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Copyright, ii
About the Author, iv
Preface, v
Discover the Companion Website Accompanying This Book, viii
Part One. History and Other Aspects of Group Development, 1
Chapter 1. History and Trends of Group Work, 2
Uses of Groups Before 1900, 4
Growth of Work with Groups: 1900 to 1999, 4
1900 to 1909, 4
1910 to 1919, 5
1920 to 1929, 5
1930 to 1939, 6
1940 to 1949, 7
1950 to 1959, 8
1960 to 1969, 9
1970 to 1979, 10
1980 to 1989, 11
1990 to 1999, 12
Current Trends in Group Work, 13
Training and Educating Leaders and Members in Group Work, 13
Technology and Group Work, 14
Studies on Group Effectiveness, 15
Brief Group Work and Managed Care, 16
The Future of Group Work, 17
Summary and Conclusion, 18
Classroom Exercises, 19
Chapter 2. Types of Group Work, 20
Models of Specialty Groups, 21
Task/Work Groups, 24
An Example of Task/Work Groups: Teams, 25
Psychoeducational Groups, 28
An Example of Psychoeducational Group Work: Life-Skills Development Groups, 30
Counseling Groups, 31
An Example of a Counseling Group: A Counseling Group for Counselors, 33
Psychotherapy Groups, 34
An Example of Group Psychotherapy: Group Work With Abusers and the Abused, 35
Mixed Groups and a Proposed Regrouping of Categories, 36
An Example of a Mixed Group: A Consumer-Oriented Group, 41
Summary and Conclusion, 43
Classroom Exercises, 43
Chapter 3. Group Dynamics, 44
Group Content and Group Process, 46
Group Content, 46
Group Process, 47
Balance Between Content and Process, 49
The Group as a System: A Way of Explaining Group Dynamics, 51
Influencing Group Dynamics, 52
Preplanning, 52
Group Structure, 54
Group Exercises and Activities, 57
Group Interaction, 58
Members’ Roles, 59
The Effect of Positive and Negative Variables on Group Dynamics, 65
Learning Group Dynamics, 68
Group, Individual, and Family Dynamics, 68
Persons, 69
Processing, 69
Consequences, 71
Summary and Conclusion, 71
Classroom Exercises, 72
Chapter 4. Effective Group Leadership, 73
Leadership: A Concept in Search of a Definition, 74
Group Leadership Styles, 75
Leadership Styles for Different Groups, 79
Personal Qualities of Effective Group Leaders, 80
The Trait Approach, 80
Personality and Specific Groups, 81
Theory and Effective Group Leaders, 82
Skills of Effective Group Leaders, 84
Core Group Skills, 84
Specific Group Skills, 85
Group Leadership Roles and Functions, 89
Leaders and Group Conflict, 91
Co-leaders in Groups, 94
Advantages, 94
Limitations, 95
Group Leadership Training, 96
Group Supervision, 101
Summary and Conclusion, 104
Classroom Exercises, 105
Chapter 5. Beginning a Group, 106
Steps in the Forming Stage, 108
Step 1: Developing a Rationale for the Group, 108
Step 2: Deciding on a Theoretical Format, 108
Step 3: Weighing Practical Considerations, 110
Step 4: Publicizing the Group, 111
Step 5: Screening and Pretraining, 111
Step 6: Selecting Group Members, 114
Step 7: Selecting a Group Leader, 115
Tasks of the Beginning Group, 116
Dealing With Apprehension, 116
Reviewing Goals and Contracts, 116
Specifying Group Rules, 117
Setting Limits, 118
Promoting a Positive Interchange Among Members, 118
Resolving Potential Group Problems in Forming, 119
People Problems, 119
Group Procedural Problems, 123
Useful Procedures for the Beginning Stage of a Group, 127
Joining, 127
Linking, 128
Cutting Off, 128
Drawing Out, 129
Clarifying the Purpose, 129
Summary and Conclusion, 129
Classroom Exercises, 130
Chapter 6. The Transition Period in a Group: Norming and Storming, 131
Storming, 132
Peer Relationships in Storming, 134
Resistance During Storming, 135
Task Processing in Storming, 138
Working Through Storming, 139
Results of Working Through Storming, 141
Norms and Norming, 142
Peer Relationships During Norming, 143
Task Processing During Norming, 146
Examining Aspects of Norming, 146
Promoting Norming, 147
Results of Norming, 148
Summary and Conclusion, 148
Classroom Exercises, 149
Chapter 7. The Working Stage in a Group: Performing, 150
Peer Relationships, 151
Task Processes During the Working Stage, 154
Teamwork and Team Building During the Working Stage, 155
Problems in the Working Stage of Groups, 157
Racial and Gender Issues, 157
Group Collusion, 158
The Working Stage of the Group and Groups That Work, 159
Strategies for Assisting Groups in the Working Stage, 162
Modeling by the Leader, 162
Exercises, 162
Group Observing Group, 163
Brainstorming, 164
Nominal-Group Technique, 164
Synectics, 165
Written Projections, 165
Group Processing, 166
Teaching of Skills, 167
Outcomes of the Working Stage, 167
Summary and Conclusion, 171
Classroom Exercises, 172
Chapter 8. Termination of a Group, 173
Preparing for Termination, 175
Effects of Termination on Individuals, 177
Premature Termination, 178
Premature Termination of the Group as a Whole, 178
Premature Termination Initiated by Group Members, 179
Preventing Premature Termination, 180
Termination of Group Sessions, 181
Member Summarization, 181
Leader Summarization, 182
Rounds, 182
Dyads, 182
Written Reactions, 183
Rating Sheets, 184
Homework, 185
Termination of a Group, 185
Capping Skills in Terminations, 186
Problems in Terminations, 190
Denial, 190
Transference, 190
Countertransference, 192
Handling Termination Correctly, 192
Follow-Up Sessions, 193
Summary and Conclusion, 194
Classroom Exercises, 196
Chapter 9. Ethical and Legal Aspects of Group Work, 197
The Nature of Ethics and Ethical Codes, 198
Major Ethical Issues in Groups, 200
Training of Group Leaders, 200
Screening of Potential Group Members, 201
Rights of Group Members, 202
Confidentiality, 204
Personal Relationships Between Group Members and Leaders, 205
Dual/Multiple Relationships, 205
Personal Relationships Among Group Members, 206
Uses of Group Techniques, 207
Leaders’ Values, 208
Referrals, 208
Records, 208
Termination and Follow-Up, 209
Making Ethical Decisions, 210
Promoting Ethical Principles in Groups, 212
Training Group Leaders, 212
Continuing Education and Peer Supervision, 213
Responding to Alleged Unethical Complaints, 215
Legal Issues in Groups, 216
Community, State, and National Standards, 216
Legal Action, 217
Summary and Conclusion, 219
Classroom Exercises, 220
Chapter 10. Group Work With Culturally Diverse Populations, 221
A Historical Overview of Cultural in Groups, 222
Challenges of Culturally Diverse Groups, 223
Myths About Multicultural Groups, 225
Goals of Multicultural Groups, 226
Assessing Cultural Diversity in a Group, 227
Leadership in Culturally Diverse Groups, 228
Working With Different Cultural Populations in Groups, 230
African Americans, 231
Hispanic/Latino Americans, 232
Asian and Asian Pacific Americans, 234
Native Americans, 235
Arab Americans, 237
European Americans, 238
Groups for Gays, Lesbians, and Bisexuals, 239
Summary and Conclusion, 240
Classroom Exercises, 241
Part Two. Groups Throughout the Life Span, 243
Chapter 11. Groups for Children, 244
Types of Groups for Children, 246
Group Guidance for Elementary/Middle School Children, 247
Group Counseling Within the Schools, 250
Group Guidance and Counseling in Community Settings, 251
Setting Up Groups for Children, 252
Nonverbal Versus Verbal Communication, 253
Group Structure and Materials, 253
Recruiting Members and Screening, 255
Group Session Length and Number in Group, 256
Gender and Age Issues, 256
Role of the Leader in Children’s Groups, 257
Studies on the Outcome of Children’s Groups, 259
Strengths and Limitations of Using Groups With Children, 262
Summary and Conclusion, 263
Classroom Exercises, 264
Chapter 12. Groups for Adolescents, 265
Types of Groups for Adolescents, 267
Developmental Psychoeducational Groups, 268
Nondevelopmental Counseling/ Psychotherapy Groups, 269
Setting Up Groups for Adolescents, 272
Nonverbal Versus Verbal Communication, 272
Group Structure and Materials, 273
Recruiting Members and Screening, 275
Group Session Length and Number in Group, 276
Gender and Age Issues, 276
Role of the Leader in Adolescents’ Groups, 278
Problems in Adolescents’ Groups, 281
Outright Disruptiveness, 281
Hesitancy to Engage With Others, 282
Polarization, 282
Monopolizing, 282
Inappropriate Risk Taking, 282
Overactivity or Giddiness, 283
Studies on the Outcome of Groups for Adolescents, 283
Strengths and Limitations of Using Groups With Adolescents, 285
Strengths, 285
Limitations, 286
Summary and Conclusion, 286
Classroom Exercises, 287
Chapter 13. Groups for Adults, 288
Types of Groups for Adults, 289
Setting Up Groups for Adults, 290
Role of the Leader in Groups for Adults, 291
Studies on the Outcomes of Groups for Adults, 291
Groups for College Students, 292
Groups for Adults in Midlife, 297
Groups for Men and Women, 301
Groups for Couples, Families, the Divorced, the Widowed, and the Remarried, 308
Groups for Adult Offenders and Persons With Life-Threatening Illnesses, 312
Strengths and Limitations of Using Groups With Adults, 313
Strengths, 313
Limitations, 314
Summary and Conclusion, 314
Classroom Exercises, 315
Chapter 14. Groups for Older Adults, 317
Types of Groups for Older Adults, 320
Psychoeducational and Task/Work Groups, 320
Counseling and Psychotherapy Groups, 320
Setting Up Groups for Older Adults, 325
Role of the Leader in Groups for Older Adults, 326
Studies on the Outcomes of Groups for Older Adults, 329
Groups for Caretakers of Older Adults, 330
Strengths and Limitations of Groups for Older Adults, 331
Strengths, 331
Limitations, 332
Summary and Conclusion, 332
Classroom Exercises, 333
Part Three. Leading Groups From a Theoretical Perspective, 335
Chapter 15. Psychoanalytic, Transactional Analysis, and Reality Therapy Groups, 336
Psychoanalytic Groups, 337
Premises of Psychoanalytically Oriented Groups, 338
Practice of Psychoanalytic Theory in a Group, 341
Free Association, 341
Dream Analysis, 341
Interpretation, 342
Resistance, 343
Transference, 343
Projective Identification, 343
Role of the Psychoanalytically Oriented Group Leader, 344
Desired Outcome of Psychoanalytically Oriented Groups, 345
Evaluation of Psychoanalytically Oriented Groups, 346
Learning More, 347
Transactional Analysis Groups, 348
Premises of Transactional Analysis Groups, 348
Practice of Transactional Analysis in a Group, 352
Role of the Transactional Analysis Group Leader, 354
Desired Outcome of Transactional Analysis Groups, 355
Evaluation of Transactional Analysis Groups, 356
Learning More, 357
Reality Therapy Groups, 357
Premises of Reality Therapy Groups, 358
Practice of Reality Therapy in a Group, 359
Role of the Reality Therapy Group Leader, 362
Desired Outcome of Reality Therapy Groups, 363
Evaluation of Reality Therapy Groups, 364
Learning More, 365
Summary and Conclusion, 366
Classroom Exercises, 367
Chapter 16. Adlerian, Person-Centered, and Existential Groups, 368
Adlerian Groups, 369
Premises of Adlerian Groups, 369
Practice of Adlerian Theory in a Group, 370
Role of the Adlerian Group Leader, 372
Desired Outcome of Adlerian Groups, 373
Evaluation of Adlerian Groups, 376
Learning More, 377
Person-Centered Groups, 377
Premises of Person-Centered Groups, 378
Practice of Person-Centered Theory in a Group, 380
Role of the Person-Centered Group Leader, 382
Desired Outcome of Person-Centered Groups, 383
Evaluation of Person-Centered Groups, 384
Learning More, 386
Existential Groups, 386
Premises of Existential Groups, 387
Practice of Existential Theory in a Group, 388
Role of the Existential Group Leader, 389
Desired Outcome of Existential Groups, 389
Evaluation of Existential Groups, 390
Learning More, 392
Summary and Conclusion, 392
Classroom Exercises, 393
Chapter 17. Gestalt and Psychodrama Groups, 394
Gestalt Groups, 395
Premises of Gestalt Groups, 396
Practice of Gestalt Theory in a Group, 397
Role of the Gestalt Group Leader, 401
Desired Outcome of Gestalt Groups, 402
Evaluation of Gestalt Groups, 402
Learning More, 404
Psychodrama Groups, 404
Premises of Group Psychodrama, 404
Practice of Psychodrama in a Group, 406
Role of the Psychodrama Group Leader, 411
Desired Outcome of Psychodrama Groups, 412
Evaluation of Psychodrama Groups, 412
Learning More, 414
Summary and Conclusion, 415
Classroom Exercises, 415
Chapter 18. Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy and Behavioral Therapy Groups, 416
Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy Groups, 417
Premises of Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy Groups, 418
Practice of Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy in a Group, 419
Role of the Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy Group Leader, 424
Desired Outcome of Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy Groups, 425
Evaluation of Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy Groups, 425
Learning More, 427
Behavioral Therapy Groups, 427
Premises of Behavioral Therapy Groups, 428
Practice of Behavioral Therapy in a Group, 428
Role of the Behavioral Therapy Group Leader, 434
Desired Outcome of Behavioral Therapy Groups, 435
Evaluation of Behavioral Therapy Groups, 437
Learning More, 439
Summary and Conclusion, 439
Classroom Exercises, 446
Appendix A. Association for Specialists in Group Work: Best Practice Guidelines, 447
Appendix B. Association for Specialists in Group Work: Principles for Diversity-Competent Group Workers, 451
Appendix C. Association for Specialists in Group Work: Professional Standards for the Training of Group Workers, 456
Glossary, 465
References, 487
Name Index, 524
Subject Index, 534

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