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Visual C++^® 2008: How to Program, Second Edition

by P. J. Deitel; H. M. Deitel; D. T. Quirk

Publisher: Prentice Hall

Copyright Year: 2008

Publishing Date: 2007/12/31

eText ISBN-10: 0-13-606129-X

eText ISBN-13: 978-0-13-606129-8

Print ISBN-10: 0-13-615157-4

Print ISBN-13: 978-0-13-615157-9

Course: Computer Science

Pages: 1552

eTextbook $61.50

(180 day subscription)

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Table of Contents | Description

Instructor Resources | Student Resources

ABOUT THIS TITLE - TABLE OF CONTENTS

Deitel^® Series Page, ii

About the Authors, xxxv

Before You Begin, xxxvii

1. Introduction to Computers, the Internet and Visual C++, 1

1.1. Introduction, 2

1.2. What Is a Computer?, 3

1.3. Computer Organization, 4

1.4. Early Operating Systems, 5

1.5. Personal Computing, Distributed Computing and Client/Server Computing, 5

1.6. The Internet and the World Wide Web, 6

1.7. Hardware Trends, 6

1.8. Microsoft’s Windows^® Operating System, 7

1.9. Machine Languages, Assembly Languages and High-Level Languages, 7

1.10. Visual C++, 9

1.11. C++ Standard Library, 12

1.12. Java, C# and Visual Basic, 13

1.13. Other High-Level Languages, 14

1.14. Microsoft’s .NET, 15

1.15. The .NET Framework and the Common Language Runtime, 16

1.16. Key Software Trend: Object Technology, 17

1.17. Typical Visual C++ Development Life Cycle, 19

1.18. Test-Driving a Visual C++ Application, 21

1.19. Software Technologies, 24

1.20. Future of Visual C++: Open Source Boost Libraries, TR1 and C++0x, 25

1.21. (Only Required Section of the Case Study) Software Engineering Case Study: Introduction to Object Technology and the UML, 26

1.22. Wrap-Up, 31

2. Dive Into^® Visual C++^® 2008 Express, 41

2.1. Introduction, 42

2.2. Overview of the Visual Studio 2008 IDE, 42

2.3. Menu Bar and Toolbars, 49

2.4. Navigating the Visual Studio 2008 IDE, 52

2.4.1. Solution Explorer, 54

2.4.2. Properties Window, 55

2.5. Using Help, 56

2.6. Wrap-Up, 56

3. Introduction to Visual C++ Programming, 61

3.1. Introduction, 62

3.2. First Program in Visual C++: Printing a Line of Text, 62

3.3. Modifying Our First Visual C++ Program, 66

3.4. Another Visual C++ Program: Adding Integers, 67

3.5. Memory Concepts, 72

3.6. Arithmetic, 73

3.7. Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators, 76

3.8. (Optional) Software Engineering Case Study: Examining the ATM Requirements Specification, 81

3.9. Wrap-Up, 91

4. Introduction to Classes and Objects, 101

4.1. Introduction, 102

4.2. Classes, Objects, Member Functions and Data Members, 102

4.3. Overview of the Chapter Examples, 104

4.4. Defining a Class with a Member Function, 105

4.5. Defining a Member Function with a Parameter, 108

4.6. Data Members, set Functions and get Functions, 111

4.7. Initializing Objects with Constructors, 118

4.8. Placing a Class in a Separate File for Reusability, 122

4.9. Separating Interface from Implementation, 126

4.10. Validating Data with set Functions, 132

4.11. Defining a Managed Class with Member Functions in C++/CLI, 137

4.12. Instance Variables and Properties in C++/CLI, 140

4.13. (Optional) Software Engineering Case Study: Identifying the Classes in the ATM Requirements Specification, 143

4.14. Wrap-Up, 151

5. Control Statements: Part 1, 159

5.1. Introduction, 160

5.2. Algorithms, 160

5.3. Pseudocode, 161

5.4. Control Structures, 162

5.5. if Selection Statement, 166

5.6. if...else Double-Selection Statement, 168

5.7. while Repetition Statement, 173

5.8. Formulating Algorithms: Counter-Controlled Repetition, 174

5.9. Formulating Algorithms: Sentinel-Controlled Repetition, 181

5.10. Formulating Algorithms: Nested Control Statements, 191

5.11. Assignment Operators, 196

5.12. Increment and Decrement Operators, 197

5.13. (Optional) Software Engineering Case Study: Identifying Class Attributes in the ATM System, 200

5.14. Wrap-Up, 205

6. Control Statements: Part 2, 220

6.1. Introduction, 221

6.2. Essentials of Counter-Controlled Repetition, 221

6.3. for Repetition Statement, 223

6.4. Examples Using the for Statement, 228

6.5. do...while Repetition Statement, 232

6.6. switch Multiple-Selection Statement, 234

6.7. break and continue Statements, 244

6.8. Logical Operators, 246

6.9. Confusing the Equality (==) and Assignment (=) Operators, 251

6.10. Structured Programming Summary, 252

6.11. (Optional) Software Engineering Case Study: Identifying Objects’ States and Activities in the ATM System, 257

6.12. Wrap-Up, 261

7. Functions and an Introduction to Recursion, 273

7.1. Introduction, 274

7.2. Program Components in Visual C++, 275

7.3. Math Library Functions, 277

7.4. Function Definitions with Multiple Parameters, 278

7.5. Function Prototypes and Argument Coercion, 283

7.6. C++ Standard Library Header Files, 285

7.7. Case Study: Random Number Generation, 287

7.8. Case Study: Game of Chance; Introducing enum, 293

7.9. Storage Classes, 297

7.10. Scope Rules, 299

7.11. Function-Call Stack and Activation Records, 303

7.12. Functions with Empty Parameter Lists, 307

7.13. Inline Functions, 308

7.14. References and Reference Parameters, 309

7.15. Default Arguments, 313

7.16. Unary Scope Resolution Operator, 315

7.17. Function Overloading, 317

7.18. Function Templates, 319

7.19. Recursion, 321

7.20. Example Using Recursion: Fibonacci Series, 325

7.21. Recursion vs. Iteration, 328

7.22. Enumerations in C++/CLI, 331

7.23. (Optional) Software Engineering Case Study: Identifying Class Operations in the ATM System, 332

7.24. Wrap-Up, 339

8. Arrays and Vectors, 361

8.1. Introduction, 362

8.2. Arrays, 363

8.3. Declaring Arrays, 365

8.4. Examples Using Arrays, 365

8.4.1. Declaring an Array and Using a Loop to Initialize the Array’s Elements, 366

8.4.2. Initializing an Array in a Declaration with an Initializer List, 366

8.4.3. Specifying an Array’s Size with a Constant Variable and Setting Array Elements with Calculations, 368

8.4.4. Summing the Elements of an Array, 371

8.4.5. Using Bar Charts to Display Array Data Graphically, 371

8.4.6. Using the Elements of an Array as Counters, 373

8.4.7. Using Arrays to Summarize Survey Results, 374

8.4.8. Static Local Arrays and Automatic Local Arrays, 377

8.5. Passing Arrays to Functions, 379

8.6. Case Study: Class GradeBook Using an Array to Store Grades, 384

8.7. Searching Arrays with Linear Search, 390

8.8. Sorting Arrays with Insertion Sort, 392

8.9. Multidimensional Arrays, 394

8.10. Case Study: Class GradeBook Using a Two-Dimensional Array, 397

8.11. Introduction to C++ Standard Library Class Template vector, 404

8.12. Introduction to Managed Arrays with C++/CLI, 409

8.13. for each Statement, 415

8.14. Multidimensional Arrays in C++/CLI, 416

8.15. (Optional) Software Engineering Case Study: Collaboration Among Objects in the ATM System, 422

8.16. Wrap-Up, 429

9. Pointers and Pointer-Based Strings, 449

9.1. Introduction, 450

9.2. Pointer Variable Declarations and Initialization, 451

9.3. Pointer Operators, 452

9.4. Passing Arguments to Functions by Reference with Pointers, 455

9.5. Using const with Pointers, 459

9.6. Selection Sort Using Pass-by-Reference, 466

9.7. sizeof Operator, 469

9.8. Pointer Expressions and Pointer Arithmetic, 472

9.9. Relationship Between Pointers and Arrays, 475

9.10. Arrays of Pointers, 479

9.11. Case Study: Card Shuffling and Dealing Simulation, 480

9.12. Function Pointers, 486

9.13. Introduction to Pointer-Based String Processing, 491

9.13.1. Fundamentals of Characters and Pointer-Based Strings, 492

9.13.2. String-Manipulation Functions of the String-Handling Library, 494

9.14. Introduction to C++/CLI Handles, 502

9.15. Passing Arguments to Functions by Reference with Handles, 507

9.16. Tracking References and References to Handles, 508

9.17. Interior Pointers, 512

9.18. Wrap-Up, 512

10. Classes: A Deeper Look, Part 1, 541

10.1. Introduction, 542

10.2. Time Class Case Study, 543

10.3. Class Scope and Accessing Class Members, 549

10.4. Separating Interface from Implementation, 552

10.5. Access Functions and Utility Functions, 552

10.6. Time Class Case Study: Constructors with Default Arguments, 555

10.7. Destructors, 561

10.8. When Constructors and Destructors Are Called, 562

10.9. Time Class Case Study: A Subtle Trap—Returning a Reference to a private Data Member, 565

10.10. Default Memberwise Assignment, 568

10.11. Class View and Object Browser, 570

10.12. (Optional) Software Engineering Case Study: Starting to Program the Classes of the ATM System, 572

10.13. Wrap-Up, 579

11. Classes: A Deeper Look, Part 2, 586

11.1. Introduction, 587

11.2. const (Constant) Objects and const Member Functions, 588

11.3. Composition: Objects as Members of Classes, 597

11.4. friend Functions and friend Classes, 604

11.5. Using the this Pointer, 607

11.6. Dynamic Memory Management with Operators new and delete, 613

11.7. static Class Members, 615

11.8. Data Abstraction and Information Hiding, 621

11.8.1. Example: Array Abstract Data Type, 623

11.8.2. Example: String Abstract Data Type, 623

11.8.3. Example: Queue Abstract Data Type, 624

11.9. Container Classes and Iterators, 624

11.10. Proxy Classes, 625

11.11. const and friend in C++/CLI, 628

11.12. Dynamic Memory Management in C++/CLI, 629

11.13. Stack Semantics in C++/CLI, 630

11.14. Finalizers, 632

11.15. Value Types vs. Reference Types in C++/CLI, 632

11.16. Boxing and Unboxing in C++/CLI, 634

11.17. Indexers, 635

11.18. Wrap-Up, 639

12. Operator Overloading; String and Array Objects, 648

12.1. Introduction, 649

12.2. Fundamentals of Operator Overloading, 650

12.3. Restrictions on Operator Overloading, 651

12.4. Operator Functions as Class Members vs. Global Functions, 653

12.5. Overloading Stream Insertion and Stream Extraction Operators, 654

12.6. Overloading Unary Operators, 658

12.7. Overloading Binary Operators, 658

12.8. Case Study: Array Class, 659

12.9. Converting between Types, 671

12.10. Case Study: String Class, 672

12.11. Overloading ++ and --, 684

12.12. Case Study: A Date Class, 686

12.13. Standard Library Class string, 690

12.14. explicit Constructors, 694

12.15. C++/CLI Operators and Constructors, 698

12.16. Wrap-Up, 698

13. Object-Oriented Programming: Inheritance, 711

13.1. Introduction, 712

13.2. Base Classes and Derived Classes, 713

13.3. protected Members, 716

13.4. Relationship between Base Classes and Derived Classes, 716

13.4.1. Creating and Using a CommissionEmployee Class, 717

13.4.2. Creating a BasePlusCommissionEmployee Class Without Using Inheritance, 722

13.4.3. Creating a CommissionEmployee–BasePlusCommissionEmployee Inheritance Hierarchy, 728

13.4.4. CommissionEmployee–BasePlusCommissionEmployee Inheritance Hierarchy Using protected Data, 733

13.4.5. CommissionEmployee–BasePlusCommissionEmployee Inheritance Hierarchy Using private Data, 741

13.5. Constructors and Destructors in Derived Classes, 748

13.6. public, protected and private Inheritance, 757

13.7. Software Engineering with Inheritance, 758

13.8. Inheritance in C++/CLI, 759

13.9. Wrap-Up, 759

14. Object-Oriented Programming: Polymorphism, 765

14.1. Introduction, 766

14.2. Polymorphism Examples, 768

14.3. Relationships Among Objects in an Inheritance Hierarchy, 769

14.3.1. Invoking Base-Class Functions from Derived-Class Objects, 769

14.3.2. Aiming Derived-Class Pointers at Base-Class Objects, 777

14.3.3. Derived-Class Member-Function Calls via Base-Class Pointers, 778

14.3.4. Virtual Functions, 779

14.3.5. Summary of the Allowed Assignments Between Base-Class and Derived-Class Objects and Pointers, 785

14.4. Type Fields and switch Statements, 786

14.5. Abstract Classes and Pure virtual Functions, 787

14.6. Case Study: Payroll System Using Polymorphism, 789

14.6.1. Creating Abstract Base Class Employee, 790

14.6.2. Creating Concrete Derived Class SalariedEmployee, 794

14.6.3. Creating Concrete Derived Class HourlyEmployee, 796

14.6.4. Creating Concrete Derived Class CommissionEmployee, 798

14.6.5. Creating Indirect Concrete Derived Class BasePlusCommissionEmployee, 800

14.6.6. Demonstrating Polymorphic Processing, 802

14.7. (Optional) Polymorphism, Virtual Functions and Dynamic Binding “Under the Hood”, 806

14.8. Case Study: Payroll System Using Polymorphism and Runtime Type Information with Downcasting, dynamic_cast, typeid and type_info, 810

14.9. Virtual Destructors, 814

14.10. Polymorphism in C++/CLI, 815

14.11. (Optional) Software Engineering Case Study: Incorporating Inheritance into the ATM System, 818

14.12. Wrap-Up, 826

15. Templates and Generics, 833

15.1. Introduction, 834

15.2. Function Templates, 835

15.3. Overloading Function Templates, 838

15.4. Class Templates, 839

15.5. Nontype Parameters and Default Types for Class Templates, 845

15.6. Notes on Templates and Inheritance, 846

15.7. Notes on Templates and Friends, 846

15.8. Notes on Templates and static Members, 848

15.9. Templates in C++/CLI, 848

15.10. .NET Generics in C++/CLI, 848

15.11. Generic Type Constraints, 853

15.12. Contrasting Templates and Generics, 855

15.13. Wrap-Up, 857

16. Exception Handling, 864

16.1. Introduction, 865

16.2. Exception-Handling Overview, 866

16.3. Example: Divide by Zero Without Exception Handling, 867

16.4. Example: Handling an Attempt to Divide by Zero, 869

16.5. When to Use Exception Handling, 875

16.6. Rethrowing an Exception, 876

16.7. Processing Unexpected Exceptions, 877

16.8. Stack Unwinding, 878

16.9. Constructors, Destructors and Exception Handling, 880

16.10. Exceptions and Inheritance, 880

16.11. Processing new Failures, 881

16.12. Class auto_ptr and Dynamic Memory Allocation, 884

16.13. Standard Library Exception Hierarchy, 887

16.14. Other Error-Handling Techniques, 888

16.15. .NET Exception Hierarchy with C++/CLI, 889

16.15.1. Classes ApplicationException and SystemException, 889

16.15.2. Determining Which Exceptions a Function Throws, 890

16.16. finally Block in C++/CLI, 891

16.17. Exception Properties in C++/CLI, 899

16.18. User-Defined Exception Classes in .NET, 904

16.19. Wrap-Up, 905

17. Stream Input/Output and Files, 913

17.1. Introduction, 914

17.2. Streams, 915

17.2.1. Classic Streams vs. Standard Streams, 916

17.2.2. iostream Library Header Files, 916

17.2.3. Stream-Input/Output Classes and Objects, 917

17.3. Stream Output, 919

17.3.1. Output of char * Variables, 920

17.3.2. Character Output Using Member Function put, 920

17.4. Stream Input, 921

17.4.1. get and getline Member Functions, 921

17.4.2. istream Member Functions peek, putback and ignore, 924

17.4.3. Type-Safe I/O, 924

17.5. Unformatted I/O Using read, write and gcount, 925

17.6. Introduction to Stream Manipulators, 926

17.6.1. Integral Stream Base: dec, oct, hex and setbase, 926

17.6.2. Floating-Point Precision (precision, setprecision), 927

17.6.3. Field Width (width, setw), 929

17.6.4. User-Defined Output Stream Manipulators, 930

17.7. Stream Format States and Stream Manipulators, 931

17.7.1. Trailing Zeros and Decimal Points (showpoint), 932

17.7.2. Justification (left, right and internal), 933

17.7.3. Padding (fill, setfill), 935

17.7.4. Integral Stream Base (dec, oct, hex, showbase), 936

17.7.5. Floating-Point Numbers; Scientific and Fixed Notation (scientific, fixed), 937

17.7.6. Uppercase/Lowercase Control (uppercase), 938

17.7.7. Specifying Boolean Format (boolalpha), 939

17.7.8. Setting and Resetting the Format State via Member Function flags, 940

17.8. Stream Error States, 942

17.9. Tying an Output Stream to an Input Stream, 944

17.10. Data Hierarchy, 944

17.11. Files and Streams, 946

17.12. Creating a Sequential File, 947

17.13. Reading Data from a Sequential File, 951

17.14. Updating Sequential Files, 957

17.15. Wrap-Up, 958

18. Files and Streams in .NET, 975

18.1. Introduction, 976

18.2. Files and Streams, 976

18.3. Classes File and Directory, 977

18.4. Creating a Sequential-Access Text File, 981

18.5. Reading Data from a Sequential-Access Text File, 986

18.6. Serialization, 992

18.7. Creating a Sequential-Access File Using Object Serialization, 992

18.8. Reading and Deserializing Data from a Sequential-Access Text File, 996

18.9. Wrap-Up, 997

19. Class string and String Stream Processing, 1004

19.1. Introduction, 1005

19.2. string Assignment and Concatenation, 1007

19.3. Comparing strings, 1009

19.4. Substrings, 1012

19.5. Swapping strings, 1012

19.6. string Characteristics, 1013

19.7. Finding Substrings and Characters in a string, 1016

19.8. Replacing Characters in a string, 1018

19.9. Inserting Characters into a string, 1020

19.10. Conversion to C-Style Pointer-Based char * Strings, 1021

19.11. Iterators, 1022

19.12. String Stream Processing, 1024

19.13. Fundamentals of Characters and Strings in C++/CLI, 1027

19.14. String Constructors, 1027

19.15. String Indexer, Length Property and CopyTo Function, 1029

19.16. Comparing Strings, 1030

19.17. Locating Characters and Substrings in Strings, 1033

19.18. Extracting Substrings from Strings, 1036

19.19. Concatenating Strings, 1037

19.20. Miscellaneous String Functions, 1038

19.21. Class StringBuilder, 1040

19.22. StringBuilder Class Length, Capacity, EnsureCapacity and Indexer, 1041

19.23. StringBuilder Class Append and AppendFormat Functions, 1043

19.24. StringBuilder Class Insert, Remove and Replace Functions, 1045

19.25. Char Functions, 1048

19.26. Wrap-Up, 1050

20. Searching and Sorting, 1060

20.1. Introduction, 1061

20.2. Searching Algorithms, 1062

20.2.1. Efficiency of Linear Search, 1062

20.2.2. Binary Search, 1064

20.3. Sorting Algorithms, 1069

20.3.1. Efficiency of Selection Sort, 1069

20.3.2. Efficiency of Insertion Sort, 1070

20.3.3. Merge Sort (A Recursive Implementation), 1070

20.4. Wrap-Up, 1077

21. Data Structures, 1083

21.1. Introduction, 1084

21.2. Self-Referential Classes, 1085

21.3. Dynamic Memory Allocation and Data Structures, 1086

21.4. Linked Lists, 1086

21.5. Stacks, 1101

21.6. Queues, 1106

21.7. Trees, 1110

21.8. Wrap-Up, 1118

22. Bits, Characters, C Strings and structs, 1142

22.1. Introduction, 1143

22.2. Structure Definitions, 1143

22.3. Initializing Structures, 1146

22.4. Using Structures with Functions, 1146

22.5. typedef, 1146

22.6. Example: High-Performance Card Shuffling and Dealing Simulation, 1147

22.7. Bitwise Operators, 1150

22.8. Bit Fields, 1159

22.9. Character-Handling Library Functions, 1163

22.10. Pointer-Based String-Conversion Functions, 1169

22.11. Search Functions of the Pointer-Based String-Handling Library, 1174

22.12. Memory Functions of the Pointer-Based String-Handling Library, 1179

22.13. Wrap-Up, 1183

23. Standard Template Library (STL), 1195

23.1. Introduction to the Standard Template Library (STL), 1197

23.1.1. Introduction to Containers, 1198

23.1.2. Introduction to Iterators, 1203

23.1.3. Introduction to Algorithms, 1208

23.2. Sequence Containers, 1210

23.2.1. vector Sequence Container, 1210

23.2.2. list Sequence Container, 1218

23.2.3. deque Sequence Container, 1222

23.3. Associative Containers, 1224

23.3.1. multiset Associative Container, 1224

23.3.2. set Associative Container, 1227

23.3.3. multimap Associative Container, 1229

23.3.4. map Associative Container, 1230

23.4. Container Adapters, 1232

23.4.1. stack Adapter, 1232

23.4.2. queue Adapter, 1235

23.4.3. priority_queue Adapter, 1236

23.5. Algorithms, 1238

23.5.1. fill, fill_n, generate and generate_n, 1238

23.5.2. equal, mismatch and lexicographical_compare, 1240

23.5.3. remove, remove_if, remove_copy and remove_copy_if, 1242

23.5.4. replace, replace_if, replace_copy and replace_copy_if, 1245

23.5.5. Mathematical Algorithms, 1247

23.5.6. Basic Searching and Sorting Algorithms, 1251

23.5.7. swap, iter_swap and swap_ranges, 1253

23.5.8. copy_backward, merge, unique and reverse, 1255

23.5.9. inplace_merge, unique_copy and reverse_copy, 1257

23.5.10. Set Operations, 1259

23.5.11. lower_bound, upper_bound and equal_range, 1262

23.5.12. Heapsort, 1264

23.5.13. min and max, 1267

23.5.14. STL Algorithms Not Covered in This Chapter, 1267

23.6. Class bitset, 1269

23.7. Function Objects, 1273

23.8. Introduction to STL/CLR, 1277

23.9. Wrap-Up, 1278

23.10. STL Web Resources, 1278

24. Regular Expressions, 1289

24.1. Introduction, 1290

24.2. Simple Regular Expressions and Class Regex, 1290

24.3. Complex Regular Expressions, 1296

24.4. Validating User Input with Regular Expressions, 1297

24.5. Regex Member Functions Replace and Split, 1300

24.6. Wrap-Up, 1302

25. Collections, 1306

25.1. Introduction, 1307

25.2. Collections Overview, 1307

25.3. Class Array and Enumerators, 1310

25.4. Nongeneric Collections, 1313

25.4.1. Class ArrayList, 1313

25.4.2. Class Stack, 1318

25.4.3. Class Hashtable, 1321

25.5. Generic Collections, 1326

25.5.1. Generic Class SortedDictionary, 1326

25.5.2. Generic Class LinkedList, 1329

25.6. Wrap-Up, 1333

26. Other Topics, 1339

26.1. Introduction, 1340

26.2. Other Cast Operators, 1340

26.3. namespaces, 1343

26.4. Operator Keywords, 1347

26.5. mutable Class Members, 1349

26.6. Pointers to Class Members (.* and ->*), 1351

26.7. Multiple Inheritance, 1353

26.8. Multiple Inheritance and virtual Base Classes, 1357

26.9. Variable-Length Argument Lists, 1362

26.10. Using Command-Line Arguments, 1366

26.11. Delegates and Events in .NET, 1370

26.12. Wrap-Up, 1374

A. Operator Precedence and Associativity Chart, 1381

A.1. Operator Precedence, 1381

B. ASCII Character Set, 1384

C. Fundamental Types, 1385

D. Number Systems, 1387

D.1. Introduction, 1388

D.2. Abbreviating Binary Numbers as Octal and Hexadecimal Numbers, 1391

D.3. Converting Octal and Hexadecimal Numbers to Binary Numbers, 1392

D.4. Converting from Binary, Octal or Hexadecimal to Decimal, 1392

D.5. Converting from Decimal to Binary, Octal or Hexadecimal, 1393

D.6. Negative Binary Numbers: Two’s Complement Notation, 1395

E. Preprocessor, 1400

E.1. Introduction, 1401

E.2. The #include Preprocessor Directive, 1401

E.3. The #define Preprocessor Directive: Symbolic Constants, 1402

E.4. The #define Preprocessor Directive: Macros, 1402

E.5. Conditional Compilation, 1404

E.6. The #error and #pragma Preprocessor Directives, 1405

E.7. Operators # and ##, 1406

E.8. Predefined Symbolic Constants, 1406

E.9. Assertions, 1407

E.10. Wrap-Up, 1407

F. ATM Case Study Code, 1412

F.1. ATM Case Study Implementation, 1412

F.2. Class ATM, 1413

F.3. Class Screen, 1420

F.4. Class Keypad, 1421

F.5. Class CashDispenser, 1422

F.6. Class DepositSlot, 1424

F.7. Class Account, 1425

F.8. Class BankDatabase, 1427

F.9. Class Transaction, 1431

F.10. Class BalanceInquiry, 1433

F.11. Class Withdrawal, 1435

F.12. Class Deposit, 1440

F.13. Test Program ATMCaseStudy.cpp, 1443

F.14. Wrap-Up, 1443

G. UML 2: Additional Diagram Types, 1444

G.1. Introduction, 1444

G.2. Additional Diagram Types, 1444

H. Using the Visual Studio Debugger, 1446

H.1. Introduction, 1447

H.2. Breakpoints and the Continue Command, 1447

H.3. Locals and Watch Windows, 1452

H.4. Controlling Execution Using the Step Into, Step Over, Step Out and Continue Commands, 1455

H.5. Autos Window, 1458

H.6. Wrap-Up, 1459

The Deitel^® Suite of Products..., EP-1

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For courses that offer a Microsoft-specific C++ programming focus using Visual C++ 2008. Based on the authors’ highly popular C++-standard-compliant textbook, C++ How to Program, 6/e, Visual C++ How to Program 2/ E builds off this successful approach to offer readers a comprehensive introduction to Visual C++. Through their ongoing consultation with the Microsoft Visual C++ team, the Deitels have developed an approach that focuses on native C++ and presents examples of .NET managed code programming with C++/CLI, where appropriate. The book takes an easy-to-follow, carefully developed early classes and objects approach. This includes comprehensive coverage of the Visual C++ environment. Like other books in the How to Program series, the new edition retains the Deitels' classic approach to developing good programming skills. These tools have been refined over a combined six decades of academic and industry teaching experience. This approach has been the foundation of several programmers in industry today.

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