 379
The Biology of Memory, 383
Changes in Neurons and Synapses, 383
Locating Memories, 384
Hormones and Memory, 385
How We Remember, 387
Effective Encoding, 387
Rehearsal, 388
Mnemonics, 389
Why We Forget, 390
Decay, 391
Replacement, 392
Interference, 392
Cue-Dependent Forgetting, 393
The Repression Controversy, 394
Autobiographical Memories, 397
Childhood Amnesia: The Missing Years, 397
Memory and Narrative: The Stories of Our Lives, 399
Memory and Myth, 400
Summary, 403
Reconstructing the Past, 403
Memory and the Power of Suggestion, 403
In Pursuit of Memory, 403
The Three-Box Model of Memory, 403
The Biology of Memory, 404
How We Remember, 404
Why We Forget, 404
Autobiographical Memories, 405
Memory and Myth, 405
Key Terms, 405
Eleven. Emotion, 406
Elements of Emotion 1: The Body, 408
The Face of Emotion, 408
The Brain and Emotion, 414
Hormones and Emotion, 416
Elements of Emotion 2: The Mind, 420
How Thoughts Create Emotions, 421
Cognitions and Emotional Complexity, 424
Elements of Emotion 3: The Culture, 425
How Culture Shapes Emotions, 426
Culture and Emotional Expression, 427
Putting the Elements Together: Emotion and Gender, 430
Emotional Reactivity, 431
Cognitions, 431
Expressiveness, 431
Emotion Work, 433
Summary, 435
Elements of Emotion 1: The Body, 435
Elements of Emotion 2: The Mind, 436
Elements of Emotion 3: The Culture, 436
Putting the Elements Together: Emotion and Gender, 436
Key Terms, 437
Twelve. Motivation, 438
The Hungry Animal: Motives to Eat, 440
The Biology of Weight, 440
Culture, Gender, and Weight, 443
The Body as Battleground: Eating Disorders, 446
The Social Animal: Motives to Love, 447
The Biology of Love, 448
The Psychology of Love, 449
Gender, Culture, and Love, 451
The Erotic Animal: Motives for Sex, 452
The Biology of Desire, 453
The Psychology of Desire, 455
The Culture of Desire, 458
Gender, Culture, and Sex, 459
The Competent Animal: Motives to Achieve, 465
The Effects of Motivation on Work, 465
The Effects of Work on Motivation, 470
Motives, Values, and Well-Being, 473
Summary, 477
The Hungry Animal: Motives to Eat, 477
The Social Animal: Motives to Love, 477
The Erotic Animal: Motives for Sex, 477
The Competent Animal: Motives to Achieve, 478
Motives, Values, and Well-Being, 478
Key Terms, 479
Part Five. The Developing Person, 480
Thirteen. Theories of Personality, 480
Psychodynamic Theories of Personality, 482
Freud and Psychoanalysis, 483
Other Psychodynamic Approaches, 486
Evaluating Psychodynamic Theories, 489
The Modern Study of Personality, 491
Popular Personality Tests, 491
Core Personality Traits, 491
Genetic Influences on Personality, 495
Heredity and Temperament, 496
Heredity and Traits, 497
Evaluating Genetic Theories, 498
Environmental Influences on Personality, 499
Situations and Social Learning, 499
Parental Influence—and Its Limits, 501
The Power of Peers, 502
Cultural Influences on Personality, 504
Culture, Values, and Traits, 505
Evaluating Cultural Approaches, 510
The Inner Experience, 511
Humanist Approaches, 511
Narrative Approaches, 512
Evaluating Humanist and Narrative Approaches, 513
Summary, 517
Psychodynamic Theories of Personality, 517
The Modern Study of Personality, 517
Genetic Influences on Personality, 517
Environmental Influences on Personality, 518
Cultural Influences on Personality, 518
The Inner Experience, 518
Key Terms, 519
Fourteen. Development Over the Life Span, 520
From Conception Through the First Year, 522
Prenatal Development, 522
The Infant’s World, 524
Attachment, 525
How Critical Are the Early Years?, 529
Cognitive Development, 530
Language, 530
Thinking, 532
Learning to Be Good, 537
Gender Development, 542
Gender Identity, 542
Influences on Gender Development, 543
Adolescence, 548
The Physiology of Adolescence, 549
The Psychology of Adolescence, 551
Adulthood, 552
Stages and Ages, 552
The Transitions of Life, 554
Old Age, 557
The Wellsprings of Resilience, 560
Summary, 562
From Conception Through the First Year, 562
Cognitive Development, 563
Learning to Be Good, 563
Gender Development, 563
Adolescence, 564
Adulthood, 564
The Wellsprings of Resilience, 565
Key Terms, 565
Part Six. Health and Disorder, 566
Fifteen. Health, Stress, and Coping, 566
The Stress–Illness Mystery, 567
The Physiology of Stress, 569
Stress and the Body, 570
The Mind–Body Link, 572
The Psychology of Stress, 574
Emotions and Illness, 574
Managing Negative Emotions, 576
Optimism and Pessimism, 578
The Sense of Control, 579
Coping with Stress, 583
Cooling Off, 583
Solving the Problem, 584
Rethinking the Problem, 585
Drawing on Social Support, 586
Healing Through Helping, 590
How Much Control Do We Have over Our Health?, 591
Summary, 594
The Stress–Illness Mystery, 594
The Physiology of Stress, 594
The Psychology of Stress, 594
Coping with Stress, 594
How Much Control Do We Have over Our Health?, 595
Key Terms, 595
Sixteen. Psychological Disorders, 596
Defining and Diagnosing Disorder, 598
Dilemmas of Definition, 598
Dilemmas of Diagnosis, 599
Dilemmas of Measurement, 603
Anxiety Disorders, 605
Anxiety and Panic, 606
Fears and Phobias, 608
Obsessions and Compulsions, 609
Mood Disorders, 610
Depression, 610
Bipolar Disorder, 611
Origins of Depression, 611
Personality Disorders, 615
Problem Personalities, 615
Criminals and Psychopaths, 616
Drug Abuse and Addiction, 619
Biology and Addiction, 619
Learning, Culture, and Addiction, 620
Debating the Causes of Addiction, 623
Dissociative Identity Disorder, 625
The MPD Controversy, 625
The Sociocognitive Explanation, 627
Schizophrenia, 628
Symptoms of Schizophrenia, 628
Origins of Schizophrenia, 630
Mental Disorder and Personal Responsibility, 632
Summary, 635
Defining and Diagnosing Disorder, 635
Anxiety Disorders, 635
Mood Disorders, 636
Personality Disorders, 636
Drug Abuse and Addiction, 636
Dissociative Identity Disorder, 637
Schizophrenia, 637
Mental Disorder and Personal Responsibility, 637
Key Terms, 637
Seventeen. Approaches to Treatment and Therapy, 638
Biological Treatments for Mental Disorders, 640
The Question of Drugs, 640
Direct Brain Intervention, 645
Kinds of Psychotherapy, 647
Psychodynamic Therapy, 647
Behavior and Cognitive Therapy, 648
Humanist and Existential Therapy, 651
Family and Couples Therapy, 652
Evaluating Psychotherapy, 656
The Therapeutic Alliance, 656
The Scientist–Practitioner Gap, 657
When Therapy Helps, 660
When Therapy Harms, 664
The Value and Values of Psychotherapy, 668
Summary, 670
Biological Treatments for Mental Disorders, 670
Kinds of Psychotherapy, 671
Evaluating Psychotherapy, 671
Key Terms, 672
Statistical Methods, A-1
Organizing Data, A-1
Constructing a Frequency Distribution, A-1
Graphing the Data, A-2
Describing Data, A-2
Measuring Central Tendency, A-3
Measuring Variability, A-4
Transforming Scores, A-5
Curves, A-6
Drawing Inferences, A-7
The Null Versus the Alternative Hypothesis, A-7
Testing Hypotheses, A-7
Summary, A-8
Key Terms, A-9
Answers to Get Involved Exercises, A-10
Epilogue: Taking Psychology with You, E-1
The Five Strands of Human Experience, E-1
Psychology in Your Life, E-2
Glossary, G-1
References, R-1
Name Index, ni-1
Subject Index, si-1

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