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Copyright, iv
acknowledgments, xvi
about the authors, xvii
Part 1. Historical Perspectives, 1
Chapter 1. Early History (2000 B.C. to A.D. 1800), 2
Overview, 3
Redress of Wrongs, 4
Retaliation, 4
Fines and Punishments, 5
Early Codes, 5
Babylonian and Sumerian Codes, 5
Crime and Sin, 6
Roman and Greek Codes, 6
The Middle Ages, 6
Punishment, 7
Capital and Corporal Punishment, 7
Deterrence, 8
Emergence of Secular Law, 9
Early Prisons, 10
Workhouses, 10
The Age of Enlightenment and Reform, 11
Montesquieu and Voltaire: The French Humanists, 11
Bentham and the Hedonistic Calculus, 12
John Howard, 13
Houses of Correction, Workhouses, and Gaols, 14
Transportation Systems, 14
Deportation to the American Colonies and Australia, 14
Hulks: A Sordid Episode, 15
Early Cellular Prisons, 16
The Maison de Force at Ghent and the Hospice of San Michele, 16
William Penn and the “Great Law”, 16
The Walnut Street Jail, 17
Summary, 19
Key Words, 19
Review Questions, 19
Endnotes, 20
Chapter 2. Prisons (1800 to the Present), 22
Overview, 23
The Pennsylvania System, 24
The Auburn System, 25
Discipline at Auburn, 25
Prison Competition, 26
Prison Rules, 27
Change in the Wind, 29
Maconochie and Crofton: A New Approach, 29
Maconochie and the Indeterminate Sentence, 29
Crofton and the Irish System, 30
The Reformatory Era (1870 to 1910), 30
Post–Civil War Prisons, 31
The Twentieth Century and the Industrial Prison, 32
The Period of Transition (1935 to 1960), 34
The Modern Era, 35
Internally Sought Reform, 35
The Prison Population Boom, 36
Summary, 37
Key Words, 37
Review Questions, 38
Endnotes, 38
Chapter 3. Correctional Ideologies: The Pendulum Swings, 40
Overview, 41
Conflicting Correctional Ideologies, 42
The Punishment Ideology, 42
Retribution, 42
Deterrence, 43
Incapacitation, 43
The Effect of Punishment, 45
The Rehabilitation Ideology, 46
The Prevention Ideology, 48
The Pendulum Swings, 49
Restorative Justice, 50
Balanced and Restorative Justice Philosophy, 51
The Balanced Approach and Its Application, 51
Contemporary Corrections, 52
Summary, 54
Key Words, 55
Review Questions, 55
Endnotes, 55
Chapter 4. The Sentencing and Appeals Process, 58
Overview, 59
The Correctional Filter, 60
The Prosecutor’s Decision, 60
The Sentencing Decision, 61
Rapid Change in Sentencing Processes, 61
New Goals, 62
Reform Options, 63
Reform Effects, 63
Predicting Behavior, 63
The Presentence Investigation, 63
Judicial versus Administrative Sentencing, 65
Practical Problems in Sentencing, 65
Problems in Setting Prison Terms, 66
Felony Sentences in State Court, 69
Deterrence by Sentencing, 69
Appellate Review, 69
The Issue of Due Process, 70
The Mechanics of an Appeal, 72
The Courts of Appeal, 72
Appeals from Behind the Walls, 73
Reform by Judicial Decree, 73
Appeals Flood the Courts, 74
Types of Prisoner Petitions, 75
Legislative Initiatives to Reduce Prisoner Litigation, 75
Summary, 77
Key Words, 77
Review Questions, 77
Endnotes, 78
Suggested Readings: Part 1, 80
Part 2. Alternatives to Imprisonment, 81
Chapter 5. Probation, 82
Overview, 83
Suspended Sentence and Sanctuary, 84
The History of Probation, 84
The Spread of Probation, 85
Organization and Administration of Probation, 87
The Role of the Probation Agency, 88
The Decision to Grant Probation, 89
The Presentence Investigation Report, 90
The Sentencing Hearing, 90
Risk Assessment, 91
Targeting Risk Factors: Challenge for Probation, 92
Conditions of Probation, 93
Probation Revocation, 93
Felony Probation, 96
The Broken Windows Approach, 97
Probation and Its Role in Corrections, 98
Summary, 100
Key Words, 100
Review Questions, 100
Endnotes, 101
Chapter 6. Diversion and Intermediate Sanctions, 102
Overview, 103
Diversion: Keeping the Offender out of the System, 104
Police-Based Diversion Programs, 104
Community-Based Diversion Programs, 105
Court-Based Diversion Programs, 105
Between Probation and Prison, 106
Overcrowding, 107
Intermediate Sanctions, 108
Restitution Programs, 109
Intensive Supervised Probation, 110
Drug and Other Problem-Solving Courts, 111
Community Service Programs, 113
Home Detention, 114
Electronic Monitoring, 115
Community Residential Treatment Centers (Halfway Houses), 116
Day Reporting Centers, 119
Shock Incarceration, 120
Boot Camp Programs, 121
Summary, 123
Key Words, 124
Review Questions, 124
Endnotes, 124
Suggested Readings: Part 2, 128
Part 3. Institutional Corrections, 129
Chapter 7. Custody Functions, 130
Overview, 131
Institutions: Bureaucratic Control, 132
Administration’s Problem: Punish, Control, or Rehabilitate?, 132
Custody: A 24-Hour Impact, 133
Wardens and Superintendents, 134
Correctional Officers and Jailers: On the Front Lines, 135
Correctional Officer Attitudes, 135
Diminished Control, 136
Unionization and the Correctional Officer, 137
Inmate Organization: The Social System, 138
Custody as a Way of Life, 141
Discipline and Inmate Traffic Control, 142
Contraband and Shakedowns, 144
Prevention of Escape, 147
Technology to Prevent Escapes: Electric Fences, 147
Project Costs and Operational Savings, 149
The Military Model, 149
Unit Team and Other Methods to Avoid Compartmentalization, 150
Upgrading Correctional Personnel, 150
Summary, 151
Key Words, 151
Review Questions, 152
Endnotes, 152
Chapter 8. Management and Treatment Functions, 154
Overview, 155
The Treatment Model, 156
Perceptions and Correctional Management, 156
Classification for Security and Treatment, 158
Treatment in Prison, 158
Health and Medical Services, 159
Smoking, 161
Religious Assistance and Services, 162
Educational and Training Programs for Inmates, 163
The Vocational-Rehabilitation Model, 166
The Reintegration Model, 169
Summary, 170
Key Words, 171
Review Questions, 171
Endnotes, 171
Chapter 9. Jails and Detention Facilities, 174
Overview, 175
Jails: A Grim History, 176
Jails Today, 178
Jail Populations and Characteristics, 178
The New-Generation Jail, 180
The Jail in Context, 182
The Problem with Overcrowding, 182
Problems with Personnel, 184
Jail Standards, 186
Health Care in Jails, 186
Alternatives to Jail, 187
Fines, 187
Weekend Confinement, 189
Community Work Orders, 189
Alternatives to Jail at the Pretrial Stage, 189
Summary, 192
Key Words, 193
Review Questions, 193
Endnotes, 193
Chapter 10. State and Local Prison Systems, 196
Overview, 197
State Correctional Institutions: The Core of the System, 198
Organization of State Systems, 200
Development of State Systems, 200
Classification and Assignment in State Prisons, 201
Inmates in State Prisons, 202
Local Adult City-Operated Prisons, 205
Are Prisons “Cruel and Unusual Punishment”?, 206
Summary, 210
Key Words, 210
Review Questions, 210
Endnotes, 211
Chapter 11. The Federal System, 212
Overview, 213
The Use of State Facilities, 214
Early Federal Prison Facilities, 215
The Bureau of Prisons Is Born, 215
Early Growth of the Federal Bureau of Prisons, 216
Recent Developments, 217
Organization and Administration, 218
Inmate Populations Explode, 219
Community-Based Programs and Contract Facilities, 219
A Model Inmate Classification System, 220
UNICOR: Federal Prison Industries, Inc., 222
Education and Training: Inmates and Staff, 223
Federal Female Offenders, 223
Community Corrections in the Federal System, 224
Changing Population of Federal Institutions, 225
Summary, 226
Key Words, 226
Review Questions, 226
Endnotes, 226
Chapter 12. Private-Sector Systems, 228
Overview, 229
The Private Sector in Community Corrections, 230
Some Historical Considerations, 232
Early History, 232
More Recent Developments, 233
Private-Sector Treatment Programs, 233
Low-Security Custody Programs, 234
Surveillance and Control Technologies, 236
Correctional Privatization: Issues and Evidence, 237
Summary, 239
Key Words, 240
Review Questions, 240
Endnotes, 240
Chapter 13. Parole and Reentry, 242
Overview, 243
The Development of Parole, 244
The Roots of American Parole, 244
Early Practices in Other Nations, 244
Parole Comes to the United States, 245
Pardon and Parole: Two of the Ways out of Prison, 245
What Is Parole?, 246
Parole Administration, 248
The Parole Board, 248
Parole Release, 248
Parole Release Guidelines, 249
Parole Conditions, 250
Parole Revocation, 250
Parole Remains a Major Segment of Corrections, 252
Pardons, 252
Reentry: The New Challenge, 253
Work-Release Programs, 254
Furlough Programs, 255
Halfway Houses, 255
Reentry Courts, 257
Is Parole Effective?, 258
Summary, 261
Key Words, 261
Review Questions, 261
Endnotes, 261
Chapter 14. The Death Penalty, 264
Overview, 265
Origins of the Death Penalty, 266
Better Ways to Die?, 266
Arbitrary and Infrequent Punishment, 267
The Eighth Amendment and the Death Penalty, 269
Prosecutor’s Discretion, 271
Deterrence of the Death Penalty, 272
Public Opinion and the Death Penalty, 272
The Controversy Continues, 274
The Issue of Equability, 275
Women and the Death Penalty, 276
Juveniles and the Death Penalty, 278
Justifications, 278
The Death Penalty and Terrorism, 279
The Cost of the Death Penalty, 279
Commitments to Death Row Continue, 280
Summary, 281
Key Words, 281
Review Questions, 281
Endnotes, 281
Suggested Readings: Part 3, 284
Part 4. Correctional Clients, 287
Chapter 15. Inmate and Ex-Offender Rights, 288
Overview, 289
The Status of the Convicted Offender, 290
Basic Inmate Rights, 291
Visiting and Community Ties, 291
Use of Mail, 291
Contraband and Mail, 293
Religious Rights in Prison, 294
Access to Court and Counsel, 295
The Right to Medical Treatment and Care, 296
Civil Rights Act “1983” Suits, 298
Remedies for Violations of Rights, 299
The Legend of the Ex-Con, 299
Consequences of a Conviction, 300
Stigma, 300
The Transition Period, 300
Loss of Civil Rights, 301
Legal Consequences of a Felony Conviction, 301
Right to Work versus Need to Work, 302
Restricted Trades: Barriers to Employment, 304
The Problem with a Record, 304
Registration of Criminals, 305
Registration of Ex-Offenders, 305
Expungement as a Response, 306
Restoring Offender’s Rights, 306
Summary, 308
Key Words, 308
Review Questions, 308
Endnotes, 308
Chapter 16. Male Offenders, 312
Overview, 313
Prison Populations Continue to Soar, 314
Prisoner Population, 315
Criminal History, 315
Dangerousness, 316
Drugs and Alcohol, 317
Education and Work, 318
Reasons for the Soaring Prison Populations, 319
Prisonization Plays a Role, 322
Rape and Sexual Assault in All-Male Institutions, 324
The Graying of America’s Male Prisoners, 325
Summary, 326
Key Words, 327
Review Questions, 327
Endnotes, 327
Chapter 17. Female Offenders, 330
Overview, 331
Female Crime and Incarceration Rates, 332
A Differential Justice System for Females?, 334
Characteristics of Drug-Abusing Female Offenders, 337
Females in Jail, 338
Females in Prison, 340
Female Institutions, 341
Special Problems for Incarcerated Females, 343
California Community Prisoner Mother Program, 344
The Co-Gender Correctional Institution, 346
Community Corrections and Female Offenders, 349
Summary, 349
Key Words, 350
Review Questions, 350
Endnotes, 350
Chapter 18. Juvenile Offenders, 354
Overview, 355
Where Does the Juvenile Fit In?, 356
Criminal Behavior Declines with Aging, 356
Categories of Juvenile Offenders, 358
Juvenile Rights: The Landmark Cases, 359
Who Is a Juvenile Today?, 361
The Juvenile Crime Problem, 362
Juvenile Violence in Decline, 363
Juvenile Victims of Violence, 364
Juvenile Gangs, 365
Juveniles Held in Institutional Environments, 366
The New Breed: Dispelling the Myth of the Superpredator, 368
Today’s Challenges, 368
Restorative Justice, 370
Today’s Approach to Juvenile Institutions, 371
Institutional Treatment and Rehabilitation, 372
Summary, 373
Key Words, 373
Review Questions, 374
Endnotes, 374
Chapter 19. Special-Category Offenders, 376
Overview, 377
The Mentally Disordered Offender, 378
Mentally Ill Inmates, 378
Two Ways to Escape Criminal Responsibility, 380
The Criminally Insane, 380
The Problems of Prediction, 381
The Developmentally Challenged Offender, 382
Historical Perspective, 383
Sex Offenders, 384
Common Sex Offenses, 384
Sex Offenders and Probation, 387
Sex Offenders in Prison, 387
AIDS in Prisons, 388
HIV-Positive Prison Inmates, by Offense and Prior Drug Use, 389
AIDS and Custody Staff, 390
AIDS and Inmates, 391
Geriatric Inmates: The Graying of American Prisons, 392
Summary, 394
Key Words, 394
Review Questions, 394
Endnotes, 395
Suggested Readings: Part 4, 397
glossary, 399
author index, 411
subject index, 421

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