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Copyright, ii
Preface, xxiii
To the Student, xxiv
Acknowledgments, xxv
About the Author, xxx
1. Crime in America, 1
1. What Is Criminal Justice?, 4
Key Concepts, 6
Introduction, 6
A Brief History of Crime in America, 7
The Theme of This Book, 10
Social Justice, 12
American Criminal Justice: System and Functions, 15
American Criminal Justice: The Process, 16
Due Process and Individual Rights, 21
The Role of Research in Criminal Justice, 23
Multiculturalism and Diversity in Criminal Justice, 24
Summary, 27
Discussion Questions, 28
Web Quest, 29
Notes, 29
2. The Crime Picture, 32
Key Concepts, 34
Introduction, 34
The Uniform Crime Reports, 36
The National Crime Victimization Survey, 56
Comparisons of the UCR and the NCVS, 57
Special Categories of Crime, 59
Summary, 70
Discussion Questions, 72
Web Quest, 73
Notes, 73
3. The Search for Causes, 78
Key Concepts, 80
Introduction, 80
Criminological Theory, 82
The Classical School, 86
Biological Theories, 87
Psychobiological Theories, 91
Psychological Theories, 93
Sociological Theories, 96
Social Process Theories, 101
Conflict Theories, 106
Emergent Perspectives, 109
Summary, 111
Discussion Questions, 112
Web Quest, 112
Notes, 112
4. Criminal Law, 118
Key Concepts, 120
Introduction, 120
The Nature and Purpose of Law, 120
The Rule of Law, 121
Types of Law, 122
General Categories of Crime, 128
General Features of Crime, 130
Elements of a Specific Criminal Offense, 134
Types of Defenses to a Criminal Charge, 137
Summary, 152
Discussion Questions, 152
Web Quest, 153
Notes, 153
2. Policing, 156
5. Policing: History and Structure, 158
Key Concepts, 160
Introduction, 160
Historical Development of the Police, 161
American Law Enforcement Today: From the Federal to the Local Level, 170
Federal Agencies, 170
State Agencies, 175
Local Agencies, 178
Private Protective Services, 181
Summary, 186
Discussion Questions, 187
Web Quest, 187
Notes, 187
6. Policing: Purpose and Organization, 190
Key Concepts, 192
Introduction, 192
The Police Mission, 192
Operational Strategies, 198
Managing Police Departments, 203
Policing Styles, 204
Terrorism’s Impact on Policing, 214
Discretion and the Individual Officer, 221
Professionalism and Ethics, 223
Ethnic and Gender Diversity in Policing, 228
Summary, 231
Discussion Questions, 231
Web Quest, 232
Notes, 232
7. Policing: Legal Aspects, 238
Key Concepts, 240
Introduction, 240
The Abuse of Police Power, 240
Individual Rights, 243
Search and Seizure, 244
Arrest, 253
The Intelligence Function, 267
Summary, 282
Discussion Questions, 283
Web Quest, 283
Notes, 283
8. Policing: Issues and Challenges, 288
Key Concepts, 290
Introduction, 290
Police Personality and Culture, 290
Corruption and Integrity, 291
The Dangers of Police Work, 298
Police Use of Force, 303
Racial Profiling and Biased Policing, 309
Police Civil Liability, 314
Summary, 319
Discussion Questions, 319
Web Quest, 319
Notes, 320
3. Adjudication, 324
9. The Courts: Structure and Participants, 326
Key Concepts, 328
Introduction, 328
History and Structure of the American Court System, 329
The State Court System, 330
The Federal Court System, 336
The Courtroom Work Group, 340
Professional Courtroom Participants, 341
Nonprofessional Courtroom Participants, 356
Summary, 363
Discussion Questions, 363
Web Quest, 364
Notes, 364
10. Pretrial Activities and the Criminal Trial, 368
Key Concepts, 370
Introduction, 370
Pretrial Activities, 371
The Criminal Trial, 380
Stages of a Criminal Trial, 381
Improving the Adjudication Process, 393
Summary, 395
Discussion Questions, 397
Web Quest, 397
Notes, 397
11. Sentencing, 400
Key Concepts, 402
Introduction, 402
The Philosophy and Goals of Criminal Sentencing, 403
Indeterminate Sentencing, 406
Structured Sentencing, 408
Innovations in Sentencing, 418
The Presentence Investigation, 418
The Victim—Forgotten No Longer, 420
Modern Sentencing Options, 423
Death: The Ultimate Sanction, 426
Summary, 441
Discussion Questions, 441
Web Quest, 442
Notes, 442
4. Corrections, 448
12. Probation, Parole, and Community Corrections, 450
Key Concepts, 452
Introduction, 452
What Is Probation?, 453
What Is Parole?, 458
Probation and Parole: The Pluses and Minuses, 460
The Legal Environment, 462
The Job of Probation and Parole Officers, 464
Intermediate Sanctions, 466
The Future of Probation and Parole, 472
Summary, 476
Discussion Questions, 476
Web Quest, 476
Notes, 477
13. Prisons and Jails, 480
Key Concepts, 482
Introduction, 482
Early Punishments, 482
The Emergence of Prisons, 485
Prisons Today, 498
Jails, 507
Private Prisons, 514
Summary, 517
Discussion Questions, 518
Web Quest, 518
Notes, 518
14. Prison Life, 524
Key Concepts, 526
Introduction, 526
The Male Inmate’s World, 527
The Female Inmate’s World, 533
The Staff World, 539
Prison Riots, 543
Prisoners’ Rights, 545
Issues Facing Prisons Today, 559
Summary, 569
Discussion Questions, 569
Web Quest, 570
Notes, 570
5. Special Issues, 576
15. Juvenile Justice, 578
Key Concepts, 580
Introduction, 580
Juvenile Justice throughout History, 582
The Problems of Children Today, 588
The Legal Environment, 599
The Juvenile Justice Process Today, 604
The Post–Juvenile Court Era, 614
Summary, 615
Discussion Questions, 615
Web Quest, 616
Notes, 616
16. Drugs and Crime, 620
Key Concepts, 622
Introduction, 622
What Is a Drug?, 623
A History of Drug Abuse in America, 626
The Most Common Drugs—And Who Is Using Them, 634
Costs of Abuse, 644
Solving the Drug Problem, 647
Summary, 654
Discussion Questions, 655
Web Quest, 655
Notes, 655
17. Terrorism and Multinational Criminal Justice, 660
Key Concepts, 662
Introduction, 662
Islamic Criminal Justice, 664
International Criminal Justice Organizations, 667
Transnational Crime, 673
Terrorism, 674
Summary, 696
Discussion Questions, 697
Web Quest, 697
Notes, 697
18. The Future of Criminal Justice, 702
Key Concepts, 704
Introduction, 704
Technology and Crime, 704
Technology and Crime Control, 713
Criminalistics: Past, Present, and Future, 715
Technology and Individual Rights, 734
Summary, 735
Discussion Questions, 736
Web Quest, 736
Notes, 736
The Bill of Rights, B-1
Amendment I, B-1
Amendment II, B-1
Amendment III, B-1
Amendment IV, B-1
Amendment V, B-1
Amendment VI, B-1
Amendment VII, B-1
Amendment VIII, B-1
Amendment IX, B-1
Amendment X, B-1
List of Acronyms, A-1
Glossary, A-4
Welcome to the Exploring Criminal Justice Today CD-ROM!, InsideBackCover
CASE INDEX, I-1-1
NAME INDEX, I-2-1
SUBJECT INDEX, I-3-1

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