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Biology: Concepts & Connections, Sixth Edition

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Biology: Exploring Life

The Life of the Cell

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Biology: Concepts & Connections, Sixth Edition

by Neil A. Campbell; Jane B. Reece; Martha R. Taylor; Eric J. Simon; Jean L. Dickey

Publisher: Benjamin Cummings

Copyright Year: 2009

Publishing Date: 2008/02/18

eText ISBN-10: 0-321-54447-1

eText ISBN-13: 978-0-321-54447-6

Print ISBN-10: 0-321-48984-5

Print ISBN-13: 978-0-321-48984-5

Course: Introductory Biology

Pages: 928

eTextbook $80.00

(180 day subscription)

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Table of Contents | Description

Instructor Resources | Student Resources

ABOUT THIS TITLE - TABLE OF CONTENTS

About the Authors, iii

To the student: How to use this book, iv

Make the most of your study time with mybiology.com, viii

New to This Edition, xi

Acknowledgments, xiv

Supplements for the Instructor, xviii

Supplements for the Student, xx

1. Biology: Exploring Life, 1-a

Essay: Dining in the Trees, 1

Themes in the Study of Biology, 2

1.1. In life’s hierarchy of organization, new properties emerge at each level, 2

1.2. Living organisms interact with their environments, exchanging matter and energy, 3

1.3. Cells are the structural and functional units of life, 4

Evolution, the Core Theme of Biology, 4

1.4. The unity of life: All forms of life have common features, 4

1.5. The diversity of life can be arranged into three domains, 6

1.6. Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life, 8

The Process of Science, 9

1.7. Scientists use two main approaches to learn about nature, 9

1.8. With hypothesis-based science, we pose and test hypotheses, 10

Biology and Everyday Life, 12

1.9. Connection: Biology, technology, and society are connected in important ways, 12

1.10. Evolution Connection: Evolution is connected to our everyday lives, 12

Chapter Review, 13

Unit One. The Life of the Cell, 15

2. The Chemical Basis of Life, 16

Essay: Who Tends This Garden?, 17

Elements, Atoms, and Molecules, 18

2.1. Living organisms are composed of about 25 chemical elements, 18

2.2. Connection: Trace elements are common additives to food and water, 18

2.3. Elements can combine to form compounds, 19

2.4. Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons, 20

2.5. Connection: Radioactive isotopes can help or harm us, 21

2.6. Electron arrangement determines the chemical properties of an atom, 22

2.7. Ionic bonds are attractions between ions of opposite charge, 22

2.8. Covalent bonds join atoms into molecules through electron sharing, 23

2.9. Unequal electron sharing creates polar molecules, 24

2.10. Hydrogen bonds are weak bonds important in the chemistry of life, 24

Water’s Life-Supporting Properties, 25

2.11. Hydrogen bonds make liquid water cohesive, 25

2.12. Water’s hydrogen bonds moderate temperature, 25

2.13. Ice is less dense than liquid water, 26

2.14. Water is the solvent of life, 26

2.15. The chemistry of life is sensitive to acidic and basic conditions, 27

2.16. Connection: Acid precipitation and ocean acidification threaten the environment, 28

2.17. Evolution Connection: The search for extraterrestrial life centers on the search for water, 28

Chemical Reactions, 29

2.18. Chemical reactions make and break bonds, changing the composition of matter, 29

Chapter Review, 30

3. The Molecules of Cells, 32

Essay: Got Lactose?, 33

Introduction to Organic Compounds, 34

3.1. Life’s molecular diversity is based on the properties of carbon, 34

3.2. Characteristic chemical groups help determine the properties of organic compounds, 35

3.3. Cells make a huge number of large molecules from a small set of small molecules, 36

Carbohydrates, 37

3.4. Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates, 37

3.5. Cells link two single sugars to form disaccharides, 38

3.6. Connection: What is high-fructose corn syrup and is it to blame for obesity?, 38

3.7. Polysaccharides are long chains of sugar units, 39

3.8. Fats are lipids that are mostly energy-storage molecules, 40

3.9. Phospholipids and steroids are important lipids with a variety of functions, 41

3.10. Connection: Anabolic steroids pose health risks, 41

3.11. Proteins are essential to the structures and functions of life, 42

3.12. Proteins are made from amino acids linked by peptide bonds, 42

3.13. A protein’s specific shape determines its function, 43

3.14. A protein’s shape depends on four levels of structure, 44

3.15. Talking About Science: Linus Pauling contributed to our understanding of the chemistry of life, 46

Nucleic Acids, 46

3.16. Nucleic acids are information-rich polymers of nucleotides, 46

3.17. Evolution Connection: Lactose tolerance is a recent event in human evolution, 47

Chapter Review, 48

4. A Tour of the Cell, 50

Essay: Cells on the Move, 51

Introduction to the Cell, 52

4.1. Microscopes reveal the world of the cell, 52

4.2. Most cells are microscopic, 54

4.3. Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells, 55

4.4. Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments, 56

4.5. The structure of membranes correlates with their functions, 58

Cell Structures Involved in Manufacturing and Breakdown, 58

4.6. The nucleus is the cell’s genetic control center, 58

4.7. Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export, 59

4.8. Overview: Many cell organelles are connected through the endomembrane system, 59

4.9. The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic factory, 60

4.10. The Golgi apparatus finishes, sorts, and ships cell products, 61

4.11. Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell, 62

4.12. Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell, 62

4.13. A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown, 63

Energy-Converting Organelles, 63

4.14. Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food, 63

4.15. Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy, 64

4.16. Evolution Connection: Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis, 64

Internal and External Support: The Cytoskeleton and Cell Surfaces, 65

4.17. The cell’s internal skeleton helps organize its structure and activities, 65

4.18. Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend, 66

4.19. Connection: Problems with sperm motility may be environmental or genetic, 67

4.20. The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support, movement, and regulation, 67

4.21. Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues, 68

4.22. Cell walls enclose and support plant cells, 68

Functional Categories of Cell Structures, 69

4.23. Review: Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four basic functions, 69

Chapter Review, 70

5. The Working Cell, 72

Essay: Turning on the Lights to Be Invisible, 73

Membrane Structure and Function, 74

5.1. Membranes are a fluid mosaic of phospholipids and proteins, 74

5.2. Evolution Connection: Membranes form spontaneously, a critical step in the origin of life, 75

5.3. Passive transport is diffusion across a membrane with no energy investment, 75

5.4. Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a membrane, 76

5.5. Water balance between cells and their surroundings is crucial to organisms, 76

5.6. Transport proteins may facilitate diffusion across membranes, 77

5.7. Talking About Science: Peter Agre talks about aquaporins, water-channel proteins found in somecells, 78

5.8. Cells expend energy in the active transport of a solute against its concentration gradient, 78

5.9. Exocytosis and endocytosis transport large molecules across membranes, 79

Energy and the Cell, 80

5.10. Cells transform energy as they perform work, 80

5.11. Two laws govern energy transformations, 81

5.12. Chemical reactions either release or store energy, 82

5.13. ATP shuttles chemical energy and drives cellular work, 83

How Enzymes Function, 84

5.14. Enzymes speed up the cell’s chemical reactions by lowering energy barriers, 84

5.15. A specific enzyme catalyzes each cellular reaction, 84

5.16. Enzyme inhibitors block enzyme action and can regulate enzyme activity in a cell, 85

Chapter Review, 86

6. How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy, 88

Essay: How Is a Marathoner Different from a Sprinter?, 89

Introduction to Cellular Respiration, 90

6.1. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration provide energy for life, 90

6.2. Breathing supplies oxygen to our cells for use in cellular respiration and removes carbon dioxide, 90

6.3. Cellular respiration banks energy in ATP molecules, 91

6.4. Connection: The human body uses energy from ATP for all its activities, 91

6.5. Cells tap energy from electrons “falling” from organic fuels to oxygen, 92

Stages of Cellular Respiration and Fermentation, 93

6.6. Overview: Cellular respiration occurs in three main stages, 93

6.7. Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate, 94

6.8. Pyruvate is chemically groomed for the citric acid cycle, 96

6.9. The citric acid cycle completes the oxidation of organic molecules, generating many NADH and FADH₂ molecules, 96

6.10. Most ATP production occurs by oxidative phosphorylation, 98

6.11. Connection: Certain poisons interrupt critical events in cellular respiration, 99

6.12. Review: Each molecule of glucose yields many molecules of ATP, 100

6.13. Fermentation enables cells to produce ATP without oxygen, 101

6.14. Evolution Connection: Glycolysis evolved early in the history of life on Earth, 102

Interconnections Between Molecular Breakdown and Synthesis, 102

6.15. Cells use many kinds of organic molecules as fuel for cellular respiration, 102

6.16. Food molecules provide raw materials for biosynthesis, 103

Chapter Review, 104

7. Photosynthesis: Using Light to Make Food, 106

Essay: Plant Power, 107

An Overview of Photosynthesis, 108

7.1. Autotrophs are the producers of the biosphere, 108

7.2. Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts in plant cells, 109

7.3. Plants produce O₂ gas by splitting water, 110

7.4. Photosynthesis is a redox process, as is cellular respiration, 110

7.5. Overview: The two stages of photosynthesis are linked by ATP and NADPH, 111

The Light Reactions: Converting Solar Energy to Chemical Energy, 112

7.6. Visible radiation drives the light reactions, 112

7.7. Photosystems capture solar power, 113

7.8. Two photosystems connected by an electron transport chain generate ATP and NADPH, 114

7.9. Chemiosmosis powers ATP synthesis in the light reactions, 115

The Calvin Cycle: Converting CO₂ to Sugars, 116

7.10. ATP and NADPH power sugar synthesis in the Calvin cycle, 116

Photosynthesis Reviewed and Extended, 117

7.11. Review: Photosynthesis uses light energy, CO₂, and H₂O to make food molecules, 117

7.12. Evolution Connection: Adaptations that save water in hot, dry climates evolved in C₄ and CAM plants, 118

Photosynthesis, Solar Radiation, and Earth’s Atmosphere, 119

7.13. Connection: Photosynthesis moderates global warming, 119

7.14. Talking About Science: Mario Molina talks about Earth’s protective ozone layer, 120

Chapter Review, 121

Unit Two. Cellular Reproduction and Genetics, 123

8. The Cellular Basis of Reproduction and Inheritance, 124

Essay: Rain Forest Rescue, 125

Connections Between Cell Division and Reproduction, 126

8.1. Like begets like, more or less, 126

8.2. Cells arise only from preexisting cells, 127

8.3. Prokaryotes reproduce by binary fission, 127

The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle and Mitosis, 128

8.4. The large, complex chromosomes of eukaryotes duplicate with each cell division, 128

8.5. The cell cycle multiplies cells, 129

8.6. Cell division is a continuum of dynamic changes, 130

8.7. Cytokinesis differs for plant and animal cells, 132

8.8. Anchorage, cell density, and chemical growth factors affect cell division, 133

8.9. Growth factors signal the cell cycle control system, 134

8.10. Connection: Growing out of control, cancer cells produce malignant tumors, 135

8.11. Review: Mitosis provides for growth, cell replacement, and asexual reproduction, 136

Meiosis and Crossing Over, 136

8.12. Chromosomes are matched in homologous pairs, 136

8.13. Gametes have a single set of chromosomes, 137

8.14. Meiosis reduces the chromosome number from diploid to haploid, 138

8.15. Mitosis and meiosis have important similarities and differences, 140

8.16. Independent orientation of chromosomes in meiosis and random fertilization lead to varied offspring, 141

8.17. Homologous chromosomes can carry different versions of genes, 142

8.18. Crossing over further increases genetic variability, 142

Alterations of Chromosome Number and Structure, 144

8.19. A karyotype is a photographic inventory of an individual’s chromosomes, 144

8.20. Connection: An extra copy of chromosome 21 causes Down syndrome, 145

8.21. Accidents during meiosis can alter chromosome number, 146

8.22. Connection: Abnormal numbers of sex chromosomes do not usually affect survival, 146

8.23. Evolution Connection: New species can arise from errors in cell division, 147

8.24. Connection: Alterations of chromosome structure can cause birth defects and cancer, 148

Chapter Review, 149

9. Patterns of Inheritance, 152

Essay: Barking Up the Genetic Tree, 153

Mendel’s Laws, 154

9.1. The science of genetics has ancient roots, 154

9.2. Experimental genetics began in an abbey garden, 154

9.3. Mendel’s law of segregation describes the inheritance of a single character, 156

9.4. Homologous chromosomes bear the alleles for each character, 157

9.5. The law of independent assortment is revealed by tracking two characters at once, 158

9.6. Geneticists use the testcross to determine unknown genotypes, 159

9.7. Mendel’s laws reflect the rules of probability, 160

9.8. Connection: Genetic traits in humans can be tracked through family pedigrees, 161

9.9. Connection: Many inherited disorders in humans are controlled by a single gene, 162

9.10. Connection: New technologies can provide insight into one’s genetic legacy, 164

Variations on Mendel’s Laws, 166

9.11. Incomplete dominance results in intermediate phenotypes, 166

9.12. Many genes have more than two alleles in the population, 167

9.13. A single gene may affect many phenotypic characters, 168

9.14. A single character may be influenced by many genes, 169

9.15. The environment affects many characters, 170

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance, 170

9.16. Chromosome behavior accounts for Mendel’s laws, 170

9.17. Genes on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together, 172

9.18. Crossing over produces new combinations of alleles, 172

9.19. Geneticists use crossover data to map genes, 174

Sex Chromosomes and Sex-Linked Genes, 174

9.20. Chromosomes determine sex in many species, 174

9.21. Sex-linked genes exhibit a unique pattern of inheritance, 176

9.22. Connection: Sex-linked disorders affect mostly males, 177

9.23. Evolution Connection: The Y Chromosome provides clues about human male evolution, 177

Chapter Review, 178

10. Molecular Biology of the Gene, 180

Essay: Sabotage Inside Our Cells, 181

The Structure of the Genetic Material, 182

10.1. Experiments showed that DNA is the genetic material, 182

10.2. DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides, 184

10.3. DNA is a double-stranded helix, 186

DNA Replication, 188

10.4. DNA replication depends on specific base pairing, 188

10.5. DNA replication proceeds in two directions at many sites simultaneously, 189

The Flow of Genetic Information from DNA to RNA to Protein, 190

10.6. The DNA genotype is expressed as proteins, which provide the molecular basis for phenotypic traits, 190

10.7. Genetic information written in codons is translated into amino acid sequences, 191

10.8. The genetic code is the Rosetta stone of life, 192

10.9. Transcription produces genetic messages in the form of RNA, 193

10.10. Eukaryotic RNA is processed before leaving the nucleus, 194

10.11. Transfer RNA molecules serve as interpreters during translation, 194

10.12. Ribosomes build polypeptides, 196

10.13. An initiation codon marks the start of an mRNA message, 196

10.14. Elongation adds amino acids to the polypeptide chain until a stop codon terminates translation, 197

10.15. Review: The flow of genetic information in the cell is DNA → RNA → protein, 198

10.16. Mutations can change the meaning of genes, 199

Microbial Genetics, 200

10.17. Viral DNA may become part of the host chromosome, 200

10.18. Connection: Many viruses cause disease in animals and plants, 201

10.19. Evolution Connection: Emerging viruses threaten human health, 202

10.20. The AIDS virus makes DNA on an RNA template, 203

10.21. Viroids and prions are formidable pathogens in plants and animals, 203

10.22. Bacteria can transfer DNA in three ways, 204

10.23. Bacterial plasmids can serve as carriers for gene transfer, 205

Chapter Review, 206

11. How Genes Are Controlled, 208

Essay: Cloning to the Rescue?, 209

Control of Gene Expression, 210

11.1. Proteins interacting with DNA turn prokaryotic genes on or off in response to environmental changes, 210

11.2. Differentiation results from the expression of different combinations of genes, 212

11.3. DNA packing in eukaryotic chromosomes helps regulate gene expression, 212

11.4. In female mammals, one X chromosome is inactive in each somatic cell, 213

11.5. Complex assemblies of proteins control eukaryotic transcription, 214

11.6. Eukaryotic RNA may be spliced in more than one way, 214

11.7. Small RNAs play multiple roles in controlling gene expression, 215

11.8. Translation and later stages of gene expression are also subject to regulation, 216

11.9. Review: Multiple mechanisms regulate gene expression in eukaryotes, 217

11.10. Cascades of gene expression direct the development of an animal, 218

11.11. Connection: DNA microarrays test for the transcription of many genes at once, 219

11.12. Signal transduction pathways convert messages received at the cell surface to responses within the cell, 220

11.13. Evolution Connection: Cell-signaling systems appeared early in the evolution of life, 220

Cloning of Plants and Animals, 221

11.14. Plant cloning shows that differentiated cells may retain all of their genetic potential, 221

11.15. Nuclear transplantation can be used to clone animals, 222

11.16. Connection: Reproductive cloning has valuable applications, but human reproductive cloning raises ethical issues, 222

11.17. Connection: Therapeutic cloning can produce stem cells with great medical potential, 223

The Genetic Basis of Cancer, 224

11.18. Cancer results from mutations in genes that control cell division, 224

11.19. Multiple genetic changes underlie the development of cancer, 225

11.20. Faulty proteins can interfere with normal signal transduction pathways, 226

11.21. Connection: Lifestyle choices can reduce the risk of cancer, 227

Chapter Review, 228

12. DNA Technology and Genomics, 230

Essay: DNA and Crime Scene Investigations, 231

Gene Cloning, 232

12.1. Genes can be cloned in recombinant plasmids, 232

12.2. Enzymes are used to “cut and paste” DNA, 234

12.3. Cloned genes can be stored in genomic libraries, 235

12.4. Reverse transcriptase helps make genes for cloning, 235

12.5. Nucleic acid probes identify clones carrying specific genes, 236

Genetically Modified Organisms, 236

12.6. Recombinant cells and organisms can mass-produce gene products, 236

12.7. Connection: DNA technology has changed the pharmaceutical industry and medicine, 238

12.8. Connection: Genetically modified organisms are transforming agriculture, 239

12.9. Genetically modified organisms raise concerns about human and environmental health, 240

12.10. Connection: Gene therapy may someday help treat a variety of diseases, 241

DNA Profiling, 242

12.11. The analysis of genetic markers can produce a DNA profile, 242

12.12. The PCR method is used to amplify DNA sequences, 242

12.13. Gel electrophoresis sorts DNA molecules by size, 243

12.14. STR analysis is commonly used for DNA profiling, 244

12.15. Connection: DNA profiling has provided evidence in many forensic investigations, 245

12.16. RFLPs can be used to detect differences in DNA sequences, 246

12.17. Genomics is the scientific study of whole genomes, 247

12.18. Connection: The Human Genome Project revealed that most of the human genome does not consist of genes, 248

12.19. The whole-genome shotgun method of sequencing a genome can provide a wealth of data quickly, 249

12.20. Proteomics is the scientific study of the full set of proteins encoded by a genome, 249

12.21. Evolution Connection: Genomes hold clues to the evolutionary divergence of humans and chimps, 250

Chapter Review, 250

Unit Three. Concepts of Evolution, 253

13. How Populations Evolve, 254

Essay: Clown, Fool, or Simply Well Adapted?, 255

Darwin’s Theory of Evolution, 256

13.1. A sea voyage helped Darwin frame his theory of evolution, 256

13.2. Darwin proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution, 258

13.3. Scientists can observe natural selection in action, 259

13.4. The study of fossils provides strong evidence for evolution, 260

13.5. A mass of other evidence reinforces the evolutionary view of life, 262

13.6. Homologies indicate patterns of descent that can be shown on an evolutionary tree, 263

The Evolution of Populations, 264

13.7. Populations are the units of evolution, 264

13.8. Mutation and sexual reproduction produce genetic variation, making evolution possible, 264

13.9. The Hardy-Weinberg equation can be used to test whether a population is evolving, 266

13.10. Connection: The Hardy-Weinberg equation is useful in public health science, 267

Mechanisms of Microevolution, 268

13.11. Natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow can alter allele frequencies in a population, 268

13.12. Natural selection is the only mechanism that consistently leads to adaptive evolution, 269

13.13. Natural selection can alter variation in a population in three ways, 270

13.14. Sexual selection may lead to phenotypic differences between males and females, 271

13.15. Evolution Connection: The evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacteria is a serious public health concern, 272

13.16. Diploidy and balancing selection preserve genetic variation, 272

13.17. Natural selection cannot fashion perfect organisms, 273

Chapter Review, 274

14. The Origin of Species, 276

Essay: The Rise and Fall of Cichlids, 276

14.1. The origin of species is the source of biological diversity, 278

Concepts of Species, 278

14.2. There are several ways to define a species, 278

14.3. Reproductive barriers keep species separate, 280

Mechanisms of Speciation, 282

14.4. In allopatric speciation, geographic isolation leads to speciation, 282

14.5. In sympatric speciation, speciation takes place without geographic isolation, 283

14.6. Evolution Connection: Most plant species trace their origin to polyploid speciation, 284

14.7. Reproductive barriers may evolve as populations diverge, 285

14.8. Hybrid zones provide opportunities to study reproductive isolation, 286

14.9. Talking About Science: Peter and Rosemary Grant study the evolution of Darwin’s finches, 287

14.10. Adaptive radiation may occur when new opportunities arise, 288

14.11. Speciation can occur rapidly or slowly, 289

Chapter Review, 290

15. Tracing Evolutionary History, 292

Essay: On the Wings of Eagles, Bats, and Pterosaurs, 293

Early Earth and the Origin of Life, 294

15.1. Conditions on early Earth made the origin of life possible, 294

15.2. Talking About Science Stanley Miller’s experiments showed that the abiotic synthesis of organic molecules is possible, 295

15.3. The formation of polymers, membranes, and self-replicating molecules represent stages in the origin of the first cells, 296

Major Events in the History of Life, 297

15.4. The origins of single-celled and multicelled organisms and the colonization of land are key events in life’s history, 297

15.5. The actual ages of rocks and fossils mark geologic time, 298

15.6. The fossil record documents the history of life, 298

Mechanisms of Macroevolution, 300

15.7. Continental drift has played a major role in macroevolution, 300

15.8. Connection: The effects of continental drift may imperil human life, 302

15.9. Mass extinctions destroy large numbers of species, 302

15.10. Evolution Connection: Adaptive radiations have increased the diversity of life, 304

15.11. Genes that control development play a major role in evolution, 304

15.12. Evolutionary novelties may arise in several ways, 306

15.13. Evolutionary trends do not mean that evolution is goal directed, 307

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life, 308

15.14. Phylogenies are based on homologies in fossils and living organisms, 308

15.15. Systematics connects classification with evolutionary history, 308

15.16. Shared characters are used to construct phylogenetic trees, 310

15.17. An organism’s evolutionary history is documented in its genome, 312

15.18. Molecular clocks help track evolutionary time, 313

15.19. Constructing the tree of life is a work in progress, 314

Chapter Review, 315

Unit Four. The Evolution of Biological Diversity, 317

16. The Origin and Evolution of Microbial Life: Prokaryotes and Protists, 318

Essay: How Ancient Bacteria Changed the World, 318

Prokaryotes, 320

16.1. Prokaryotes are diverse and widespread, 320

16.2. Bacteria and archaea are the two main branches of prokaryotic evolution, 320

16.3. Prokaryotes come in a variety of shapes, 321

16.4. Various structural features contribute to the success of prokaryotes, 322

16.5. Prokaryotes obtain nourishment in a variety of ways, 324

16.6. Archaea thrive in extreme environments—and in other habitats, 325

16.7. Bacteria include a diverse assemblage of prokaryotes, 326

16.8. Connection: Some bacteria cause disease, 327

16.9. Connection: Bacteria can be used as biological weapons, 328

16.10. Connection: Prokaryotes help recycle chemicals and clean up the environment, 329

16.11. Protists are an extremely diverse assortment of eukaryotes, 330

16.12. Evolution Connection: Secondary endosymbiosis is the key to protist diversity, 331

16.13. A tentative phylogeny of eukaryotes includes multiple clades of protists, 332

16.14. Diplomonads and parabasalids have modified mitochondria, 332

16.15. Euglenozoans have flagella with a unique internal structure, 333

16.16. Alveolates have sacs beneath the plasma membrane, 333

16.17. Stramenopiles have “hairy” and smooth flagella, 334

16.18. Amoebozoans have lobe-shaped pseudopodia, 334

16.19. Foraminiferans and radiolarians have threadlike pseudopodia, 335

16.20. Red algae and green algae are the closest relatives of land plants, 336

16.21. Evolution Connection: Multicellularity evolved several times in eukaryotes, 337

Chapter Review, 338

17. Plants, Fungi, and the Colonization of Land, 340

Essay: Plants and Fungi—A Beneficial Partnership, 341

Plant Evolution and Diversity, 342

17.1. Plants have adaptations for life on land, 342

17.2. Plant diversity reflects the evolutionary history of the plant kingdom, 344

Alternation of Generations and Plant Life Cycles, 346

17.3. Haploid and diploid generations alternate in plant life cycles, 346

17.4. Mosses have a dominant gametophyte, 346

17.5. Ferns, like most plants, have a dominant sporophyte, 347

17.6. Seedless vascular plants dominated vast “coal forests”, 348

17.7. A pine tree is a sporophyte with gametophytes in its cones, 348

17.8. The flower is the centerpiece of angiosperm reproduction, 350

17.9. The angiosperm plant is a sporophyte with gametophytes in its flowers, 350

17.10. The structure of a fruit reflects its function in seed dispersal, 352

17.11. Connection: Angiosperms sustain us—and add spice to our diets, 352

17.12. Evolution Connection: Pollination by animals has influenced angiosperm evolution, 353

17.13. Connection: Plant diversity is an irreplaceable resource, 354

17.14. Fungi absorb food after digesting it outside their bodies, 355

17.15. Fungi produce spores in both asexual and sexual life cycles, 356

17.16. Fungi are classified into five groups, 356

17.17. Fungal groups differ in their life cycles and reproductive structures, 358

17.18. Connection: Parasitic fungi harm plants and animals, 359

17.19. Lichens consist of fungi living in close association with photosynthetic organisms, 360

17.20. Some fungi have mutually beneficial relationships with ants, 360

17.21. Connection: Fungi have enormous ecological benefits and practical uses, 361

Chapter Review, 362

18. The Evolution of Invertebrate Diversity, 364

Essay: Fatal or Fake?, 365

Animal Evolution and Diversity, 366

18.1. What is an animal?, 366

18.2. The ancestor of animals was probably a colonial, flagellated protist, 367

18.3. Animals can be characterized by basic features of their “body plan”, 368

18.4. The body plans of animals can be used to build phylogenetic trees, 369

Invertebrate Diversity, 370

18.5. Sponges have a relatively simple, porous body, 370

18.6. Cnidarians are radial animals with tentacles and stinging cells, 371

18.7. Flatworms are the simplest bilateral animals, 372

18.8. Nematodes have a pseudocoelom and a complete digestive tract, 373

18.9. Diverse molluscs are variations on a common body plan, 374

18.10. Annelids are segmented worms, 376

18.11. Arthropods are segmented animals with jointed appendages and an exoskeleton, 378

18.12. Evolution Connection: Insects are the most successful group of animals, 380

18.13. Echinoderms have spiny skin, an endoskeleton, and a water vascular system for movement, 382

18.14. Our own phylum, Chordata, is distinguished by four features, 383

Animal Phylogeny and Diversity Revisited, 384

18.15. An animal phylogenetic tree is a work in progress, 384

18.16. Talking About Science: Sean Carroll talks about the evolution of animal diversity, 385

Chapter Review, 386

19. The Evolution of Vertebrate Diversity, 388

Essay: What Am I?, 388

Vertebrate Evolution and Diversity, 390

19.1. Derived characters define the major clades of chordates, 390

19.2. Hagfishes and lampreys lack hinged jaws, 391

19.3. Jawed vertebrates with gills and paired fins include sharks, ray-finned fishes, and lobe-finned fishes, 392

19.4. Evolution Connection: New fossil discoveries are filling in the gaps of tetrapod evolution, 394

19.5. Amphibians are tetrapods—vertebrates with two pairs of limbs, 396

19.6. Reptiles are amniotes—tetrapods with a terrestrially adapted egg, 397

19.7. Birds are feathered reptiles with adaptations for flight, 398

19.8. Mammals are amniotes that have hair and produce milk, 399

Primate Diversity, 400

19.9. The human story begins with our primate heritage, 400

19.10. Hominoids include humans and four other groups of apes, 402

Hominid Evolution, 403

19.11. The hominid branch of the primate tree is only a few million years old, 403

19.12. Upright posture evolved long before an enlarged brain, 404

19.13. Larger brains mark the evolution of Homo, 404

19.14. Neanderthals and our human ancestors diverged half a million years ago, 405

19.15. From origins in Africa, Homo sapiens spread around the world, 406

19.16. A genetic difference helped humans start speaking, 407

19.17. Evolution Connection: Human skin color reflects adaptations to varying amounts of sunlight, 407

19.18. Connection: Humans threaten animal diversity by introducing non-native species, 408

Chapter Review, 409

Unit Five. Animals: Form and Function, 411

20. Unifying Concepts of Animal Structure and Function, 412

Essay: Climbing the Walls, 413

The Hierarchy of Structural Organization in an Animal, 414

20.1. Structure fits function at all levels of organization in the animal body, 414

20.2. Evolution Connection: An animal’s form reflects natural selection, 415

20.3. Tissues are groups of cells with a common structure and function, 415

20.4. Epithelial tissue covers the body and lines its organs and cavities, 416

20.5. Connective tissue binds and supports other tissues, 417

20.6. Muscle tissue functions in movement, 418

20.7. Nervous tissue forms a communication network, 418

20.8. Organs are made up of tissues, 419

20.9. Connection: Bioengineers are learning to produce tissues and organs for transplants, 419

20.10. Organ systems work together to perform life’s functions, 420

20.11. Connection: New imaging technology reveals the inner body, 422

20.12. The integumentary system protects the body, 423

Exchanges with the External Environment, 424

20.13. Structural adaptations enhance exchange between animals and their environment, 424

20.14. Animals regulate their internal environment, 425

20.15. Homeostasis depends on negative feedback, 426

Chapter Review, 426

21. Nutrition and Digestion, 428

Essay: Getting Their Fill of Krill, 429

Obtaining and Processing Food, 430

21.1. Animals ingest their food in a variety of ways, 430

21.2. Overview: Food processing occurs in four stages, 431

21.3. Digestion occurs in specialized compartments, 432

Human Digestive System, 433

21.4. The human digestive system consists of an alimentary canal and accessory glands, 433

21.5. Digestion begins in the oral cavity, 434

21.6. After swallowing, peristalsis moves food through the esophagus to the stomach, 434

21.7. Connection: The Heimlich maneuver can save lives, 435

21.8. The stomach stores food and breaks it down with acid and enzymes, 436

21.9. Connection: Digestive ailments include acid reflux and gastric ulcers, 437

21.10. The small intestine is the major organ of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption, 438

21.11. One of the liver’s many functions is processing nutrient-laden blood from the intestines, 440

21.12. The large intestine reclaims water and compacts the feces, 440

21.13. Evolution Connection: Evolutionary adaptations of vertebrate digestive systems often relate to diet, 441

21.14. Overview: A healthy diet satisfies three needs, 442

21.15. Chemical energy powers the body, 442

21.16. An animal’s diet must supply essential nutrients, 443

21.17. Connection: Vegetarians must be sure to obtain all eight essential amino acids, 443

21.18. A healthy diet includes 13 vitamins and many essential minerals, 444

21.19. Connection: Do you need to take vitamin and mineral supplements?, 446

21.20. Connection: What do food labels tell us?, 446

21.21. Evolution Connection: The human health problem of obesity may reflect our evolutionary past, 447

21.22. Connection: What are the health risks and benefits of weight loss plans?, 448

21.23. Connection: Diet can influence cardiovascular disease and cancer, 449

Chapter Review, 450

22. Gas Exchange, 452

Essay: Surviving in Thin Air, 453

Mechanisms of Gas Exchange, 454

22.1. Overview: Gas exchange in an animal with lungs involves breathing, transport of gases, and exchange of gases with tissue cells, 454

22.2. Animals exchange O₂ and CO₂ across moist body surfaces, 454

22.3. Gills are adapted for gas exchange in aquatic environments, 456

22.4. The tracheal system of insects provides direct exchange between the air and body cells, 457

22.5. Evolution Connection: The evolution of lungs facilitated the movement of tetrapods onto land, 458

22.6. In the human respiratory system, branching tubes convey air to lungs located in the chest cavity, 458

22.7. Connection: Smoking is a serious assault on the respiratory system, 460

22.8. Negative pressure breathing ventilates our lungs, 460

22.9. Breathing is automatically controlled, 461

Transport of Gases in the Human Body, 462

22.10. Blood transports respiratory gases, 462

22.11. Hemoglobin carries O₂, helps transport CO₂, and buffers the blood, 462

22.12. Connection: The human fetus exchanges gases with the mother’s bloodstream, 463

Chapter Review, 464

23. Circulation, 466

Essay: How Does Gravity Affect Blood Circulation?, 467

Mechanisms of Internal Transport, 468

23.1. Circulatory systems facilitate exchange with all body tissues, 468

23.2. Evolution Connection: Vertebrate cardiovascular systems reflect evolution, 469

The Human Cardiovascular System, 470

23.3. The human cardiovascular system illustrates the double circulation of mammals, 470

23.4. The heart contracts and relaxes rhythmically, 471

23.5. The pacemaker sets the tempo of the heartbeat, 472

23.6. Connection: What is a heart attack?, 473

23.7. The structure of blood vessels fits their functions, 474

23.8. Blood pressure and velocity reflect the structure and arrangement of blood vessels, 475

23.9. Connection: Measuring blood pressure can reveal cardiovascular problems, 476

23.10. Smooth muscle controls the distribution of blood, 477

23.11. Capillaries allow the transfer of substances through their walls, 478

Structure and Function of Blood, 479

23.12. Blood consists of red and white blood cells suspended in plasma, 479

23.13. Connection: Too few or too many red blood cells can be unhealthy, 480

23.14. Blood clots plug leaks when blood vessels are injured, 480

23.15. Connection: Stem cells offer a potential cure for blood cell diseases, 481

Chapter Review, 482

24. The Immune System, 484

Essay: The Kissing Disease?!?, 485

Innate Defenses Against Infection, 486

24.1. Both invertebrates and vertebrates have innate defenses against infection, 486

24.2. The inflammatory response mobilizes innate defenses, 487

24.3. The lymphatic system becomes a crucial battleground during infection, 488

Acquired Immunity, 489

24.4. The acquired immune response counters specific invaders, 489

24.5. Lymphocytes mount a dual defense, 490

24.6. Antigens have specific regions where antibodies bind to them, 491

24.7. Clonal selection musters defensive forces against specific antigens, 492

24.8. Antibodies are the weapons of the humoral immune response, 494

24.9. Antibodies mark antigens for elimination, 495

24.10. Connection: Monoclonal antibodies are powerful tools in the lab and clinic, 496

24.11. Helper T cells stimulate the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, 497

24.12. Cytotoxic T cells destroy infected body cells, 498

24.13. Connection: HIV destroys helper T cells, compromising the body’s defenses, 498

24.14. Evolution Connection: The rapid evolution of HIV complicates AIDS treatment, 499

24.15. The immune system depends on our molecular fingerprints, 500

Disorders of the Immune System, 500

24.16. Connection: Malfunction or failure of the immune system causes disease, 500

24.17. Connection: Allergies are overreactions to certain environmental antigens, 501

Chapter Review, 502

25. Control of Body Temperature and Water Balance, 504

Essay: Chilling Out, 505

Thermoregulation, 506

25.1. An animal’s regulation of body temperature helps maintain homeostasis, 506

25.2. Heat is gained or lost in four ways, 506

25.3. Thermoregulation involves adaptations that balance heat gain and loss, 506

Osmoregulation and Excretion, 508

25.4. Animals balance the gain and loss of water and solutes through osmoregulation, 508

25.5. Evolution Connection: A variety of ways to dispose of nitrogenous wastes have evolved in animals, 509

25.6. The urinary system plays several major roles in homeostasis, 510

25.7. Overview: The key processes of the urinary system are filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion, 511

25.8. Blood filtrate is refined to urine through reabsorption and secretion, 512

25.9. Connection: Kidney dialysis can be a lifesaver, 513

Chapter Review, 514

26. Hormones and the Endocrine System, 516

Essay: Gender Benders, 517

The Nature of Chemical Regulation, 518

26.1. Chemical signals coordinate body functions, 518

26.2. Hormones affect target cells by two main signaling mechanisms, 519

The Vertebrate Endocrine System, 520

26.3. Overview: The vertebrate endocrine system consists of more than a dozen major glands, 520

26.4. The hypothalamus, which is closely tied to the pituitary, connects the nervous and endocrine systems, 522

Hormones and Homeostasis, 524

26.5. The thyroid regulates development and metabolism, 524

26.6. Hormones from the thyroid and parathyroids maintain calcium homeostasis, 524

26.7. Pancreatic hormones regulate blood glucose levels, 526

26.8. Connection: Diabetes is a common endocrine disorder, 527

26.9. The adrenal glands mobilize responses to stress, 528

26.10. The gonads secrete sex hormones, 529

26.11. Evolution Connection: A single hormone can perform a variety of functions in different animals, 530

Chapter Review, 530

27. Reproduction and Embryonic Development, 532

Essay: Baby Bonanza, 532

Asexual and Sexual Reproduction, 534

27.1. Asexual reproduction results in the generation of genetically identical offspring, 534

27.2. Sexual reproduction results in the generation of genetically unique offspring, 534

Human Reproduction, 536

27.3. Reproductive anatomy of the human female, 536

27.4. Reproductive anatomy of the human male, 538

27.5. The formation of sperm and egg requires meiosis, 540

27.6. Hormones synchronize cyclic changes in the ovary and uterus, 542

27.7. Connection: Sexual activity can transmit disease, 544

27.8. Connection: Contraception can prevent unwanted pregnancy, 545

Principles of Embryonic Development, 546

27.9. Fertilization results in a zygote and triggers embryonic development, 546

27.10. Cleavage produces a ball of cells from the zygote, 548

27.11. Gastrulation produces a three-layered embryo, 548

27.12. Organs start to form after gastrulation, 550

27.13. Multiple processes give form to the developing animal, 552

27.14. Evolution Connection: Pattern formation during embryonic development is controlled by ancient genes, 552

Human Development, 554

27.15. The embryo and placenta take shape during the first month of pregnancy, 554

27.16. Human development from conception to birth is divided into three trimesters, 556

27.17. Childbirth is hormonally induced and occurs in three stages, 558

27.18. Connection: Reproductive technology increases our reproductive options, 559

Chapter Review, 560

28. Nervous Systems, 562

Essay: Can an Injured Spinal Cord Be Fixed?, 563

Nervous System Structure and Function, 564

28.1. Nervous systems receive sensory input, interpret it, and send out appropriate commands, 564

28.2. Neurons are the functional units of nervous systems, 565

Nerve Signals and Their Transmission, 566

28.3. A neuron maintains a membrane potential across its membrane, 566

28.4. A nerve signal begins as a change in the membrane potential, 566

28.5. The action potential propagates itself along the neuron, 568

28.6. Neurons communicate at synapses, 569

28.7. Chemical synapses make complex information processing possible, 570

28.8. A variety of small molecules function as neurotransmitters, 570

28.9. Connection: Many drugs act at chemical synapses, 571

An Overview of Animal Nervous Systems, 572

28.10. Evolution Connection: The evolution of animal nervous systems reflects changes in body symmetry, 572

28.11. Vertebrate nervous systems are highly centralized and cephalized, 573

28.12. The peripheral nervous system of vertebrates is a functional hierarchy, 574

28.13. Opposing actions of sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons regulate the internal environment, 574

28.14. The vertebrate brain develops from three anterior bulges of the neural tube, 576

The Human Brain, 576

28.15. The structure of a living supercomputer: The human brain, 576

28.16. The cerebral cortex is a mosaic of specialized, interactive regions, 578

28.17. Connection: Injuries and brain operations provide insight into brain function, 579

28.18. Connection: fMRI scans can provide insight into brain structure and function, 580

28.19. Several parts of the brain regulate sleep and arousal, 580

28.20. The limbic system is involved in emotions, memory, and learning, 581

28.21. Connection: Changes in brain physiology can produce neurological disorders, 582

Chapter Review, 584

29. The Senses, 586

Essay: Superhuman Senses, 587

Sensory Reception, 588

29.1. Sensory inputs become sensations and perceptions in the brain, 588

29.2. Sensory receptors convert stimulus energy to action potentials, 588

29.3. Specialized sensory receptors detect five categories of stimuli, 590

Hearing and Balance, 592

29.4. The ear converts air pressure waves to action potentials that are perceived as sound, 592

29.5. The inner ear houses our organs of balance, 594

29.6. Connection: What causes motion sickness?, 594

29.7. Evolution Connection: Several types of eyes have evolved among animals, 595

29.8. Humans have single-lens eyes that focus by changing position or shape, 596

29.9. Connection: Artificial lenses or surgery can correct focusing problems, 597

29.10. The human retina contains two types of photoreceptors: rods and cones, 598

Taste and Smell, 599

29.11. Taste and odor receptors detect chemicals present in solution or air, 599

29.12. Connection: “Supertasters” have a heightened sense of taste, 599

29.13. Review: The central nervous system couples stimulus with response, 600

Chapter Review, 600

30. How Animals Move, 602

Essay: Man versus Horse, 602

Movement and Locomotion, 604

30.1. Animals have evolved diverse means of locomotion, 604

Skeletal Support, 606

30.2. Skeletons function in support, movement, and protection, 606

30.3. Evolution Connection: Vertebrate skeletons are variations on an ancient theme, 608

30.4. Bones are complex living organs, 609

30.5. Connection: Healthy bones resist stress and heal from injuries, 610

30.6. Joints permit different types of movement, 611

Muscle Contraction and Movement, 611

30.7. The skeleton and muscles interact in movement, 611

30.8. Each muscle cell has its own contractile apparatus, 612

30.9. A muscle contracts when thin filaments slide across thick filaments, 612

30.10. Motor neurons stimulate muscle contraction, 614

30.11. Connection: Aerobic respiration supplies most of the energy for exercise, 615

30.12. Connection: Muscle fiber characteristics affect athletic performance, 616

Chapter Review, 617

Unit Six. Plants: Form and Function, 619

31. Plant Structure, Reproduction, and Development, 620

Essay: Extreme Tree Climbing, 621

Plant Structure and Function, 622

31.1. Connection: People have manipulated plant genetics since prehistoric times, 622

31.2. The two major groups of angiosperms are the monocots and the eudicots, 623

31.3. A typical plant body contains three basic organs: roots, stems, and leaves, 624

31.4. Many plants have modified roots, stems, and leaves, 625

31.5. Three tissue systems make up the plant body, 626

31.6. Plant cells and tissues are diverse in structure and function, 628

Plant Growth, 630

31.7. Primary growth lengthens roots and shoots, 630

31.8. Secondary growth increases the girth of woody plants, 632

Reproduction of Flowering Plants, 634

31.9. The flower is the organ of sexual reproduction in angiosperms, 634

31.10. The development of pollen and ovules culminates in fertilization, 634

31.11. The ovule develops into a seed, 636

31.12. The ovary develops into a fruit, 637

31.13. Seed germination continues the life cycle, 638

31.14. Asexual reproduction produces plant clones, 638

31.15. Evolution Connection: Evolutionary adaptations allow some trees to live very long lives, 640

Chapter Review, 640

32. Plant Nutrition and Transport, 642

Essay: Planting Hope in the Wake of Katrina, 643

The Uptake and Transport of Plant Nutrients, 644

32.1. Plants acquire their nutrients from soil and air, 644

32.2. The plasma membranes of root cells control solute uptake, 645

32.3. Transpiration pulls water up xylem vessels, 646

32.4. Guard cells control transpiration, 647

32.5. Phloem transports sugars, 648

Plant Nutrients and the Soil, 650

32.6. Plant health depends on a complete diet of essential inorganic nutrients, 650

32.7. Connection: Fertilizers can help prevent nutrient deficiencies, 651

32.8. Fertile soil supports plant growth, 652

32.9. Connection: Soil conservation is essential to human life, 653

32.10. Connection: Organic farmers follow principles of sustainable agriculture, 654

32.11. Connection: Agricultural research is improving the yields and nutritional values of crops, 654

Plant Nutrition and Symbiosis, 655

32.12. Most plants depend on bacteria to supply nitrogen, 655

32.13. Evolution Connection: Mutually beneficial relationships have evolved between plants and their symbionts, 656

32.14. The plant kingdom includes epiphytes, parasites, and carnivores, 657

Chapter Review, 658

33. Control Systems in Plants, 660

Essay: What Are the Health Benefits of Soy?, 661

Plant Hormones, 662

33.1. Experiments on how plants turn toward light led to the discovery of a plant hormone, 662

33.2. Five major types of hormones regulate plant growth and development, 664

33.3. Auxin stimulates the elongation of cells in young shoots, 664

33.4. Cytokinins stimulate cell division, 666

33.5. Gibberellins affect stem elongation and have numerous other effects, 666

33.6. Abscisic acid inhibits many plant processes, 667

33.7. Ethylene triggers fruit ripening and other aging processes, 668

33.8. Connection: Plant hormones have many agricultural uses, 669

Growth Responses and Biological Rhythms in Plants, 670

33.9. Tropisms orient plant growth toward or away from environmental stimuli, 670

33.10. Plants have internal clocks, 671

33.11. Plants mark the seasons by measuring photoperiod, 672

33.12. Phytochrome is a light detector that may help set the biological clock, 673

33.13. Talking About Science: Joanne Chory studies the effects of light and hormones in the model plant Arabidopsis, 674

Plant Defenses, 674

33.14. Evolution Connection: Defenses against herbivores and infectious microbes have evolved in plants, 674

33.15. Talking About Science: Plant biochemist Eloy Rodriguez studies how animals use defensive chemicals made by plants, 676

Chapter Review, 676

Unit Seven. Ecology, 679

34. The Biosphere: An Introduction to Earth’s Diverse Environments, 680

Essay: Life from Top to Bottom, 680

The Biosphere, 682

34.1. Ecologists study how organisms interact with their environment at several levels, 682

34.2. Connection: The science of ecology provides insight into environmental problems, 683

34.3. Physical and chemical factors influence life in the biosphere, 684

34.4. Evolution Connection: Organisms are adapted to abiotic and biotic factors by natural selection, 685

34.5. Regional climate influences the distribution of terrestrial communities, 686

Aquatic Biomes, 688

34.6. Sunlight and substrate are key factors in the distribution of marine organisms, 688

34.7. Current, sunlight, and nutrients are important abiotic factors in freshwater biomes, 690

Terrestrial Biomes, 691

34.8. Terrestrial biomes reflect regional variations in climate, 691

34.9. Tropical forests cluster near the equator, 692

34.10. Savannas are grasslands with scattered trees, 692

34.11. Deserts are defined by their dryness, 693

34.12. Spiny shrubs dominate the chaparral, 694

34.13. Temperate grasslands include the North American prairie, 694

34.14. Broadleaf trees dominate temperate forests, 695

34.15. Coniferous forests are often dominated by a few species of trees, 696

34.16. Long, bitter-cold winters characterize the tundra, 696

34.17. The global water cycle connects aquatic and terrestrial biomes, 697

Chapter Review, 698

35. Behavioral Adaptations to the Environment, 700

Essay: Of Mice and Monogamy, 701

The Scientific Study of Behavior, 702

35.1. Behavioral ecologists ask both proximate and ultimate questions, 702

35.2. Fixed action patterns are innate behaviors, 702

35.3. Behavior is the result of both genetic and environmental factors, 704

35.4. Learning establishes specific links between experience and behavior, 705

35.5. Imprinting requires both innate behavior and experience, 706

35.6. Connection: Imprinting poses problems and opportunities for conservation programs, 707

35.7. Animal movement may be a simple response to stimuli or require spatial learning, 708

35.8. Movements of animals may depend on internal maps, 709

35.9. Animals may learn to associate a stimulus or behavior with a response, 710

35.10. Social learning employs observation and imitation of others, 710

35.11. Problem-solving behavior relies on cognition, 711

Survival and Reproductive Success, 712

35.12. Behavioral ecologists use cost-benefit analysis in studying foraging, 712

35.13. Communication is an essential element of interactions between animals, 713

35.14. Mating behavior often includes elaborate courtship rituals, 714

35.15. Mating behaviors and parental care enhance reproductive success, 715

35.16. Connection: Chemical pollutants can cause abnormal behavior, 716

Social Behavior and Sociobiology, 717

35.17. Sociology places social behavior in an evolutionary context, 717

35.18. Territorial behavior parcels out space and resources, 717

35.19. Agonistic behavior often resolves confrontations between competitors, 718

35.20. Dominance hierarchies are maintained by agonistic behavior, 718

35.21. Talking About Science: Behavioral biologist Jane Goodall discusses dominance hierarchies and reconciliation behavior in chimpanzees, 719

35.22. Evolution Connection: Altruistic acts can often be explained by the concept of inclusive fitness, 720

35.23. Human behavior is the result of both genetic and environmental factors, 721

Chapter Review, 722

36. Population Ecology, 724

Essay: A Tale of Two Fishes, 724

Population Structure and Dynamics, 726

36.1. Population ecology is the study of how and why populations change, 726

36.2. Density and dispersion patterns are important population variables, 726

36.3. Life tables track survivorship in populations, 727

36.4. Idealized models predict patterns of population growth, 728

36.5. Multiple factors may limit population growth, 730

36.6. Some populations have “boom-and-bust” cycles, 731

36.7. Evolution Connection: Evolution shapes life histories, 732

36.8. Connection: Principles of population ecology have practical applications, 733

The Human Population, 734

36.9. The human population continues to increase, but the growth rate is slowing, 734

36.10. Connection: Age structures reveal social and economic trends, 736

36.11. Connection: An ecological footprint is a measure of resource consumption, 736

Chapter Review, 738

37. Communities and Ecosystems, 740

Essay: Hungry Hippos, 741

Community Structure and Dynamics, 742

37.1. A community includes all the organisms inhabiting a particular area, 742

37.2. Interspecific interactions are fundamental to community structure, 742

37.3. Competition may occur when a shared resource is limited, 743

37.4. Mutualism benefits both partners, 743

37.5. Evolution Connection: Predation leads to diverse adaptations in prey species, 744

37.6. Evolution Connection: Herbivory leads to diverse adaptations in plants, 744

37.7. Parasites and pathogens can affect community composition, 745

37.8. Trophic structure is a key factor in community dynamics, 746

37.9. Food chains interconnect, forming food webs, 747

37.10. Species diversity includes relative abundance and species richness, 748

37.11. Keystone species have a disproportionate impact on diversity, 749

37.12. Disturbance is a prominent feature of most communities, 750

37.13. Connection: Invasive species can devastate communities, 751

Ecosystem Structure and Dynamics, 752

37.14. Ecosystem ecology emphasizes energy flow and chemical cycling, 752

37.15. Primary production sets the energy budget for ecosystems, 752

37.16. Energy supply limits the length of food chains, 753

37.17. Connection: A production pyramid explains why meat is a luxury for humans, 754

37.18. Chemicals are cycled between organic matter and abiotic reservoirs, 754

37.19. The carbon cycle depends on photosynthesis and respiration, 755

37.20. The phosphorus cycle depends on the weathering of rock, 756

37.21. The nitrogen cycle depends on bacteria, 756

37.22. Connection: Ecosystem alteration can upset chemical cycling, 758

37.23. Talking About Science: David Schindler talks about the effects of nutrients on freshwater ecosystems, 759

Chapter Review, 760

38. Conservation Biology, 762

Essay: Saving the Tiger, 763

The Biodiversity Crisis, 764

38.1. Biodiversity is a vital resource that is being lost, 764

38.2. Biodiversity includes genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity, 765

38.3. Habitat destruction, invasive species, and overexploitation are major threats to biodiversity, 766

38.4. Connection: Pollution of the environment compounds our impact on other species, 767

38.5. Connection: Rapid warming is changing the global climate, 768

38.6. Connection: Human activities are responsible for rising concentrations of greenhouse gases, 769

38.7. Global climate change affects biomes, ecosystems, communities, and populations, 770

38.8. Evolution Connection: Global climate change is an agent of natural selection, 771

Conservation Biology and Restoration Ecology, 772

38.9. Protecting endangered populations is one goal of conservation biology, 772

38.10. Sustaining ecosystems and landscapes is a conservation priority, 773

38.11. Protected areas are established to slow the loss of biodiversity, 774

38.12. Zoned reserves are an attempt to reverse ecosystem disruption, 775

38.13. Connection: The Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative seeks to preserve biodiversity by connecting protected areas, 776

38.14. Connection: The study of how to restore degraded habitats is a developing science, 778

38.15. Sustainable development is an ultimate goal, 779

Chapter Review, 780

Appendix 1. Metric Conversion Table, A-1

Appendix 2. The Periodic Table, A-2

Appendix 3. The Amino Acids of Proteins, A-3

Appendix 4. Chapter Review Answers, A-4

Appendix 5. Student Media Activities, A-28

Appendix 6. Credits, A-39

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This #1 best-selling text in introductory biology combines the guiding principles of scientific accuracy, currency, and the power of text-art integration for teaching and learning biology. Biology: Concepts & Connections, Sixth Edition continues to be the most accurate, current, and pedagogically effective non-majors text on the market. This extensive revision builds upon the book’s best-selling success with exciting new and updated features. Key concept modules, seamlessly combining text and illustrations, help students keep the big picture in mind and pace their learning, while making it easy for professors to assign selected sections within a chapter. Also within the text, a variety of new chapter opening essays, Connection Modules, and new Evolution Connection Modules help students recognize and appreciate the connections between biology and the world they live in. BioFlix animations, available on the companion website and as part of the instructor resources, offer students unprecedented help in understanding important topics and help invigorate lectures, assignments, or online courses.

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