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Welcome!, IFC-1
Copyright, iv
New to This Edition, xix
Preface, xxi
Acknowledgments, xxiii
About the Authors, xxv
Chapter 1. The Nature and History of Criminal Law, 2
Introduction, 4
What Is Criminal Law?, 4
Historical and Philosophical Perspectives, 5
Natural and Positive Law, 5
Criminal Law in the News: Islamic Law and the Girl of Qatif, 6
History of Western Law, 8
Common Law, 9
Civil Law Distinguished, 11
Criminal Procedure Distinguished, 13
Types of Crimes, 13
The Purpose of Criminal Law, 15
Sources of Criminal Law, 16
Constitutions, 16
Statutes, Ordinances, and Regulations, 18
Common Law, 18
Capstone Case: Payne v. Tennessee, 501 U.S. 808 (1991), 19
The Model Penal Code, 24
The Modern U.S. Legal System, 26
Federalism, 26
Separation of Powers, 27
An Adversarial, Accusatorial Due Process System, 29
The Rule of Law, 31
Criminal Law in the News: The Rule of Law Applies Equally to Lawbreakers and Lawmakers, 32
Summary, 33
Key Terms, 33
Questions for Discussion, 34
Legal Resources on the Web, 34
Suggested Readings and Classic Works, 35
Notes, 36
Chapter 2. Criminal Liability and the Essence of Crime, 38
Introduction, 40
The Legal Essence of Criminal Conduct, 40
The Criminal Act, 42
Thinking Is Not Doing, 42
Being Is Not Doing, 42
Voluntary Acts, 42
Possession, 43
Failure to Act, 44
Threatening to Act, 44
State of Mind, 44
Strict Liability and Mens Rea, 47
Capstone Case: United States v. Hanousek, 176 F. 3d 116 (9th Cir. 1999), 48
When Statutes Are Silent on Mens Rea, 51
Capstone Case: People v. Jensen, Mich. App. 439 (1998), 52
Insanity and Mens Rea, 54
Concurrence, 54
Summary, 55
Key Terms, 55
Questions for Discussion, 55
Legal Resources on the Web, 56
Suggested Readings and Classic Works, 56
Notes, 57
Chapter 3. Expanding the Concept of Crime, 58
Introduction, 60
Corpus Delicti, 60
Additional Principles of Criminality, 62
Causation, 63
Capstone Case: Daniels v. State, WL 2460263 (Ct. App. Texas 2007), 64
Resulting Harm, 67
The Principle of Legality, 69
Capstone Case: State v. Reynolds, 642 A.2d 1368 (N.H. 1993), 71
Necessary Attendant Circumstances, 72
Summary, 74
Key Terms, 75
Questions for Discussion, 75
Legal Resources on the Web, 75
Suggested Readings and Classic Works, 76
Notes, 77
Chapter 4. Extending Criminal Liability: Inchoate Offenses and Parties to Crime, 78
Introduction, 80
Criminal Attempt, 80
The Act Requirement, 81
Criminal Law in the News: Man Convicted of Attempted Rape of Fictitious Child, 82
Preparation, 82
Capstone Case: Tennessee v. Reeves, 917 S.W.2d 825 (Tenn. 1996), 84
Defenses to Charges of Criminal Attempts, 89
Completed Offense, 91
Punishment for Criminal Attempts, 91
Criminal Conspiracy, 92
Doctrine of Complicity, 92
Elements of the Crime, 93
Plurality Requirement, 93
Required Intent, 94
Parties to a Conspiracy, 95
Duration of a Conspiracy, 96
Criminal Solicitation, 98
Parties to Crime, 99
Relationship of Complicity, 100
Accomplice Liability, 100
Accessory, 101
The Criminal Liability of Corporations, 101
Criminal Law in the News: New York Supplier Faces Manslaughter Count in Fatal Ceiling Collapse, 103
Vicarious Liability, 106
Summary, 107
Key Terms, 108
Questions for Discussion, 108
Legal Resources on the Web, 108
Suggested Readings and Classic Works, 109
Notes, 109
Chapter 5. Justifications as Defenses, 112
Introduction, 114
Types of Defenses, 114
The Nature of Defenses, 116
Justification as a Defense, 116
Necessity, 116
Self-Defense, 119
Criminal Law in the News: States Signing onto NRA-Backed Law to Expand Use of Deadly Force, 122
Capstone Case: United States v. Thomas, 34 F.3d 44 (2nd Cir. 1994), 124
Defense of Others, 126
Defense of Home and Property, 127
Resisting Unlawful Arrest, 129
Consent, 131
Summary, 132
Key Terms, 133
Questions for Discussion, 133
Legal Resources on the Web, 134
Suggested Readings and Classic Works, 134
Notes, 134
Chapter 6. Defenses: Excuses and Insanity, 136
Introduction, 138
The Nature of Excuses, 139
Categories of Excuses, 139
Duress, 140
Capstone Case: United States v. Calley, 46 C.M.R. 1131 (1975), 142
Intoxication, 142
Capstone Case: Montana v. Egelhoff, 116 S. Ct. 2013 (1996), 144
Mistake, 145
Capstone Case: People v. Tolbert, 56 Cal. Rptr. 2d 604 (Cal. Ct. App. 1996), 148
Age, 149
Entrapment, 151
Syndrome-Based Defense Enhancements, 153
Capstone Case: Madera v. State, 943 So.2d 960 (Fla. App. 4th Dist. 2006), 154
Criminal Law in the News: Judge Spares Shopping Addict from Prison, 162
Mental Incompetency, 163
Competency to Stand Trial, 163
Insanity at the Time of the Crime, 166
The Insanity Defense: A Common Misunderstanding, 167
What Is Insanity?, 167
History of the Insanity Defense, 169
The M’Naughten Rule: Knowing Right from Wrong, 169
The Irresistible Impulse Test: Control Rules, 171
The Durham Rule: Crime as a Product of Mental Disease, 172
The American Law Institute Test: Substantial Capacity, 173
Guilty but Mentally Ill, 173
Capstone Case: Miller v. State, 991 P.2d 1183 (Nevada 1996), 174
The Doctrine of Settled Insanity, 177
Diminished Capacity, 177
How Widely Used Is the Insanity Defense?, 178
Consequences of an Insanity Finding, 178
Abolishing the Insanity Defense, 179
Capstone Case: Commonwealth v. Burgess, 450 Mass. 366 (Mass. 2008), 180
Summary, 181
Key Terms, 184
Questions for Discussion, 184
Legal Resources on the Web, 184
Suggested Readings and Classic Works, 185
Notes, 186
Chapter 7. Legal and Social Dimensions of Personal Crime: Homicide, 190
Introduction, 192
Criminal Homicide, 192
Corpus Delicti, 193
The Taking of a Life, 193
Defining Death, 195
The Time of Death, 196
Proximate Cause and Homicide, 197
Murder, 197
Malice Aforethought, 198
Capital Murder, 200
Felony Murder, 201
Manslaughter, 203
Voluntary Manslaughter, 203
Capstone Case: State v. Amado, 680 A.2d 974 (Conn. App. 1996), 204
Capstone Case: Commonwealth v. Schnopps, 417 N.E. 2d 1213 (Mass. 1981), 208
Involuntary Manslaughter, 209
Criminal Law in the News: Man Convicted of Manslaughter for Taking Seven-Year-Old Girl’s Life Jacket, 211
Negligent Homicide, 212
Vehicular Homicide, 212
Criminal Law in the News: Mother in Utah C-Section Case Gets Probation, 213
Suicide, 213
Capstone Case: Vacco v. Quill, 521 U.S. 793 (1997), 215
Summary, 217
Key Terms, 218
Questions for Discussion, 218
Legal Resources on the Web, 218
Suggested Readings and Classic Works, 219
Notes, 219
Chapter 8. Legal and Social Dimensions of Personal Crime: Assault, Battery, and Other Personal Crimes, 222
Introduction, 224
Assault, Battery, and Mayhem, 224
Assault, 225
Placing Another in Fear, 226
Conditional Assault, 227
Aggravated Assault, 227
Attempted Assault, 227
Antistalking Statutes, 229
Battery, 230
Aggravated Battery, 231
Capstone Case: Clements v. State, 19 S.W. 3rd 442 (Texas App. 2000), 232
Mayhem, 235
Sex Offenses, 237
Rape, 237
Sexual Assault, 240
Kidnapping and False Imprisonment, 241
Kidnapping, 241
False Imprisonment, 244
Capstone Case: Schweinle v. State, 915 S.W.2d 17 (Texas Ct. App. 1996), 246
Summary, 248
Key Terms, 249
Questions for Discussion, 249
Legal Resources on the Web, 249
Suggested Readings and Classic Works, 250
Notes, 250
Chapter 9. Legal and Social Dimensions of Property and Computer Crimes, 252
Introduction, 254
Theft Crimes, 254
Larceny, 256
Capstone Case: Dowling v. United States, 473 U.S. 207 (1985), 258
Embezzlement, 264
False Pretenses, 266
Forgery, 267
Receiving Stolen Property, 269
Robbery, 269
Extortion, 271
Identity Theft: A 21st Century Version of Theft, 272
Consolidation of Theft Crimes, 275
Burglary, 275
Capstone Case: Folsom v. State, 668 So. 2d 114 (Ala. Crim. App. 1995), 278
Arson, 280
Computer and High-Technology Crimes, 281
Early Computer Crime Cases, 283
Computer Crime Laws, 284
Criminal Law in the News: Web Crooks Getting Quicker, 285
Capstone Case: People v. Rice, 2008 Colo. App. LEXIS 811 (Colo. App. 3rd, 2008), 288
Types of Computer Crimes, 293
Federal Cybercrime Enforcement Agencies, 294
Internet-Based Crime, 294
Summary, 298
Key Terms, 299
Questions for Discussion, 299
Legal Resources on the Web, 300
Suggested Readings and Classic Works, 301
Notes, 301
Chapter 10. Offenses against Public Order and the Administration of Justice, 304
Introduction, 306
Crimes Against Public Order, 307
Breach of Peace and Disorderly Conduct, 307
Fighting and Affray, 309
Alcohol and Drug Crimes, 309
Capstone Case: Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire, 315 U.S. 568 (1942), 310
Riot and Unlawful Assembly, 312
Vagrancy and Loitering, 315
Teenage Curfew, 317
Weapons Carrying, 318
Illegal Entry into the United States, 321
Crimes against the Administration of Government, 324
Treason, 324
Perjury and Contempt, 325
Obstruction of Justice, 326
Escape, 327
Misconduct in Office and Bribery, 327
Environmental Crimes, 328
The Clean Water Act, 329
Capstone Case: Rapanos v. United States, 547 U.S. 715 (2006), 330
The Clean Air Act, 331
The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, 332
The Toxic Substances Control Act, 332
The Endangered Species Act, 332
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, 332
The Marine Mammal Protection Act, 333
Other Environmental Laws, 334
Summary, 334
Key Terms, 335
Questions for Discussion, 335
Legal Resources on the Web, 335
Suggested Readings and Classic Works, 337
Notes, 337
Chapter 11. Terrorism and Human Trafficking, 340
Introduction, 342
Terrorism, Treason, and Sedition, 342
Terrorism Laws, 343
Constitutional Issues, 346
Human Smuggling and Trafficking in Persons, 349
Capstone Case: Boumediene v. Bush, 553 U.S. _____ (2008), 350
Criminal Law in the News: Deportation-Wary Migrants Targets of Crime, 354
Federal Immigration and Trafficking Legislation, 356
Summary, 357
Key Terms, 358
Questions for Discussion, 358
Legal Resources on the Web, 358
Suggested Readings and Classic Works, 360
Notes, 360
Chapter 12. Offenses against Public Morality, 362
Introduction, 364
Crimes against Public Decency and Morality, 364
Prostitution, 366
Pornography, Obscenity, and Lewdness, 367
Capstone Case: United States v. Williams, 553 U.S. (2008), 370
Other Consensual Sex Offenses, 373
Capstone Case: City of Erie v. Pap’s A.M., 529 U.S. 277 (2000), 374
Gambling and Gaming, 377
Capstone Case: Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558 (2003), 378
Criminal Law in the News: Polygamist Sentenced to Ten Years in Prison, 382
Controlled Substances, 383
Anti–Drug Abuse Legislation, 384
The Controlled Substances Act of 1970, 384
The Anti–Drug Abuse Act of 1988, 387
Other Federal Antidrug Legislation, 388
State-Level Antidrug Laws, 388
Asset Forfeiture, 389
Medical Marijuana, 391
A Critique of Laws Regulating Public Morality, 392
Summary, 393
Key Terms, 393
Questions for Discussion, 394
Legal Resources on the Web, 394
Suggested Readings and Classic Works, 395
Notes, 395
Chapter 13. Victims and the Law, 398
Introduction, 400
Who Is a Victim?, 400
A Short History of the Victim, 401
The Philosophy of Victims’ Compensation, 402
Victims’ Assistance Programs Today, 403
Victims’ Rights Legislation, 405
The Growth of Victims’ Rights, 407
“Son of Sam” Laws, 410
Capstone Case: Simon & Schuster, Inc. v. New York State Crime Victims Board, 502 U.S. 105 (1991), 412
Victim-Impact Statements, 418
Victim Statistics, 419
The National Crime Victimization Survey, 420
Violence against Women, 421
Young Black Male Victims, 421
Elderly Victims, 422
The Uniform Crime Reporting Program, 423
Restitution, 427
The Restoration Movement, 428
Summary, 429
Key Terms, 430
Questions for Discussion, 430
Legal Resources on the Web, 430
Suggested Readings and Classic Works, 431
Notes, 432
Chapter 14. Punishment and Sentencing, 434
Introduction, 436
Sentencing Rationales, 438
Retribution, 438
Deterrence, 440
Rehabilitation, 440
Restoration, 441
Incapacitation, 441
Imposing Criminal Sanctions, 444
Federal Sentencing Practices, 446
The Role of the Jury in Sentencing, 448
Truth in Sentencing, 450
Plea Bargaining, 451
Traditional Sentencing Options, 452
Less Traditional Sentencing Options, 453
Sentence Enhancements, 454
Capital Punishment, 457
Criminal Law in the News: Texas Man Exonerated by DNA after 26 Years, 459
The Eighth Amendment and Capital Punishment, 460
Limits on Death Row Appeals, 461
Capstone Case: Kennedy v. Louisiana, 554 U.S. (2008), 462
Cruel and Unusual Punishments, 466
Intermediate Sanctions, 467
Capstone Case: Baze v. Rees, 553 U.S. (2008), 468
Summary, 472
Key Terms, 473
Questions for Discussion, 474
Legal Resources on the Web, 474
Suggested Readings and Classic Works, 475
Notes, 475
Appendix A. How to Brief a Case, 479
Appendix B. The Constitution of the United States of America, 483
Appendix C. Model Penal Code Excerpts, 493
Glossary, 531
Table of Cases, 545
Index, 549

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