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Physics, 7th Edition

by Cutnell, John D., Southern Illinois Univ. at Carbondale; Johnson, Kenneth W., Southern Illinois Univ. at Carbondale

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Copyright, vi
Brief Contents, vii
Preface, xv
Chapter 1. Introduction and Mathematical Concepts, 1
1.1. The Nature of Physics, 1
1.2. Units, 2
1.3. The Role of Units in Problem Solving, 3
1.4. Trigonometry, 6
1.5. Scalars and Vectors, 8
1.6. Vector Addition and Subtraction, 9
1.7. The Components of a Vector, 12
1.8. Addition of Vectors by Means of Components, 14
1.9. Concepts & Calculations, 17
CONCEPT SUMMARY, 19
Chapter 2. Kinematics in One Dimension, 27
2.1. Displacement, 27
2.2. Speed and Velocity, 28
2.3. Acceleration, 31
2.4. Equations of Kinematics for Constant Acceleration, 34
2.5. Applications of the Equations of Kinematics, 39
2.6. Freely Falling Bodies, 43
2.7. Graphical Analysis of Velocity and Acceleration, 47
2.8. Concepts & Calculations, 49
CONCEPT SUMMARY, 51
Chapter 3. Kinematics in Two Dimensions, 59
3.1. Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration, 59
3.2. Equations of Kinematics in Two Dimensions, 60
3.3. Projectile Motion, 65
3.4. Relative Velocity, 74
3.5. Concepts & Calculations, 78
CONCEPT SUMMARY, 79
Chapter 4. Forces and Newton’s Laws of Motion, 87
4.1. The Concepts of Force and Mass, 87
4.2. Newton’s First Law of Motion, 88
4.3. Newton’s Second Law of Motion, 90
4.4. The Vector Nature of Newton’s Second Law of Motion, 92
4.5. Newton’s Third Law of Motion, 94
4.6. Types of Forces: An Overview, 95
4.7. The Gravitational Force, 96
4.8. The Normal Force, 100
4.9. Static and Kinetic Frictional Forces, 103
4.10. The Tension Force, 109
4.11. Equilibrium Applications of Newton’s Laws of Motion, 110
4.12. Nonequilibrium Applications of Newton’s Laws of Motion, 115
4.13. Concepts & Calculations, 121
CONCEPT SUMMARY, 123
Chapter 5. Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion, 135
5.1. Uniform Circular Motion, 135
5.2. Centripetal Acceleration, 136
5.3. Centripetal Force, 139
5.4. Banked Curves, 143
5.5. Satellites in Circular Orbits, 144
5.6. Apparent Weightlessness and Artificial Gravity, 147
5.7. Vertical Circular Motion, 151
5.8. Concepts & Calculations, 152
CONCEPT SUMMARY, 154
Chapter 6. Work and Energy, 160
6.1. Work Done by a Constant Force, 160
6.2. The Work – Energy Theorem and Kinetic Energy, 163
6.3. Gravitational Potential Energy, 169
6.4. Conservative Versus Nonconservative Forces, 171
6.5. The Conservation of Mechanical Energy, 173
6.6. Nonconservative Forces and the Work – Energy Theorem, 178
6.7. Power, 179
6.8. Other Forms of Energy and the Conservation of Energy, 182
6.9. Work Done by a Variable Force, 182
6.10. Concepts & Calculations, 184
CONCEPT SUMMARY, 186
Chapter 7. Impulse and Momentum, 196
7.1. The Impulse – Momentum Theorem, 196
7.2. The Principle of Conservation of Linear Momentum, 201
7.3. Collisions in One Dimension, 205
7.4. Collisions in Two Dimensions, 210
7.5. Center of Mass, 212
7.6. Concepts & Calculations, 214
CONCEPT SUMMARY, 215
Chapter 8. Rotational Kinematics, 223
8.1. Rotational Motion and Angular Displacement, 223
8.2. Angular Velocity and Angular Acceleration, 226
8.3. The Equations of Rotational Kinematics, 228
8.4. Angular Variables and Tangential Variables, 231
8.5. Centripetal Acceleration and Tangential Acceleration, 232
8.6. Rolling Motion, 235
8.7. The Vector Nature of Angular Variables, 237
8.8. Concepts & Calculations, 237
CONCEPT SUMMARY, 239
Chapter 9. Rotational Dynamics, 248
9.1. The Action of Forces and Torques on Rigid Objects, 248
9.2. Rigid Objects in Equilibrium, 251
9.3. Center of Gravity, 256
9.4. Newton’s Second Law for Rotational Motion About a Fixed Axis, 261
9.5. Rotational Work and Energy, 269
9.6. Angular Momentum, 271
9.7. Concepts & Calculations, 274
CONCEPT SUMMARY, 276
Chapter 10. Simple Harmonic Motion and Elasticity, 286
10.1. The Ideal Spring and Simple Harmonic Motion, 286
10.2. Simple Harmonic Motion and the Reference Circle, 290
10.3. Energy and Simple Harmonic Motion, 295
10.4. The Pendulum, 299
10.5. Damped Harmonic Motion, 301
10.6. Driven Harmonic Motion and Resonance, 302
10.7. Elastic Deformation, 303
10.8. Stress, Strain, and Hooke’s Law, 308
10.9. Concepts & Calculations, 309
CONCEPT SUMMARY, 311
Chapter 11. Fluids, 321
11.1. Mass Density, 321
11.2. Pressure, 322
11.3. Pressure and Depth in a Static Fluid, 324
11.4. Pressure Gauges, 328
11.5. Pascal’s Principle, 328
11.6. Archimedes’ Principle, 332
11.7. Fluids in Motion, 336
11.8. The Equation of Continuity, 337
11.9. Bernoulli’s Equation, 339
11.10. Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation, 341
11.11. Viscous Flow, 345
11.12. Concepts & Calculations, 347
CONCEPT SUMMARY, 350
Chapter 12. Temperature and Heat, 360
12.1. Common Temperature Scales, 360
12.2. The Kelvin Temperature Scale, 362
12.3. Thermometers, 363
12.4. Linear Thermal Expansion, 364
12.5. Volume Thermal Expansion, 370
12.6. Heat and Internal Energy, 371
12.7. Heat and Temperature Change: Specific Heat Capacity, 372
12.8. Heat and Phase Change: Latent Heat, 377
12.9. Equilibrium Between Phases of Matter, 380
12.10. Humidity, 383
12.11. Concepts & Calculations, 384
CONCEPT SUMMARY, 386
Chapter 13. The Transfer of Heat, 395
13.1. Convection, 395
13.2. Conduction, 398
13.3. Radiation, 404
13.4. Applications, 408
13.5. Concepts & Calculations, 409
CONCEPT SUMMARY, 411
Chapter 14. The Ideal Gas Law and Kinetic Theory, 417
14.1. Molecular Mass, the Mole, and Avogadro’s Number, 417
14.2. The Ideal Gas Law, 419
14.3. Kinetic Theory of Gases, 424
14.4. Diffusion, 429
14.5. Concepts & Calculations, 432
CONCEPT SUMMARY, 435
Chapter 15. Thermodynamics, 442
15.1. Thermodynamic Systems and Their Surroundings, 442
15.2. The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics, 443
15.3. The First Law of Thermodynamics, 443
15.4. Thermal Processes, 446
15.5. Thermal Processes Using an Ideal Gas, 449
15.6. Specific Heat Capacities, 451
15.7. The Second Law of Thermodynamics, 452
15.8. Heat Engines, 453
15.9. Carnot’s Principle and the Carnot Engine, 455
15.10. Refrigerators, Air Conditioners, and Heat Pumps, 457
15.11. Entropy, 460
15.12. The Third Law of Thermodynamics, 464
15.13. Concepts & Calculations, 464
CONCEPT SUMMARY, 467
Chapter 16. Waves and Sound, 477
16.1. The Nature of Waves, 477
16.2. Periodic Waves, 478
16.3. The Speed of a Wave on a String, 480
16.4. The Mathematical Description of a Wave, 481
16.5. The Nature of Sound, 482
16.6. The Speed of Sound, 484
16.7. Sound Intensity, 488
16.8. Decibels, 490
16.9. The Doppler Effect, 492
16.10. Applications of Sound in Medicine, 497
16.11. The Sensitivity of the Human Ear, 499
16.12. Concepts & Calculations, 499
CONCEPT SUMMARY, 501
Chapter 17. The Principle of Linear Superposition and Interference Phenomena, 511
17.1. The Principle of Linear Superposition, 511
17.2. Constructive and Destructive Interference of Sound Waves, 512
17.3. Diffraction, 515
17.4. Beats, 517
17.5. Transverse Standing Waves, 519
17.6. Longitudinal Standing Waves, 523
17.7. Complex Sound Waves, 527
17.8. Concepts & Calculations, 528
CONCEPT SUMMARY, 529
Chapter 18. Electric Forces and Electric Fields, 537
18.1. The Origin of Electricity, 537
18.2. Charged Objects and the Electric Force, 538
18.3. Conductors and Insulators, 540
18.4. Charging by Contact and by Induction, 541
18.5. Coulomb’s Law, 542
18.6. The Electric Field, 547
18.7. Electric Field Lines, 553
18.8. The Electric Field Inside a Conductor: Shielding, 556
18.9. Gauss’ Law, 557
18.10. Copiers and Computer Printers, 561
18.11. Concepts & Calculations, 563
CONCEPT SUMMARY, 565
Chapter 19. Electric Potential Energy and the Electric Potential, 573
19.1. Potential Energy, 573
19.2. The Electric Potential Difference, 574
19.3. The Electric Potential Difference Created by Point Charges, 580
19.4. Equipotential Surfaces and Their Relation to the Electric Field, 583
19.5. Capacitors and Dielectrics, 586
19.6. Biomedical Applications of Electric Potential Differences, 591
19.7. Concepts & Calculations, 594
CONCEPT SUMMARY, 596
Chapter 20. Electric Circuits, 603
20.1. Electromotive Force and Current, 603
20.2. Ohm’s Law, 605
20.3. Resistance and Resistivity, 607
20.4. Electric Power, 610
20.5. Alternating Current, 611
20.6. Series Wiring, 614
20.7. Parallel Wiring, 617
20.8. Circuits Wired Partially in Series and Partially in Parallel, 620
20.9. Internal Resistance, 622
20.10. Kirchhoff’s Rules, 623
20.11. The Measurement of Current and Voltage, 627
20.12. Capacitors in Series and in Parallel, 628
20.13. RC Circuits, 630
20.14. Safety and the Physiological Effects of Current, 631
20.15. Concepts & Calculations, 632
CONCEPT SUMMARY, 635
Chapter 21. Magnetic Forces and Magnetic Fields, 647
21.1. Magnetic Fields, 647
21.2. The Force That a Magnetic Field Exerts on a Moving Charge, 649
21.3. The Motion of a Charged Particle in a Magnetic Field, 652
21.4. The Mass Spectrometer, 656
21.5. The Force on a Current in a Magnetic Field, 656
21.6. The Torque on a Current-Carrying Coil, 660
21.7. Magnetic Fields Produced by Currents, 662
21.8. Ampére’s Law, 670
21.9. Magnetic Materials, 671
21.10. Concepts & Calculations, 674
CONCEPT SUMMARY, 676
Chapter 22. Electromagnetic Induction, 686
22.1. Induced Emf and Induced Current, 686
22.2. Motional Emf, 688
22.3. Magnetic Flux, 692
22.4. Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction, 695
22.5. Lenz’s Law, 698
22.6. Applications of Electromagnetic Induction to the Reproduction of Sound, 700
22.7. The Electric Generator, 702
22.8. Mutual Inductance and Self-Inductance, 706
22.9. Transformers, 711
22.10. Concepts & Calculations, 714
CONCEPT SUMMARY, 716
Chapter 23. Alternating Current Circuits, 726
23.1. Capacitors and Capacitive Reactance, 726
23.2. Inductors and Inductive Reactance, 729
23.3. Circuits Containing Resistance, Capacitance, and Inductance, 731
23.4. Resonance in Electric Circuits, 736
23.5. Semiconductor Devices, 740
23.6. Concepts & Calculations, 745
CONCEPT SUMMARY, 748
Chapter 24. Electromagnetic Waves, 753
24.1. The Nature of Electromagnetic Waves, 753
24.2. The Electromagnetic Spectrum, 758
24.3. The Speed of Light, 760
24.4. The Energy Carried by Electromagnetic Waves, 761
24.5. The Doppler Effect and Electromagnetic Waves, 765
24.6. Polarization, 768
24.7. Concepts & Calculations, 774
CONCEPT SUMMARY, 776
Chapter 25. The Reflection of Light: Mirrors, 783
25.1. Wave Fronts and Rays, 783
25.2. The Reflection of Light, 784
25.3. The Formation of Images by a Plane Mirror, 785
25.4. Spherical Mirrors, 788
25.5. The Formation of Images by Spherical Mirrors, 790
25.6. The Mirror Equation and the Magnification Equation, 794
25.7. Concepts & Calculations, 800
CONCEPT SUMMARY, 801
Chapter 26. The Refraction of Light: Lenses and Optical Instruments, 807
26.1. The Index of Refraction, 807
26.2. Snell’s Law and the Refraction of Light, 808
26.3. Total Internal Reflection, 814
26.4. Polarization and the Reflection and Refraction of Light, 819
26.5. The Dispersion of Light: Prisms and Rainbows, 820
26.6. Lenses, 822
26.7. The Formation of Images by Lenses, 823
26.8. The Thin-Lens Equation and the Magnification Equation, 825
26.9. Lenses in Combination, 829
26.10. The Human Eye, 830
26.11. Angular Magnification and the Magnifying Glass, 834
26.12. The Compound Microscope, 837
26.13. The Telescope, 837
26.14. Lens Aberrations, 839
26.15. Concepts & Calculations, 840
CONCEPT SUMMARY, 842
Chapter 27. Interference and the Wave Nature of Light, 854
27.1. The Principle of Linear Superposition, 854
27.2. Young’s Double-Slit Experiment, 857
27.3. Thin-Film Interference, 860
27.4. The Michelson Interferometer, 864
27.5. Diffraction, 865
27.6. Resolving Power, 870
27.7. The Diffraction Grating, 874
27.8. Compact Discs, Digital Video Discs, and the Use of Interference, 876
27.9. X-Ray Diffraction, 877
27.10. Concepts & Calculations, 878
CONCEPT SUMMARY, 880
Chapter 28. Special Relativity, 889
28.1. Events and Inertial Reference Frames, 889
28.2. The Postulates of Special Relativity, 890
28.3. The Relativity of Time: Time Dilation, 892
28.4. The Relativity of Length: Length Contraction, 897
28.5. Relativistic Momentum, 898
28.6. The Equivalence of Mass and Energy, 900
28.7. The Relativistic Addition of Velocities, 904
28.8. Concepts & Calculations, 907
CONCEPT SUMMARY, 909
Chapter 29. Particles and Waves, 915
29.1. The Wave–Particle Duality, 915
29.2. Blackbody Radiation and Planck’s Constant, 916
29.3. Photons and the Photoelectric Effect, 917
29.4. The Momentum of a Photon and the Compton Effect, 924
29.5. The de Broglie Wavelength and the Wave Nature of Matter, 926
29.6. The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, 928
29.7. Concepts & Calculations, 932
CONCEPT SUMMARY, 934
Chapter 30. The Nature of the Atom, 939
30.1. Rutherford Scattering and the Nuclear Atom, 939
30.2. Line Spectra, 941
30.3. The Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom, 942
30.4. De Broglie’s Explanation of Bohr’s Assumption About Angular Momentum, 947
30.5. The Quantum Mechanical Picture of the Hydrogen Atom, 948
30.6. The Pauli Exclusion Principle and the Periodic Table of the Elements, 952
30.7. X-Rays, 955
30.8. The Laser, 959
30.9. Medical Applications of the Laser, 961
30.10. Holography, 963
30.11. Concepts & Calculations, 966
CONCEPT SUMMARY, 968
Chapter 31. Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity, 975
31.1. Nuclear Structure, 975
31.2. The Strong Nuclear Force and the Stability of the Nucleus, 977
31.3. The Mass Defect of the Nucleus and Nuclear Binding Energy, 978
31.4. Radioactivity, 981
31.5. The Neutrino, 987
31.6. Radioactive Decay and Activity, 988
31.7. Radioactive Dating, 990
31.8. Radioactive Decay Series, 994
31.9. Radiation Detectors, 995
31.10. Concepts & Calculations, 996
CONCEPT SUMMARY, 997
Chapter 32. Ionizing Radiation, Nuclear Energy, and Elementary Particles, 1004
32.1. Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation, 1004
32.2. Induced Nuclear Reactions, 1008
32.3. Nuclear Fission, 1010
32.4. Nuclear Reactors, 1012
32.5. Nuclear Fusion, 1014
32.6. Elementary Particles, 1016
32.7. Cosmology, 1021
32.8. Concepts & Calculations, 1024
CONCEPT SUMMARY, 1026
Appendixes, A-1
Appendix A. Powers of Ten and Scientific Notation, A-1
Appendix B. Significant Figures, A-1
Appendix C. Algebra, A-2
Appendix D. Exponents and Logarithms, A-3
Appendix E. Geometry and Trigonometry, A-4
Appendix F. Selected Isotopes, A-5
Answers to Check Your Understanding, A-9
Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems, A-11
Index, A-21
Fundamental Constants, rm-1

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