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National Educational Technology Standards for Teachers (NETS-T) and Students (NETS-S), IFC-1
ISTE National Educational Technology Standards (NETS•T) and Performance Indicators for Teachers, i
ISTE National Educational Technology Standards (NETS•S) and Performance Indicators for Students, ii
Copyright, iv
Special Features, xiii
Preface, xv
About the Authors, xxii
Part 1. Introduction and Background on Integrating Technology in Education, 1
Chapter 1. Educational Technology in Context: The Big Picture, 3
Technology Integration Example: Then and Now, 4
Introduction: Why Do We Need the “Big Picture”?, 5
What Is Educational Technology?, 5
Four Perspectives That Define Educational Technology, 6
How This Textbook Defines Technology in Education, 8
Looking Back: How Has the Past Influenced Today’s Educational Technology?, 8
A Brief History of Educational Computing Activities and Resources, 8
What Have We Learned from the Past?, 10
Why Use Technology? Using Past Research and Practice to Develop a Sound Rationale, 13
Looking Around: What Factors Shape the Current Climate for Technology in Education?, 16
Current Educational Technology Systems, Configurations, and Applications, 16
An Overview of Today’s Big Issues in Education and Technology: Societal, Educational, Cultural/Equity, and Legal/Ethical, 17
Societal Issues Shaping Current Technology Uses, 17
Educational Issues Shaping Current Technology Uses, 18
Cultural and Equity Issues Shaping Current Technology Uses, 19
Legal and Ethical Issues Shaping Current Technology Uses, 20
Looking Ahead: What Developments in Technology Integration Are Emerging?, 22
Emerging Trends in Hardware and Software Development, 22
Implications of New Technologies for Teachers and Students, 24
Skills for the Future: ISTE NETS for Students, Teachers, and Administrators, 24
How Teachers Can Demonstrate Their Skills: Electronic Portfolios, 25
Interactive Summary, 26
Key Terms, 27
Web-Enrichment Activities, 27
MyEducationLab, 27
Technology Integration Workshop, 28
Chapter 2. Theory and Practice: Foundations for Effective Technology Integration, 31
Technology Integration Example: The Role of Context, 32
Ingredients for Successful Technology Integration: A Look at the Theory, 33
Learning Theories for Technology Integration, 33
Directed and Constructivist Instruction Models: What Can We Learn From Each Other?, 33
Theoretical Foundations of Directed and Constructivist Models, 34
Conflicting Views of Directed and Constructivist Methods, 43
The Future of Technology Integration: Merging the Two Approaches, 43
Technology Integration Strategies Based on Each Model, 45
Developing Teacher Knowledge: Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK), 49
An Overview of the TPACK Framework, 49
A Technology Integration Planning (TIP) Model for Teachers, 50
An Overview of the TIP Model, 50
Phase 1: Reflect on Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge, 51
Phase 2: Determine Relative Advantage, 52
Phase 3: Decide on Objectives and Assessments, 55
Phase 4: Design Integration Strategies, 57
Phase 5: Prepare the Instructional Environment, 58
Phase 6: Evaluate and Revise Integration Strategies, 60
When Technology Works Best: Essential Conditions for Technology Integration, 62
Essential Condition: A Shared Vision for Technology Integration, 62
Essential Condition: Empowered Leaders, 63
Essential Condition: Standards and Curriculum Support, 63
Essential Condition: Required Policies, 63
Essential Condition: Access to Hardware, Software, and Other Resources for Sustainable Integration, 64
Essential Condition: Skilled Personnel and Opportunities for Professional Development, 64
Essential Condition: Technical Assistance, 66
Essential Condition: Appropriate Teaching and Assessment Approaches, 66
Essential Condition: Engaged Communities, 66
Interactive Summary, 67
Key Terms, 68
Web-Enrichment Activities, 68
MyEducationLab, 68
Technology Integration Workshop, 69
Part 2. Integrating Software Tutors and Tools into Teaching and Learning, 71
Chapter 3. Teaching with Instructional Software, 73
Technology Integration Example: The Alien Rescue® Project, 74
What Is Instructional Software?, 76
Instructional Roles for Software: Past and Present, 76
Learning Theory Connections, 77
Programming Languages as Instructional Software, 78
Recent Trends in Software Design and Delivery, 79
Drill-and-Practice Software Functions, 79
Selecting Good Drill-and-Practice Software, 80
Benefits of Drill and Practice, 80
Limitations and Problems Related to Drill and Practice, 81
Using Drill and Practice in Teaching, 81
Tutorial Software Functions, 83
Selecting Good Tutorial Software, 84
Benefits of Tutorials, 84
Limitations and Problems Related to Tutorials, 84
Using Tutorials in Teaching, 85
Simulation Software Functions, 85
Simulations That Teach about Something, 86
Simulations That Teach How to Do Something, 86
Selecting Good Simulation Software, 87
Benefits of Simulations, 87
Limitations and Problems Related to Simulations, 90
How to Use Simulations in Teaching: Integration Strategies and Guidelines, 90
Instructional Game Software Functions, 91
Selecting Good Instructional Games, 91
Benefits of Instructional Games, 92
Limitations and Problems Related to Instructional Games, 92
Using Instructional Games in Teaching, 92
Problem-Solving Software Functions, 94
Selecting Good Problem-Solving Software, 95
Benefits of Problem-Solving Software, 95
Limitations and Problems Related to Problem-Solving Software, 95
Using Problem-Solving Software in Teaching, 96
Integrated Learning Systems, 98
Selecting ILSs, 100
Benefits of ILSs, 100
Limitations and Problems Related to ILSs, 100
Using ILSs in Teaching, 102
A Summary of Instructional Software Integration Strategies, 104
Interactive Summary, 104
Key Terms, 105
Web-Enrichment Activities, 105
MyEducationLab, 105
Technology Integration Workshop, 106
Chapter 4. Teaching with the Basic Three Software Tools: Word Processing, Spreadsheet, and Database Programs, 109
Technology Integration Example: Money Management with Spreadsheets, 110
Introduction to the Basic Three Software Tools, 112
Why Use Software Tools?, 112
Introduction to the “Basic Three”, 112
Recent Development in Software Tools, 113
Using Word Processing Software in Teaching and Learning, 113
The Impact of Word Processing in Education, 115
Word Processing in the Classroom: Productivity and Teaching Strategies, 116
Teaching Word Processing Skills: Recommended Skills and Activities, 118
Using Spreadsheet Software in Teaching and Learning, 118
The Impact of Spreadsheets in Education, 118
Spreadsheets in the Classroom: Productivity and Teaching Strategies, 121
Teaching Spreadsheet Skills: Recommended Skills and Activities, 122
Using Database Software in Teaching and Learning, 122
The Impact of Databases in Education, 124
Databases in the Classroom: Productivity and Teaching Strategies, 127
Teaching Database Skills: Recommended Skills and Activities, 130
A Summary of Software Tool Integration Strategies, 130
Interactive Summary, 131
Key Terms, 134
Web-Enrichment Activities, 134
MyEducationLab, 134
Technology Integration Workshop, 135
Chapter 5. Teaching with Software Tools: Beyond the Basic Programs, 137
Technology Integration Example: A Desktop-Published Literary Anthology, 138
Introduction to Other Software Support Tools, 140
Types of Software Support Tools, 141
Software Support Tools Covered in Other Chapters: Multimedia, Web, and Video Tools, 141
Recent Developments in Software Support Tools, 141
Using Materials Generators, 143
Desktop Publishing Software, 143
Test Generators and Rubric Generators, 145
Worksheet and Puzzle Generators, 146
Individualized Education Program (IEP) Generators, 146
Graphic Document Makers, 146
PDF and Forms Makers, 147
Using Data Collection and Analysis Tools, 147
Electronic Gradebooks, 147
Statistical Packages, 147
Student Information Systems, 148
Computer-Based Testing Systems, 149
Student Response Systems, 149
Using Graphics Tools, 149
Draw/Paint Programs, 149
Image Editing Tools, 150
Charting/Graphing Tools, 151
Clip Art, Photo, Animation, Sound, Video, and Font Collections, 152
Using Planning and Organizing Tools, 153
Outlining Tools and Concept Mapping Software, 153
Lesson Planning Software, 154
Scheduling and Time Management Tools, 155
Using Research and Reference Tools, 155
Electronic Encyclopedias, 155
Electronic Atlases and Mapping Tools, 157
Electronic Dictionaries (Word Atlases), 157
Using Tools to Support Specific Content Areas, 157
CAD and 3-D Modeling/Animation Systems, 157
Music Editors, Sequencers, and MIDI Tools, 158
Reading Tools, 159
Microcomputer-Based Labs (Probeware), 159
Graphing Calculators and Calculator-Based Labs, 161
Geographic Information Systems and Global Positioning Systems, 162
Interactive Summary, 162
Key Terms, 162
Web-Enrichment Activities, 163
MyEducationLab, 163
Technology Integration Workshop, 164
Chapter 6. Teaching with Multimedia and Hypermedia, 167
Technology Integration Example: Interactive Multimedia Storybooks, 168
Introduction to Multimedia and Hypermedia, 170
Multimedia vs. Hypermedia, 170
Types of Hypermedia Systems, 171
Current and Future Impact of Hypermedia on Education, 171
Research on the Impact of Multimedia and Hypermedia Systems, 172
Research on the Design and Use of Multimedia and Hypermedia Systems, 172
Recent Developments in Hypermedia Systems, 174
Commercial Hypermedia Software Packages, 174
Instructional Software, 174
Interactive Books and ebooks, 176
Reference Materials, 176
Collections of Development Resources, 178
Evaluating Commercial Hypermedia Products, 178
Integration Strategies for Commercial Hypermedia Products, 179
Introduction to Multimedia and Hypermedia Design and Development, 180
Multimedia and Hypermedia Authoring Resources, 181
Hardware Requirements for Hypermedia Design and Development, 182
Hypermedia Design and Development Procedures, 183
Authoring Skills to Develop over Time, 184
Evaluating Student-Developed Hypermedia and Multimedia Projects, 185
Multimedia Authoring Tools, Type 1: Presentation Software, 186
Integration Strategies for Presentation Software, 186
Multimedia Authoring Tools, Type 2: Video Production and Editing Systems, 189
Integration Strategies for Video Production and Editing Systems, 189
Multimedia Authoring Tools, Type 3: Hypermedia Development Software, 191
Integration Strategies for Hypermedia Authoring Software, 192
Multimedia Authoring Tools, Type 4: Virtual Environments and Immersion Tools, 193
Virtual Environments and Immersion Tools, 193
Integration Strategies for Virtual Environments and Immersion Tools, 196
Multimedia Authoring Tools, Type 5: Web 2.0 Authoring Tools, 197
Classroom Potential, 197
Integration Strategies for Web 2.0 Authoring Tools, 199
Interactive Summary, 199
Key Terms, 200
Web-Enrichment Activities, 201
MyEducationLab, 201
Technology Integration Workshop, 202
Part 3. Linking to Learn: Tools and Strategies, 205
Chapter 7. Distance Learning Tools and the Role of the Internet in Education, 207
Technology Integration Example: A Research Paper Website, 208
Introducing the Internet, 210
A Brief History of the Internet in Education, 210
Using Uniform Resource Locators (URLs), 211
Navigating the Net, 212
Using Bookmarks, Favorites, and Online Organizers, 212
Starting Up Search Engines, 214
Evaluating Internet Information, 214
Basic Internet Troubleshooting, 214
Current Pitfalls in Internet Use, 217
Communicating on the Internet, 220
Email, 220
Listservs, Bulletin Boards, and Blogs, 220
Chatrooms, Instant Messaging, and Videoconferencing, 222
Cyber Collaborations: MUDs and MOOs, and Avatar Spaces, 223
Distance Learning: Placing the Internet in Context, 224
Background on Distance Education, 224
Distance Learning Delivery Systems, 225
Types of Distance Learning Activities, 226
Current Issues in Distance Learning, 227
Current Research in Distance Learning, 228
Offering Courses and Programs with Distance Technologies, 231
Web Course Development and Support Tools, 231
Characteristics of Effective Distance Courses and Programs, 231
Assessing the Quality of Distance Courses, 232
Interactive Summary, 233
Key Terms, 234
Web-Enrichment Activities, 234
MyEducationLab, 234
Technology Integration Workshop, 235
Chapter 8. Integrating the Internet into the Curriculum, 237
Technology Integration Example: Agayu: Adventure Learning in Chukotka, Russia, 238
Background on Web-Based Learning Activities, 240
Types and Examples of Web-Based Lessons and Projects, 241
Integration Strategies for Web-Based Activities, 243
Website Support for Web-Based Learning Activities, 248
Assessing the Quality of Web-Based Lessons, 252
Resources for Web Page and Website Development, 252
Web Page and Website Authoring Tools, 252
Downloading Images, Programs, and Plug-ins, 259
File Transfer Options: Email Attachments and FTP Programs, 261
Procedures for Developing and Evaluating Web Pages and Websites, 262
Required Development Resources, 262
Caveats When Creating Web Page Information, 263
Recommended Web Page Development Sequence, 263
Criteria for Evaluating Web Pages and Website Design, 265
Criteria for Evaluating Student Web Products, 266
Interactive Summary, 268
Key Terms, 268
Web-Enrichment Activities, 269
MyEducationLab, 269
Technology Integration Workshop, 270
Part 4. Integrating Technology Across the Curriculum, 273
Chapter 9. Technology in English and Language Arts Instruction, 275
Technology Integration Example: Classroom Revolutions, 276
What Does TPACK Look Like in English and Language Arts Instruction?, 278
Issues and Problems in English and Language Arts Instruction, 279
Expanding the Definition of Literacy, 279
Exploring New Instructional Practices, 279
Making Decisions about Keyboarding Instruction, 280
Creating Social Learning Environments, 280
Working with Diverse Learners, 281
Motivating Students, 282
Teachers’ Growth as Literacy Professionals, 282
Technology Integration Strategies for English and Language Arts Instruction, 283
Language Skills Development, 283
Literacy Development, 285
The Process Approach to Writing, 287
Interactive Summary, 291
Key Terms, 291
Web-Enrichment Activities, 291
MyEducationLab, 291
Technology Integration Workshop, 292
Chapter 10. Technology in Foreign and Second Language Instruction, 295
Technology Integration Example: A Discussion Board en Français, 296
What Does TPACK Look Like in Second and Foreign Language Instruction?, 298
Problems of Practice in Second and Foreign Language Instruction, 298
Common Problems in ESL Teaching and Learning, 298
Common Problems in Foreign Language Programs, 300
Technology Integration Strategies for ESL and Foreign Language Instruction, 301
Support for Authentic Oral Language Practice and Assessment, 301
Support for Practice in Language Subskills, 303
Presentation Aids, 304
Support for Text Production, 306
Virtual Field Trips for Modified Language Immersion Experience, 307
Virtual Collaborations, 308
Productivity and Lesson Design Support for Teachers, 308
Interactive Summary, 308
Key Terms, 308
Web-Enrichment Activities, 309
MyEducationLab, 309
Technology Integration Workshop, 310
Chapter 11. Technology in Mathematics and Science Instruction, 313
Technology Integration Example: Hot and Cold Data, 314
What Does TPACK Look Like in Science and Math Education?, 316
Issues and Problems in Mathematics Instruction, 316
Accountability for Standards in Mathematics, 316
Challenges in Implementing the Principles and Standards for School Mathematics, 319
Technology Integration Strategies for Mathematics Instruction, 319
Using Virtual Manipulatives, 319
Fostering Mathematical Problem Solving, 321
Allowing Representation of Mathematical Principles, 322
Implementing Data-Driven Curricula, 324
Supporting Math-Related Communications, 324
Motivating Skill Building and Practice, 324
Issues and Problems in Science Instruction, 326
Accountability for Standards in Science, 326
The Narrowing Pipeline of Scientific Talent, 328
Increasing Need for Scientific Literacy, 328
Difficulties in Teaching K–8 Science, 328
New Emphasis on and Controversies About Scientific Inquiry, 329
Technology Integration Strategies for Science Instruction, 329
Supporting Authentic Science Experiences, 329
Supporting Scientific Inquiry Skills, 333
Supporting Science Concept Learning, 335
Accessing Science Information and Tools, 336
Barriers to Integrating Science and Technology, 337
Interactive Summary, 338
Key Terms, 338
Web-Enrichment Activities, 339
MyEducationLab, 339
Technology Integration Workshop, 340
Chapter 12. Technology in Social Studies Instruction, 343
Technology Integration Example: Studying Our Past, Mapping Our Future, 344
What Does TPACK Look Like in Social Studies Education?, 346
Issues and Problems in Social Studies Instruction, 347
Methods of Addressing Social Studies Instruction Standards, 347
Dilemmas in Teaching Social Studies Effectively, 349
The “History Wars” and Other Debates on the Content and Focus of Social Studies, 349
Perils of the Information Explosion, 350
Technology Integration Strategies for Social Studies Instruction, 350
Simulated Problem-Solving Environments, 350
Graphic Representations, 352
Virtual Trips, 352
Adventure Learning, 353
Digital Storytelling, 353
Digital Information Critiques, 354
Electronic Research, 355
GIS and GPS Lessons, 356
Practice of Factual Information, 358
Interactive Summary, 359
Key Terms, 359
Web-Enrichment Activities, 359
MyEducationLab, 359
Technology Integration Workshop, 360
Chapter 13. Technology in Music and Art Instruction, 363
Technology Integration Example: The Fine Art of Electronic Portfolios, 364
The Arts in the Information Age, 366
What Does TPACK Look Like in Art and Music Education?, 366
Issues and Problems in Music Instruction, 366
Redefining Music Literacy, 366
Training Teachers to Meet Music Standards, 367
The Intersection of Popular Music, Technology, and Music Instruction, 368
The Music Director as Small Business Administrator, 368
Technology Integration Strategies for Music Instruction, 368
Support for Music Composition and Production, 371
Support for Music Performance, 374
Support for Self-Paced Learning and Practice, 374
Support for Teaching Music History, 374
Support for Interdisciplinary Strategies, 375
Issues and Problems in Art Instruction, 375
Funding for Art Instruction, 375
Ethical Issues Associated with the Use of Images and Other Materials, 375
Accessing Images Used in Art Instruction, 376
The Challenge of Meeting Standards in Arts Instruction, 376
Technology Integration Strategies for Art Instruction, 376
Accessing Art Examples for Classroom Use, 376
Using Teaching Examples and Materials, 378
Producing and Manipulating Digitized Images, 378
Supporting Graphic Design and 3-D Modeling, 379
Supporting Desktop Publishing with Graphics, 380
Virtual Field Trips to Art Museums, 381
Creating Movies as an Art Form, 381
Using Computerized Kilns, 381
Sharing Students’ Creative and Research Works, 382
Interactive Summary, 382
Key Terms, 382
Web-Enrichment Activities, 383
MyEducationLab, 383
Technology Integration Workshop, 384
Chapter 14. Technology in Physical Education and Health Education, 387
Technology Integration Example: Personal Fitness Plans You Can Live With, 388
What Does TPACK Look Like in Physical and Health Education?, 390
Issues and Problems in Physical Education and Health Education, 390
Physical Inactivity, 390
Instructional Time for Health and Physical Education, 391
Accuracy of Health and Physical Education Resources, 391
Addressing the Standards, 391
Handling Controversial Health Issues, 392
Technology Integration Strategies for Physical Education and Health Education, 394
Supporting Improved Fitness, 395
Developing and Improving Motor Skill Performance, 396
Shaping Students’ Beliefs and Interactions Related to Physical Activity, 398
Helping Students Assess and Enhance Personal Health, 399
Helping Students Obtain Valid Health Information, 399
Influencing Health Behaviors, 399
Supporting Interdisciplinary Instruction, 401
Physical Education and Health Education Online, 401
Interactive Summary, 401
Key Terms, 401
Web-Enrichment Activities, 402
MyEducationLab, 402
Technology Integration Workshop, 403
Chapter 15. Technology in Special Education, 405
Technology Integration Example: Helping Students with Disabilities Blend In, 406
Introduction, 408
What Does TPACK Look Like in Special Education?, 408
Issues and Problems in Special Education, 409
Legal and Policy Directives, 409
Implications of the No Child Left Behind Act for Special Education, 409
Need for Trained Personnel, 409
Requirements for Inclusive Classrooms, 410
Universal Design for Learning, 410
Web Accessibility, 412
Technology Integration Strategies for Special Education, 412
Foundations of Integration Strategies, 412
General Integration Strategies for All Students, 415
Strategies for Students with Cognitive Disabilities, 415
Strategies for Students with Physical Disabilities, 418
Strategies for Students with Sensory Disabilities, 418
Strategies for At-Risk Students, 419
Strategies for Students with Gifts and Talents, 420
Final Tips for Teachers, 420
Interactive Summary, 420
Key Terms, 421
Web-Enrichment Activities, 421
MyEducationLab, 421
Technology Integration Workshop, 422
Glossary, 425
References, 432
Name Index, 447
Subject Index, 451

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