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Copyright, iv
Preface, v
Part One. The Rationale, 1
1. An Integrated Approach to Science Learning, 3
The Ingredients of Learning, 3
Curiosity, 4
Emotions, 4
Feelings and Learning, 6
Positive Feelings and Learning, 6
Negative Feelings and Learning, 6
Self-Efficacy and Learning, 8
Multiple Learning Pathways, 8
Two Ways of Thinking, 9
Multiple Intelligences Theory, 10
An Integrated Learning Framework, 10
Promoting Concept Connections, 14
References, 15
2. Science Participants: Children, Teachers, Families, and Communities, 17
Young Children as Thinkers, 17
Cognition Theories, 18
Young Children as Persons, 20
Sense of Initiative, 20
Sense of Industry, 20
Respecting Personal Development Traits, 21
The Teachers, 22
Who Can Teach Science?, 22
Attitude Contagion, 22
Authentic Interest, 23
Teaching Roles, 24
The Families, 25
Communities, 26
References, 28
3. Guiding Science Learning and Assessments in the Early Years, 29
Guided Science, 29
Reasons for Guided Discovery Science, 30
Guiding Learners, 31
Teaching Styles, 31
Organizing Approaches, 32
Preparation for Teaching Science to Young Children, 33
Indirect and Direct Teaching, 34
Learning to Question, 35
Leading Discussions, 36
Organizing Time and Space for Science, 38
Introducing Science Activities, 39
Guiding Explorations, 39
Nurturing Learners, 40
Dispelling Stereotypes, 41
Adapting Experiences for Younger Children, 43
Adapting Experiences for Children with Special Needs, 43
Learning in the Context of Cooperation, 44
Integrated Curriculum Themes, 46
Objectives and Assessment, 48
Gaining From Our Mistakes, 51
Professional Growth, 51
References, 52
Part Two. Concepts, Experiences, and Integrating Activities, 55
4. Plants, 57
Concept: There are many kinds of plants; each has its own form, 58
Concept: Most plants make seeds for new plants, 60
Concept: Seeds grow into plants with roots, stems, leaves, and flowers, 61
Concept: Most plants need water, light, minerals, warmth, and air, 64
Concept: Some plants grow from roots, 66
Concept: Some plantlike forms do not have seeds or roots, 68
Concept: Many foods we eat are seeds, 69
Integrating Activities, 70
Math Experiences, 70
Music (Resources in Appendix A), 71
Literature Links, 72
Poems (Resources in Appendix A), 73
Fingerplays, 74
Art Activities, 74
Play, 75
Creative Movement, 76
Creative Thinking, 76
Food Experiences, 76
Field Trips, 76
Promoting Concept Connections, 78
Maintaining Concepts, 78
Improving Schoolgrounds, 78
Connecting Concepts, 79
Family and Community Support, 80
Resources, 80
5. Animals, 82
Concept: There are many kinds of animals, 83
Capture Techniques, 83
Temporary Housing, 84
Insect Pests, 85
Concept: Animals move in different ways, 89
Care of Earthworms, 90
Concept: Each animal needs its own kind of food, 91
Concept: Many animals make shelters to rear their young, 92
Concept: Humans and animals often live together, 93
Animals in the Classroom, 93
Integrating Activities, 95
Math Experiences, 95
Music (Resources in Appendix A), 95
Literature Links: Animal Characteristics, 96
Literature Links: Insects, Spiders, and Earthworms, 97
Literature Links: Fish, Mollusks, Amphibians, and Reptiles, 99
Literature Links: Birds, 101
Literature Links: Mammals, 102
Literature Links: Habitats, 103
Literature Links: Baby Animals, Hatching, and Pets, 104
Literature Links: Animal Math, 105
Poems (Resources in Appendix A), 105
Fingerplays, 106
Art Activities, 106
Play, 107
Creative Movement, 107
Creative Thinking, 108
Food Experiences, 108
Field Trips, 108
Promoting Concept Connections, 109
Maintaining Concepts, 109
Improving Schoolgrounds, 109
Connecting Concepts, 109
Family and Community Support, 110
Resources, 110
6. The Human Body: Care and Nourishment, 113
Concept: Each person is unique, 114
Concept: Growth is constant, 114
Concept: Bones support us, 115
Concept: Muscles move our bones, 118
Concept: Heart and lungs keep us alive, 121
Concept: Senses inform us, 125
Concept: Our bodies need care, 129
Concept: Strong, growing bodies need nourishing food, 133
Integrating Activities, 139
Math Experiences, 139
Music (Resources in Appendix A), 140
Literature Links: Individuality, 141
Literature Links: The Body, 141
Literature Links: Health Care, 142
Literature Links: Nutrition, 143
Poems (Resources in Appendix A), 144
Fingerplays, 144
Art Activities, 144
Play, 145
Creative Thinking, 145
Creative Movement, 145
Food Experience, 146
Field Trips, 146
Promoting Concept Connections, 147
Maintaining Concepts, 147
Improving Schoolgrounds, 148
Connecting Concepts, 148
Family and Community Support, 149
Resources, 149
7. Air, 151
Concept: Air is almost everywhere, 152
Concept: Air is real; it takes up space, 153
Concept: Air presses on everything on all sides, 155
Concept: Moving air pushes things, 156
Concept: Fast-moving air keeps planes aloft, 160
Concept: Air slows moving objects, 161
Concept: Warm air rises, 162
Integrating Activities, 162
Math Experiences, 162
Music (Resources in Appendix A), 163
Literature Links, 163
Poems (Resources in Appendix A), 164
Fingerplays, 164
Art Activities, 165
Play, 165
Creative Movement, 166
Creative Thinking, 166
Food Experiences, 166
Field Trips, 167
Promoting Concept Connections, 167
Maintaining Concepts, 167
Improving Schoolgrounds, 167
Connecting Concepts, 167
Family and Community Support, 169
Resources, 169
8. Water, 170
Concept: Water has weight, 171
Concept: Water’s weight and upthrust help things float, 171
Concept: Water goes into the air, 173
Concept: Water can change forms reversibly, 174
Concept: Water is a solvent for many materials, 177
Concept: Water clings to itself, 178
Concept: Water clings to other materials, 179
Concept: Water moves into other materials, 180
Integrating Activities, 181
Math Experiences, 181
Music (Resources in Appendix A), 182
Literature Links, 183
Poems (Resources in Appendix A), 184
Fingerplays, 184
Art Activities, 185
Play, 185
Creative Movement, 186
Creative Thinking, 187
Food Experiences, 187
Promoting Concept Connections, 187
Maintaining Concepts, 187
Improving Schoolgrounds, 188
Connecting Concepts, 188
Family and Community Support, 189
Resources, 189
9. Weather, 191
Concept: The sun warms the Earth, 192
Concept: Changing air temperatures make the wind, 192
Concept: Evaporation and condensation cause precipitation, 195
Concept: Raindrops can break up sunlight, 198
Concept: Weather can be measured, 199
Concept: Lightning is static electricity, 202
Concept: Charged electrons make sparks when they jump, 204
Integrating Activities, 205
Math Experiences, 205
Music (Resources in Appendix A), 206
Literature Links, 206
Poems (Resources in Appendix A), 208
Art Activities, 208
Creative Movement, 208
Creative Thinking, 209
Food Experiences, 209
Field Trips, 210
Promoting Concept Connections, 210
Maintaining Concepts, 210
Improving Schoolgrounds, 210
Connecting Concepts, 211
Family and Community Support, 211
Resources, 211
10. Rocks and Minerals, 213
Introduction, 213
Concept: There are many kinds of rocks, 214
Rock Formation, 216
Mineral Content, 216
Three Types of Rock Formation, 216
Concept: Rocks slowly change by wearing away, 217
Concept: Crumbled rocks and dead plants make soil, 218
Concept: Old plants and animals left prints in rocks, 219
Concept: Minerals form crystals, 220
Integrating Activities, 223
Math Experiences, 223
Music (References in Appendix A), 224
Literature Links, 224
Poems (References in Appendix A), 225
Art Activities, 226
Play, 226
Creative Movement, 227
Creative Thinking, 227
Food Experiences, 227
Field Trips, 228
Promoting Concept Connections, 228
Maintaining Concepts, 228
Improving Schoolgrounds, 229
Connecting Concepts, 229
Family and Community Support, 229
Resources, 230
11. Magnetism, 231
Concept: Magnets attract some things, but not others, 232
Concept: Magnets vary in strength, 233
Concept: Magnets pull through some materials, 233
Concept: One magnet can be used to make another magnet, 234
Concept: Magnets are strongest at each end, 234
Concept: Each end of a magnet acts differently, 235
Integrating Activities, 238
Math Experiences, 238
Music, 238
Literature Links, 238
Poems (Resources in Appendix A), 239
Storytelling with Magnets, 239
Art Activities, 240
Play, 241
Creative Thinking, 241
Promoting Concept Connections, 242
Maintaining Concepts, 242
Improving Schoolgrounds, 242
Connecting Concepts, 242
Family and Community Support, 243
Resources, 243
12. The Effects of Gravity, 244
Introduction, 244
Concept: Gravity pulls on everything, 245
Integrating Activities, 252
Math Experiences, 252
Music, 252
Literature Links, 253
Poems (See Appendix A), 254
Art Activities, 254
Play, 256
Creative Movement, 256
Creative Thinking, 257
Food Experiences, 257
Field Trips, 257
Promoting Concept Connections, 257
Maintaining Concepts, 257
Improving Schoolgrounds, 258
Connecting Concepts, 258
Family and Community Support, 259
Resources, 259
13. Simple Machines, 260
Introduction, 260
Concept: Friction can heat, slow, and wear away objects, 261
Concept: A lever helps lift objects, 263
Concept: A ramp shares the work of lifting, 265
Concept: A screw is a curved ramp, 266
Concept: Simple machines help move things along, 268
Concept: Some wheels turn alone; some turn together, 268
Concept: Single wheels can turn other wheels, 269
Concept: Single wheels can help us pull down to lift up, 271
Integrating Activities, 271
Math Experiences, 271
Music (Resources in Appendix A), 271
Literature Links, 272
Poems (Resources in Appendix A), 273
Art Activities, 273
Play, 274
Other Indoor Fun, 274
Creative Movement, 274
Creative Thinking, 274
Food Experiences, 276
Field Trips, 276
Promoting Concept Connections, 277
Maintaining Concepts, 277
Improving Schoolgrounds, 277
Connecting Concepts, 277
Family and Community Support, 278
Resources, 278
14. Sound, 279
Introduction, 279
Concept: Sounds are made when something vibrates, 280
Concept: Sound travels through many things, 281
Concept: Different sizes of vibrating objects make different sounds, 284
Integrating Activities, 287
Math Experiences, 287
Music, 287
Literature Links, 288
Poems (Resources in Appendix A), 289
Fingerplays, 289
Art Activities, 289
Play, 290
Listening Activities, 290
Creative Movement, 290
Creative Thinking, 291
Food Experience, 291
Field Trips, 291
Promoting Concept Connections, 291
Maintaining Concepts, 291
Improving Schoolgrounds, 293
Connecting Concepts, 293
Family and Community Support, 293
Resources, 293
15. Light, 295
Introduction, 295
Concept: Nothing can be seen without light in everyday experience, 296
Concept: Light appears to travel in a straight line, 296
Concept: Shadows are made when light beams are blocked, 297
Concept: Night is Earth’s shadow, 298
Concept: Everything we see reflects some light, 299
Concept: Light contains many colors, 302
Concept: Bending light beams make things look different, 303
Integrating Activities, 304
Math Experiences, 304
Music (Resources in Appendix A), 306
Literature Links, 306
Storytelling with Lights, 307
Poems (Resources in Appendix A), 308
Art Activities, 308
Play, 309
Creative Movement, 309
Creative Thinking, 309
Promoting Concept Connections, 310
Maintaining Concepts, 310
Improving Schoolgrounds, 310
Connecting Concepts, 310
Family and Community Support, 311
Resources, 311
16. The Environment, 313
Concept: There is an interconnectedness among things: plants, animals, air, water, weather, rocks, and ourselves, 314
Concept: The environment is where we are. We can study it, as well as live in it, 317
Concept: We can work together to sustain the environment by restoring, reusing, repairing, and recycling, 321
Integrating Activities, 324
Math Experiences, 324
Music (Resources in Appendix A), 324
Literature Links, 325
Poems (Resources in Appendix A), 327
Art Activities, 327
Play, 327
Creative Thinking, 328
Food Experiences, 328
Field Trips, 328
Promoting Concept Connections, 329
Maintaining Concepts, 329
Improving Schoolgrounds, 329
Connecting Concepts, 333
Family and Community Support, 334
Resources, 334
Appendix A. Resources for Music, Recordings, Poetry, and Equipment Ordering, 337
Music, 337
Cassettes, 337
Compact Discs, 338
Music Books, 338
Resources for Ordering Cassettes and CDs, 338
Poetry, 338
Equipment Sources, 339
Appendix B. Exploring At-Home Activities, 341
Exploring at Home, 341
Plants, 341
Exploring at Home, 343
Animals, 343
Exploring at Home, 344
Human Body, 344
Exploring at Home, 345
Air, 345
Exploring at Home, 346
Water, 346
Exploring at Home, 347
Weather, 347
Exploring at Home, 348
Rocks and Minerals, 348
Exploring at Home, 349
Magnetism, 349
Exploring at Home, 350
Gravity, 350
Exploring at Home, 352
Sound, 352
Exploring at Home, 353
Light, 353
Exploring at Home, 354
The Environment, 354
Appendix C. Chapter Correlations for National Science Education Standards, National Research Council, 1996, 355
Index, 359

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