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Strategies for College Writing: Sentences, Paragraphs, Essays, Second Edition

by Jeanette Harris - Texas Christian University; Ann Moseley - Texas A&M University—Commerce

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Copyright, iv
Preface, xxi
1. Writing Paragraphs and Essays, 1
1. Understanding the Writing Process, 2
Prewriting, 3
Writing, 5
Rewriting, 6
Chapter Review, 8
Writing Assignment, 9
Participating in the Academic Community, 9
2. Selecting and Limiting a Topic, 10
Selecting Your Own Topic, 10
Modifying an Assigned Topic, 12
Limiting a Topic, 13
Chapter Review, 15
Writing Assignment, 15
Participating in the Academic Community, 15
3. Setting Goals and Generating Ideas, 16
Using Invention Strategies, 16
Using Informal Planning Outlines, 26
Chapter Review, 30
Writing Assignment, 31
Participating in the Academic Community, 31
4. Constructing Paragraphs: Topic Sentences, 32
Basic Structure of a Paragraph, 32
Placement of Topic Sentences/Main Ideas in Paragraphs, 38
Chapter Review, 43
Writing Assignment, 43
Participating in the Academic Community, 44
5. Constructing Paragraphs: Supporting Details, 45
Using Specific Details to Support Topic Sentences, 46
Patterns for Structuring Supporting Details, 49
Relevant and Irrelevant Details, 57
Chapter Review, 59
Writing Assignment, 59
Participating in the Academic Community, 59
6. Moving from Paragraph to Essay, 60
Introduction: Stating the Thesis, 61
Body: Developing the Thesis, 64
Conclusion: Reemphasizing the Thesis, 66
From Paragraph to Essay, 68
Writing Assignment, 71
Participating in the Academic Community, 71
7. Gathering Information, 72
Interviewing, 72
Observing, 76
Combining Interviews and Observations, 78
Writing Assignment, 81
Participating in the Academic Community, 81
8. Achieving Coherence, 82
Arranging Ideas, 82
Connecting Ideas, 88
Unifying Ideas, 96
Achieving Coherence in Essays, 97
Chapter Review, 99
Writing Assignment, 100
Participating in the Academic Community, 100
9. Revising Your Essay, 101
Revising for Focus and Unity, 101
Revising for Organization and Coherence, 105
Strategies for Revising, 106
Editing and Proofreading, 109
Chapter Review, 111
Writing Assignment, 111
Participating in the Academic Community, 111
2. Methods of Development, 112
10. Description, 114
Understanding Description, 114
Writing Descriptive Paragraphs, 117
Writing Descriptive Essays, 126
Writing Assignment, 129
Participating in the Academic Community, 129
11. Narration, 130
Understanding Narration, 130
Writing Narrative Paragraphs, 133
Writing Narrative Essays, 138
Chapter Review, 141
Writing Assignment, 142
Participating in the Academic Community, 142
12. Process, 143
Understanding Process Writing, 143
Writing Process Paragraphs, 147
Writing Process Essays, 150
Chapter Review, 153
Writing Assignment, 154
Participating in the Academic Community, 154
13. Example, 155
Understanding Examples, 155
Writing Example Paragraphs, 158
Writing Example Essays, 162
Chapter Review, 165
Writing Assignment, 166
Participating in the Academic Community, 166
14. Comparison and Contrast, 167
Understanding Comparison and Contrast, 167
Writing Comparison/Contrast Paragraphs, 174
Writing Comparison/Contrast Essays, 178
Chapter Review, 180
Writing Assignment, 181
Participating in the Academic Community, 181
15. Classification, 182
Understanding Classification, 182
Writing Classification Paragraphs, 185
Writing Classification Essays, 188
Chapter Review, 190
Writing Assignment, 190
Participating in the Academic Community, 191
16. Cause and Effect, 192
Understanding Cause and Effect, 192
Writing Cause and Effect Paragraphs, 196
Writing Cause and Effect Essays, 199
Chapter Review, 202
Writing Assignment, 202
Participating in the Academic Community, 203
17. Definition, 204
Understanding Definition, 204
Writing Definition Paragraphs, 210
Writing Definition Essays, 212
Chapter Review, 214
Writing Assignment, 215
Participating in the Academic Community, 215
18. Persuasion, 216
Understanding Persuasion, 216
Writing Persuasive Paragraphs, 225
Writing Persuasive Essays, 228
Chapter Review, 231
Writing Assignment, 232
Participating in the Academic Community, 233
3. Writing and Editing Sentences, 234
19. Simple Sentences, 236
Essential Elements of the Sentence, 236
Basic Patterns of the Simple Sentence, 245
Chapter Review, 250
Writing Assignment, 251
Participating in the Academic Community, 251
20. Expanding the Simple Sentence, 252
Adjectives, 252
Chapter Review, 270
Writing Assignment, 270
Participating in the Academic Community, 270
21. Compound Sentences, 271
Connecting Independent Clauses, 271
Punctuating Compound Sentences, 273
22. Complex Sentences, 282
Adverb Clauses, 283
Adjective Clauses, 285
Noun Clauses, 287
Signaling Relationships in Complex Sentences, 290
Punctuating Complex Sentences, 293
23. Sentence Fragments and Run-On Sentences, 298
Sentence Fragments, 298
Chapter Review, 314
Writing Assignment, 315
Participating in the Academic Community, 315
24. Subject–Verb Agreement, 316
Agreement with Regular and Irregular Verbs, 316
Chapter Review, 327
Writing Assignment, 327
Participating in the Academic Community, 327
25. Pronoun Usage, 328
Pronoun Reference and Agreement, 328
Using Pronouns with -Self and -Selves, 336
Using a Consistent Point of View, 337
Using Nonsexist Pronouns, 338
26. Verb Tenses and Forms, 341
Regular Verbs, 342
Irregular Verbs, 343
Problem Verbs: Sit/Set, Lie/Lay, Rise/Raise, 347
Special Uses of the Verbs To Be and To Have, 349
Consistency in Tense, 355
Chapter Review, 357
Writing Assignment, 357
Participating in the Academic Community, 357
27. Modifiers, 358
Adjectives and Adverbs, 358
Comparatives and Superlatives, 360
Misplaced and Dangling Modifiers, 361
Chapter Review, 365
Writing Assignment, 365
Participating in the Academic Community, 365
28. Sentence Style, 366
Avoiding Wordiness, 366
Using Parallelism, 373
Chapter Review, 376
Writing Assignment, 376
Participating in the Academic Community, 377
29. Punctuation and Capitalization, 378
Punctuation, 378
Capitalization, 383
Chapter Review, 388
Writing Assignment, 389
Participating in the Academic Community, 389
30. Spelling, 390
Personal Spelling Problems, 391
Commonly Misspelled Words, 394
Writing Assignment, 417
Participating in the Academic Community, 417
4. Critical Reading and Writing Strategies, 418
31. Reading Critically, 420
Developing Critical Reading Skills, 420
Guidelines for Critical Reading, 430
Chapter Review, 433
Writing Assignment, 434
Participating in the Academic Community, 434
32. Outlining and Summarizing, 435
Outlining to Study, 435
Chapter Review, 444
Writing Assignment, 444
Participating in the Academic Community, 444
33. Reviewing Books and Films, 445
Reading/Viewing the Work to be Reviewed, 445
Writing the Review, 446
Annotated Book Review, 448
Chapter Review, 451
Writing Assignment, 451
Participating in the Academic Community, 451
34. Taking Essay Exams, 452
Understanding Essay Exam Terminology, 452
Guidelines for Taking Essay Exams, 453
Writing Assignment, 461
Participating in the Academic Community, 461
5. A Mini-Reader on American Culture, 462
Unit 1. Identity, 464
“Mother and Freedom” by Maya Angelou, 464
“Living in Two Worlds” by Marcus Mabry, 466
“Tossing Identity and a Bouquet” by Ellen Goodman, 469
Cumulative Assignments for Unit One, 472
Unit 2. College Life, 473
“In Praise of the F Word” by Mary Sherry, 473
“Freshman Year 101” by Tim Madigan, 476
“College Valued Less for Learning Than for Earning” by Ethan Bronner, 480
Cumulative Assignments for Unit Two, 483
Unit 3. Lifestyles, 485
“Chinese Space, American Space” by Yi-Fu Tuan, 485
“What You Do Is What You Are” by Nickie McWhirter, 487
“Made in America” by Bill Bryson, 490
“Could You Live with Less?” by Stephanie Mills, 494
Cumulative Assignments for Unit Three, 497
Unit 4. Diversity, 498
“Child of the Americas” by Aurora Levins Morales, 498
“The Legacy of Generation Ñ” by Christy Haubegger, 500
“Time to Look and Listen” by Magdoline Asfahani, 502
“I Have a Dream” by Martin Luther King, Jr., 506
Cumulative Assignments for Unit Four, 510
A. Documenting and Citing Sources, 511
Citing Borrowed Material Within Your Text, 511
Preparing Your Works Cited, 512
B. Glossary of Research Terms, 514
C. Sample Student Paper (MLA Style), 517
Credits, 519
Chapter 5, 519
Chapter 8, 519
Chapter 10, 519
Chapter 11, 519
Chapter 12, 520
Chapter 13, 520
Chapter 14, 520
Chapter 16, 520
Chapter 17, 521
Chapter 18, 521
Chapter 19, 521
Chapter 20, 521
Chapter 31, 521
Chapter 32, 522
Chapter 33, 522
Chapter 34, 522
Part Five, 522
Index, I-1-1

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