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Copyright, ii
Preface, iv
About the Authors, ix
Chapter 1. Understanding How Children Learn, 1
How Children Learn, 3
Thinking Is Essential to Learning, 3
Questions Encourage Thinking, 3
Exchange of Viewpoints Stimulates Thinking, 4
Experiences Are Essential for Learning, 4
Information Assists Learning, 6
The Teacher’s Role, 6
How Children Learn to Read and Write, 7
Home–School Connections, 8
Misconceptions About Becoming Literate, 8
How Good Readers Read, 11
How Should Teachers Teach?, 13
Current Trends in Literacy Instruction, 13
Meeting Contemporary Political Literacy Challenges—DAP in an NCLB World, 16
Conclusion, 18
Discussion Questions, 18
Extending Your Learning, 18
Recommended Further Reading, 19
Chapter 2. Understanding How Literacy Emerges, 20
How Children Learn Language, 21
The Child’s Process, 22
The Home Environment, 24
More to Learn, 26
How Children Learn Written Language, 27
An Active Learning Process, 27
Home–School Connections, 28
Oral Language and Written Language, 29
The Child’s Process, 32
Is It Drawing or Writing?, 35
Linear-Repetitive Forms, 35
Letterlike Forms, 37
Continued Exploration, 37
How Many Letters Make a Word?, 38
Big Things Have Big Names, 40
Checking and Discarding Theories, 41
The Big Breakthrough!, 42
Letter Names as Sounds, 43
Simplified Phonics, 44
Implications for DAP, 45
Conclusion, 46
Discussion Questions, 46
Extending Your Learning, 47
Recommended Further Reading, 47
Chapter 3. Literacy Develops Through Play and Experiences, 48
Play Encourages Emergent Literacy, 50
Exploratory Play, 52
Pretend Play, 53
Block Play, 56
Active Play, 59
Games, 60
Manipulative Materials, 60
The Teacher’s Role, 61
Experiences Encourage Emergent Literacy, 63
Home Experiences, 65
School Experiences, 67
Art and Music Experiences, 69
Planning Outings, 70
Home–School Connections, 74
Maintaining Developmentally Appropriate Practice in a No Child Left Behind World, 74
Conclusion, 75
Discussion Questions, 75
Extending Your Learning, 76
Recommended Further Reading, 76
Chapter 4. Literacy Develops Through Oral Language and Story, 77
Oral Language, 78
Adult Conversations with Children, 79
Conversations Between Children, 82
Listening and Diagnostic Teaching, 83
Maturation and Speech Development, 84
Vocabulary Development, 85
Language Differences, 85
Meeting the Needs of All, 87
Oral Language and Written Language, 88
Story Time, 89
Pleasure and Purpose, 90
The Language of Print, 90
Starting Early, 91
Making Up for Lost Time, 92
Selecting Appropriate Books for Children, 94
Guidelines for Sharing a Story, 95
Reconstructing the Story, 100
Story Follow-up Activities, 101
Following the Story: Some Follow-up Activity Categories, 103
Home–School Connection, 104
Maintaining Developmentally Appropriate Practice in a No Child Left Behind World, 104
Conclusion, 105
Discussion Questions, 105
Extending Your Learning, 105
Recommended Further Reading, 106
Chapter 5. Assisting Emergent Readers, 107
Reading Experiences, 109
Shared Reading, 109
Guided Reading, 112
Independent Reading, 115
What Do Children Read?, 118
Environmental Print, 123
Playing Around with Written Language, 124
Validating Skills Acquisition, 125
Sight Words, 128
Phonemic Awareness, 130
Phonics, 131
Semantic Clues, 136
Syntax Clues, 138
Personal Schema, 139
Integrating Strategies, 140
Comprehension, 142
Children Who Progress More Slowly, 144
Nonacademic Roadblocks to Success, 144
Effective Teaching Approaches, 145
Home–School Mismatches, 146
Children with Learning Disabilities?, 148
Differently Abled Learners, 149
Accelerated Learners, 151
Meeting the Needs of All, 151
Home-School Connection, 151
Maintaining Developmentally Appropriate Practice in a No Child Left Behind World, 153
Conclusion, 153
Discussion Questions, 154
Extending Your Learning, 154
Recommended Further Reading, 154
Chapter 6. Creating a Classroom for Readers, 156
Reading Conferences, 157
Conferences Process, 162
Word-Recognition Strategies, 163
Intonation, Fluency, and Pronunciation, 164
An Environment for Reading, 165
Independence, 165
Quality Literature, 166
Choosing Books, 167
A Reading Program for Independent Readers, 168
Flexible Grouping, 170
Comprehension Strategies, 172
Literature Response, 175
Vocabulary Development, 177
Enrichment Activities, 179
Reading to Learn, 179
The Teacher’s Role, 181
Read-Aloud Time, 181
A Literature Curriculum, 183
Individualized Guided Reading, 184
Supporting Children with Special Needs, 185
Home–School Connection, 188
Maintaining Developmentally Appropriate Practice in a No Child Left Behind World, 190
Conclusion, 190
Discussion Questions, 191
Extending Your Learning, 191
Recommended Further Reading, 192
Chapter 7. Assisting Emergent Writers, 193
Shared Writing, 195
Preschool Authors, 196
Interactive Writing, 198
Kindergarten Activities, 198
Proficient Writers, 200
Older Emergent Writers, 200
Independent Writing, 202
Testing Theories, 202
Fear of Failure, 209
Authentic Writing, 210
Guided Writing, 221
Writing Skills, 222
Concepts About Print, 224
Phonics, 225
Spelling, 227
Writing Mechanics, 231
Conveying Meaning, 232
Challenges to Emerging Literacy, 233
Poverty, 234
Diversity, 235
Home–School Connection, 237
Maintaining Developmentally Appropriate Practice in a No Child Left Behind World, 238
Conclusion, 238
Discussion Questions, 239
Extending Your Learning, 239
Recommended Further Reading, 239
Chapter 8. Supporting Independent Writers, 240
An Environment for Writing, 241
Attitudes That Encourage Writing, 241
Content That Encourages Writing, 245
Materials, 250
Organizing the Classroom for Independent Writers, 251
The Writing Workshop, 252
A Process for Writing, 254
Prewriting Experience, 254
Fast-Write, 254
Respond and Revise, 255
Edit, 257
Publish, 258
Evaluate, 259
The Minilesson, 260
The Writing Conference, 262
Writing Conferences in Action, 264
Embedding Skills Instruction, 268
The Writer’s Craft, 268
Encouraging Growth in Spelling, 269
Looking at Children’s Spelling, 270
How Can We Teach Spelling?, 272
Refining Grammar and Mechanics, 275
Home–School Connection, 277
Maintaining Developmentally Appropriate Practice in a No Child Left Behind World, 278
Conclusion, 278
Discussion Questions, 279
Extending Your Learning, 279
Recommended Further Reading, 280
Chapter 9. Assessing Growth in Literacy, 281
Maintaining Developmentally Appropriate Curriculum in a No Child Left Behind World, 283
Matching Assessment to Instruction, 284
Matching Assessment to Young Children, 285
Matching Assessment to Its Purposes, 289
Matching Assessment to Learning Processes, 290
Assessing Components, 291
Determining Purpose, 291
Collecting Information, 292
Recording, 292
Organizing, 293
Analyzing, 294
Individual Focus, 295
Authentic Assessment in Action, 295
Observing, 296
Taking Notes, 296
Standardized Recording, 298
Observing Emergent Readers and Writers, 303
Assessment During Conferences, 305
Observing Independent Readers, 308
Observing Independent Writers, 311
Portfolios, 319
Self-Evaluation for Children and Teachers, 322
Children’s Self-Evaluation, 323
Evaluating Your Program and Your Teaching, 324
Home-School Connection, 325
Conclusion, 326
Discussion Questions, 326
Extending Your Learning, 327
Recommended Further Reading, 327
Chapter 10. Selecting Early Literacy Teaching Resources, 329
Choosing Children’s Literature, 330
Wordless Picture Books, 332
Alphabet Books, 333
Predictable Books, 333
Easy-to-Read Books, 334
Picture Books for Story Time, 335
Choosing Chapter and Information Books, 336
Cultural Authenticity, 337
Building a Classroom Library, 338
Effective Use of Literature for Literacy, 341
Another Type of Resource, 342
Resource Guides and Literature Units, 343
Analyzing Reading Programs, 345
Allow Construction of Knowledge, 347
Utilize Play and Experiences, 349
Encourage Oral Language, 350
Incorporate Story Time, 351
Utilize High-Quality Literature, 351
Include Nonfiction Reading, 353
Encourage Authentic and Purposeful Writing, 354
Teach Skills in Context, 356
Utilize Performance-Based Assessment, 357
Integrate Curriculum, 358
Respect All Children, 360
Respect Teachers, 362
Incorporating Technology, 363
Computer Software, 364
The Internet, 366
Home–School Connection, 367
Conclusion, 368
Discussion Questions, 369
Extending Your Learning, 369
Recommended Further Reading, 369
References, 370
Index, 396

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