CourseSmart - 0471663158 - Physics, 7th Edition

Physics, 7th Edition

by Cutnell, John D., Southern Illinois Univ. at Carbondale; Johnson, Kenneth W., Southern Illinois Univ. at Carbondale

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Publishing Date: 2006/03/17

eText ISBN-10

0-470-18998-3

eText ISBN-13

978-0-470-18998-6

Print ISBN-10

0-471-66315-8

Print ISBN-13

978-0-471-66315-7

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Physics, 7th Edition

by Cutnell, John D., Southern Illinois Univ. at Carbondale; Johnson, Kenneth W., Southern Illinois Univ. at Carbondale

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Brief Contents, vii

Preface, xv

Chapter 1. Introduction a...

Chapter 2. Kinematics in ...

Chapter 3. Kinematics in ...

Chapter 4. Forces and New...

Chapter 5. Dynamics of Un...

Chapter 6. Work and Energ...

Chapter 7. Impulse and Mo...

Chapter 8. Rotational Kin...

Chapter 9. Rotational Dyn...

Chapter 10. Simple Harmon...

Chapter 11. Fluids, 321

Chapter 12. Temperature a...

Chapter 13. The Transfer ...

Chapter 14. The Ideal Gas...

Chapter 15. Thermodynamic...

Chapter 16. Waves and Sou...

Chapter 17. The Principle...

Chapter 18. Electric Forc...

Chapter 19. Electric Pote...

Chapter 20. Electric Circ...

Chapter 21. Magnetic Forc...

Chapter 22. Electromagnet...

Chapter 23. Alternating C...

Chapter 24. Electromagnet...

Chapter 25. The Reflectio...

Chapter 26. The Refractio...

Chapter 27. Interference ...

Chapter 28. Special Relat...

Chapter 29. Particles and...

Chapter 30. The Nature of...

Chapter 31. Nuclear Physi...

Chapter 32. Ionizing Radi...

Appendixes, A-1

Answers to Check Your Und...

Answers to Odd-Numbered P...

Index, A-21

Fundamental Constants, rm...

Brief Contents, vii

Preface, xv

Chapter 1. Introduction and Mathematical Concepts, 1

1.1. The Nature of Physics, 1

1.2. Units, 2

1.3. The Role of Units in Problem Solving, 3

1.4. Trigonometry, 6

1.5. Scalars and Vectors, 8

1.6. Vector Addition and Subtraction, 9

1.7. The Components of a Vector, 12

1.8. Addition of Vectors by Means of Components, 14

1.9. Concepts & Calculations, 17

CONCEPT SUMMARY, 19

Chapter 2. Kinematics in One Dimension, 27

2.1. Displacement, 27

2.2. Speed and Velocity, 28

2.3. Acceleration, 31

2.4. Equations of Kinematics for Constant Acceleration, 34

2.5. Applications of the Equations of Kinematics, 39

2.6. Freely Falling Bodies, 43

2.7. Graphical Analysis of Velocity and Acceleration, 47

2.8. Concepts & Calculations, 49

CONCEPT SUMMARY, 51

Chapter 3. Kinematics in Two Dimensions, 59

3.1. Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration, 59

3.2. Equations of Kinematics in Two Dimensions, 60

3.3. Projectile Motion, 65

3.4. Relative Velocity, 74

3.5. Concepts & Calculations, 78

CONCEPT SUMMARY, 79

Chapter 4. Forces and Newton’s Laws of Motion, 87

4.1. The Concepts of Force and Mass, 87

4.2. Newton’s First Law of Motion, 88

4.3. Newton’s Second Law of Motion, 90

4.4. The Vector Nature of Newton’s Second Law of Motion, 92

4.5. Newton’s Third Law of Motion, 94

4.6. Types of Forces: An Overview, 95

4.7. The Gravitational Force, 96

4.8. The Normal Force, 100

4.9. Static and Kinetic Frictional Forces, 103

4.10. The Tension Force, 109

4.11. Equilibrium Applications of Newton’s Laws of Motion, 110

4.12. Nonequilibrium Applications of Newton’s Laws of Motion, 115

4.13. Concepts & Calculations, 121

CONCEPT SUMMARY, 123

Chapter 5. Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion, 135

5.1. Uniform Circular Motion, 135

5.2. Centripetal Acceleration, 136

5.3. Centripetal Force, 139

5.4. Banked Curves, 143

5.5. Satellites in Circular Orbits, 144

5.6. Apparent Weightlessness and Artificial Gravity, 147

5.7. Vertical Circular Motion, 151

5.8. Concepts & Calculations, 152

CONCEPT SUMMARY, 154

Chapter 6. Work and Energy, 160

6.1. Work Done by a Constant Force, 160

6.2. The Work – Energy Theorem and Kinetic Energy, 163

6.3. Gravitational Potential Energy, 169

6.4. Conservative Versus Nonconservative Forces, 171

6.5. The Conservation of Mechanical Energy, 173

6.6. Nonconservative Forces and the Work – Energy Theorem, 178

6.7. Power, 179

6.8. Other Forms of Energy and the Conservation of Energy, 182

6.9. Work Done by a Variable Force, 182

6.10. Concepts & Calculations, 184

CONCEPT SUMMARY, 186

Chapter 7. Impulse and Momentum, 196

7.1. The Impulse – Momentum Theorem, 196

7.2. The Principle of Conservation of Linear Momentum, 201

7.3. Collisions in One Dimension, 205

7.4. Collisions in Two Dimensions, 210

7.5. Center of Mass, 212

7.6. Concepts & Calculations, 214

CONCEPT SUMMARY, 215

Chapter 8. Rotational Kinematics, 223

8.1. Rotational Motion and Angular Displacement, 223

8.2. Angular Velocity and Angular Acceleration, 226

8.3. The Equations of Rotational Kinematics, 228

8.4. Angular Variables and Tangential Variables, 231

8.5. Centripetal Acceleration and Tangential Acceleration, 232

8.6. Rolling Motion, 235

8.7. The Vector Nature of Angular Variables, 237

8.8. Concepts & Calculations, 237

CONCEPT SUMMARY, 239

Chapter 9. Rotational Dynamics, 248

9.1. The Action of Forces and Torques on Rigid Objects, 248

9.2. Rigid Objects in Equilibrium, 251

9.3. Center of Gravity, 256

9.4. Newton’s Second Law for Rotational Motion About a Fixed Axis, 261

9.5. Rotational Work and Energy, 269

9.6. Angular Momentum, 271

9.7. Concepts & Calculations, 274

CONCEPT SUMMARY, 276

Chapter 10. Simple Harmonic Motion and Elasticity, 286

10.1. The Ideal Spring and Simple Harmonic Motion, 286

10.2. Simple Harmonic Motion and the Reference Circle, 290

10.3. Energy and Simple Harmonic Motion, 295

10.4. The Pendulum, 299

10.5. Damped Harmonic Motion, 301

10.6. Driven Harmonic Motion and Resonance, 302

10.7. Elastic Deformation, 303

10.8. Stress, Strain, and Hooke’s Law, 308

10.9. Concepts & Calculations, 309

CONCEPT SUMMARY, 311

Chapter 11. Fluids, 321

11.1. Mass Density, 321

11.2. Pressure, 322

11.3. Pressure and Depth in a Static Fluid, 324

11.4. Pressure Gauges, 328

11.5. Pascal’s Principle, 328

11.6. Archimedes’ Principle, 332

11.7. Fluids in Motion, 336

11.8. The Equation of Continuity, 337

11.9. Bernoulli’s Equation, 339

11.10. Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation, 341

11.11. Viscous Flow, 345

11.12. Concepts & Calculations, 347

CONCEPT SUMMARY, 350

Chapter 12. Temperature and Heat, 360

12.1. Common Temperature Scales, 360

12.2. The Kelvin Temperature Scale, 362

12.3. Thermometers, 363

12.4. Linear Thermal Expansion, 364

12.5. Volume Thermal Expansion, 370

12.6. Heat and Internal Energy, 371

12.7. Heat and Temperature Change: Specific Heat Capacity, 372

12.8. Heat and Phase Change: Latent Heat, 377

12.9. Equilibrium Between Phases of Matter, 380

12.10. Humidity, 383

12.11. Concepts & Calculations, 384

CONCEPT SUMMARY, 386

Chapter 13. The Transfer of Heat, 395

13.1. Convection, 395

13.2. Conduction, 398

13.3. Radiation, 404

13.4. Applications, 408

13.5. Concepts & Calculations, 409

CONCEPT SUMMARY, 411

Chapter 14. The Ideal Gas Law and Kinetic Theory, 417

14.1. Molecular Mass, the Mole, and Avogadro’s Number, 417

14.2. The Ideal Gas Law, 419

14.3. Kinetic Theory of Gases, 424

14.4. Diffusion, 429

14.5. Concepts & Calculations, 432

CONCEPT SUMMARY, 435

Chapter 15. Thermodynamics, 442

15.1. Thermodynamic Systems and Their Surroundings, 442

15.2. The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics, 443

15.3. The First Law of Thermodynamics, 443

15.4. Thermal Processes, 446

15.5. Thermal Processes Using an Ideal Gas, 449

15.6. Specific Heat Capacities, 451

15.7. The Second Law of Thermodynamics, 452

15.8. Heat Engines, 453

15.9. Carnot’s Principle and the Carnot Engine, 455

15.10. Refrigerators, Air Conditioners, and Heat Pumps, 457

15.11. Entropy, 460

15.12. The Third Law of Thermodynamics, 464

15.13. Concepts & Calculations, 464

CONCEPT SUMMARY, 467

Chapter 16. Waves and Sound, 477

16.1. The Nature of Waves, 477

16.2. Periodic Waves, 478

16.3. The Speed of a Wave on a String, 480

16.4. The Mathematical Description of a Wave, 481

16.5. The Nature of Sound, 482

16.6. The Speed of Sound, 484

16.7. Sound Intensity, 488

16.8. Decibels, 490

16.9. The Doppler Effect, 492

16.10. Applications of Sound in Medicine, 497

16.11. The Sensitivity of the Human Ear, 499

16.12. Concepts & Calculations, 499

CONCEPT SUMMARY, 501

Chapter 17. The Principle of Linear Superposition and Interference Phenomena, 511

17.1. The Principle of Linear Superposition, 511

17.2. Constructive and Destructive Interference of Sound Waves, 512

17.3. Diffraction, 515

17.4. Beats, 517

17.5. Transverse Standing Waves, 519

17.6. Longitudinal Standing Waves, 523

17.7. Complex Sound Waves, 527

17.8. Concepts & Calculations, 528

CONCEPT SUMMARY, 529

Chapter 18. Electric Forces and Electric Fields, 537

18.1. The Origin of Electricity, 537

18.2. Charged Objects and the Electric Force, 538

18.3. Conductors and Insulators, 540

18.4. Charging by Contact and by Induction, 541

18.5. Coulomb’s Law, 542

18.6. The Electric Field, 547

18.7. Electric Field Lines, 553

18.8. The Electric Field Inside a Conductor: Shielding, 556

18.9. Gauss’ Law, 557

18.10. Copiers and Computer Printers, 561

18.11. Concepts & Calculations, 563

CONCEPT SUMMARY, 565

Chapter 19. Electric Potential Energy and the Electric Potential, 573

19.1. Potential Energy, 573

19.2. The Electric Potential Difference, 574

19.3. The Electric Potential Difference Created by Point Charges, 580

19.4. Equipotential Surfaces and Their Relation to the Electric Field, 583

19.5. Capacitors and Dielectrics, 586

19.6. Biomedical Applications of Electric Potential Differences, 591

19.7. Concepts & Calculations, 594

CONCEPT SUMMARY, 596

Chapter 20. Electric Circuits, 603

20.1. Electromotive Force and Current, 603

20.2. Ohm’s Law, 605

20.3. Resistance and Resistivity, 607

20.4. Electric Power, 610

20.5. Alternating Current, 611

20.6. Series Wiring, 614

20.7. Parallel Wiring, 617

20.8. Circuits Wired Partially in Series and Partially in Parallel, 620

20.9. Internal Resistance, 622

20.10. Kirchhoff’s Rules, 623

20.11. The Measurement of Current and Voltage, 627

20.12. Capacitors in Series and in Parallel, 628

20.13. RC Circuits, 630

20.14. Safety and the Physiological Effects of Current, 631

20.15. Concepts & Calculations, 632

CONCEPT SUMMARY, 635

Chapter 21. Magnetic Forces and Magnetic Fields, 647

21.1. Magnetic Fields, 647

21.2. The Force That a Magnetic Field Exerts on a Moving Charge, 649

21.3. The Motion of a Charged Particle in a Magnetic Field, 652

21.4. The Mass Spectrometer, 656

21.5. The Force on a Current in a Magnetic Field, 656

21.6. The Torque on a Current-Carrying Coil, 660

21.7. Magnetic Fields Produced by Currents, 662

21.8. Ampére’s Law, 670

21.9. Magnetic Materials, 671

21.10. Concepts & Calculations, 674

CONCEPT SUMMARY, 676

Chapter 22. Electromagnetic Induction, 686

22.1. Induced Emf and Induced Current, 686

22.2. Motional Emf, 688

22.3. Magnetic Flux, 692

22.4. Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction, 695

22.5. Lenz’s Law, 698

22.6. Applications of Electromagnetic Induction to the Reproduction of Sound, 700

22.7. The Electric Generator, 702

22.8. Mutual Inductance and Self-Inductance, 706

22.9. Transformers, 711

22.10. Concepts & Calculations, 714

CONCEPT SUMMARY, 716

Chapter 23. Alternating Current Circuits, 726

23.1. Capacitors and Capacitive Reactance, 726

23.2. Inductors and Inductive Reactance, 729

23.3. Circuits Containing Resistance, Capacitance, and Inductance, 731

23.4. Resonance in Electric Circuits, 736

23.5. Semiconductor Devices, 740

23.6. Concepts & Calculations, 745

CONCEPT SUMMARY, 748

Chapter 24. Electromagnetic Waves, 753

24.1. The Nature of Electromagnetic Waves, 753

24.2. The Electromagnetic Spectrum, 758

24.3. The Speed of Light, 760

24.4. The Energy Carried by Electromagnetic Waves, 761

24.5. The Doppler Effect and Electromagnetic Waves, 765

24.6. Polarization, 768

24.7. Concepts & Calculations, 774

CONCEPT SUMMARY, 776

Chapter 25. The Reflection of Light: Mirrors, 783

25.1. Wave Fronts and Rays, 783

25.2. The Reflection of Light, 784

25.3. The Formation of Images by a Plane Mirror, 785

25.4. Spherical Mirrors, 788

25.5. The Formation of Images by Spherical Mirrors, 790

25.6. The Mirror Equation and the Magnification Equation, 794

25.7. Concepts & Calculations, 800

CONCEPT SUMMARY, 801

Chapter 26. The Refraction of Light: Lenses and Optical Instruments, 807

26.1. The Index of Refraction, 807

26.2. Snell’s Law and the Refraction of Light, 808

26.3. Total Internal Reflection, 814

26.4. Polarization and the Reflection and Refraction of Light, 819

26.5. The Dispersion of Light: Prisms and Rainbows, 820

26.6. Lenses, 822

26.7. The Formation of Images by Lenses, 823

26.8. The Thin-Lens Equation and the Magnification Equation, 825

26.9. Lenses in Combination, 829

26.10. The Human Eye, 830

26.11. Angular Magnification and the Magnifying Glass, 834

26.12. The Compound Microscope, 837

26.13. The Telescope, 837

26.14. Lens Aberrations, 839

26.15. Concepts & Calculations, 840

CONCEPT SUMMARY, 842

Chapter 27. Interference and the Wave Nature of Light, 854

27.1. The Principle of Linear Superposition, 854

27.2. Young’s Double-Slit Experiment, 857

27.3. Thin-Film Interference, 860

27.4. The Michelson Interferometer, 864

27.5. Diffraction, 865

27.6. Resolving Power, 870

27.7. The Diffraction Grating, 874

27.8. Compact Discs, Digital Video Discs, and the Use of Interference, 876

27.9. X-Ray Diffraction, 877

27.10. Concepts & Calculations, 878

CONCEPT SUMMARY, 880

Chapter 28. Special Relativity, 889

28.1. Events and Inertial Reference Frames, 889

28.2. The Postulates of Special Relativity, 890

28.3. The Relativity of Time: Time Dilation, 892

28.4. The Relativity of Length: Length Contraction, 897

28.5. Relativistic Momentum, 898

28.6. The Equivalence of Mass and Energy, 900

28.7. The Relativistic Addition of Velocities, 904

28.8. Concepts & Calculations, 907

CONCEPT SUMMARY, 909

Chapter 29. Particles and Waves, 915

29.1. The Wave–Particle Duality, 915

29.2. Blackbody Radiation and Planck’s Constant, 916

29.3. Photons and the Photoelectric Effect, 917

29.4. The Momentum of a Photon and the Compton Effect, 924

29.5. The de Broglie Wavelength and the Wave Nature of Matter, 926

29.6. The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, 928

29.7. Concepts & Calculations, 932

CONCEPT SUMMARY, 934

Chapter 30. The Nature of the Atom, 939

30.1. Rutherford Scattering and the Nuclear Atom, 939

30.2. Line Spectra, 941

30.3. The Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom, 942

30.4. De Broglie’s Explanation of Bohr’s Assumption About Angular Momentum, 947

30.5. The Quantum Mechanical Picture of the Hydrogen Atom, 948

30.6. The Pauli Exclusion Principle and the Periodic Table of the Elements, 952

30.7. X-Rays, 955

30.8. The Laser, 959

30.9. Medical Applications of the Laser, 961

30.10. Holography, 963

30.11. Concepts & Calculations, 966

CONCEPT SUMMARY, 968

Chapter 31. Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity, 975

31.1. Nuclear Structure, 975

31.2. The Strong Nuclear Force and the Stability of the Nucleus, 977

31.3. The Mass Defect of the Nucleus and Nuclear Binding Energy, 978

31.4. Radioactivity, 981

31.5. The Neutrino, 987

31.6. Radioactive Decay and Activity, 988

31.7. Radioactive Dating, 990

31.8. Radioactive Decay Series, 994

31.9. Radiation Detectors, 995

31.10. Concepts & Calculations, 996

CONCEPT SUMMARY, 997

Chapter 32. Ionizing Radiation, Nuclear Energy, and Elementary Particles, 1004

32.1. Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation, 1004

32.2. Induced Nuclear Reactions, 1008

32.3. Nuclear Fission, 1010

32.4. Nuclear Reactors, 1012

32.5. Nuclear Fusion, 1014

32.6. Elementary Particles, 1016

32.7. Cosmology, 1021

32.8. Concepts & Calculations, 1024

CONCEPT SUMMARY, 1026

Appendixes, A-1

Appendix A. Powers of Ten and Scientific Notation, A-1

Appendix B. Significant Figures, A-1

Appendix C. Algebra, A-2

Appendix D. Exponents and Logarithms, A-3

Appendix E. Geometry and Trigonometry, A-4

Appendix F. Selected Isotopes, A-5

Answers to Check Your Understanding, A-9

Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems, A-11

Index, A-21

Fundamental Constants, rm-1

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