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Copyright, ii
Preface, x
About the Authors, xiii
1. Globalization and Diversity, 1
Diversity amid Globalization: A Geography for the 21st Century, 1
Converging Currents of Globalization, 1
Advocates and Critics of Globalization, 4
Diversity in a Globalizing World, 7
Themes and Issues in a World Regional Geography, 9
Population and Settlement: People on the Land, 9
Population Growth and Change, 10
The Demographic Transition, 12
Migration Patterns, 13
An Urban World, 14
Cultural Coherence and Diversity: The Geography of Tradition and Change, 15
Culture in a Globalizing World, 16
When Cultures Collide, 16
Language and Culture in Global Context, 18
A Geography of World Religions, 20
Geopolitical Framework: Fragmentation and Unity, 22
Global Terrorism, 22
Nation-States, 23
Centrifugal and Centripetal Forces, 24
Colonialism and Decolonialization, 24
Economic and Social Development: The Geography of Wealth and Poverty, 26
More- and Less-Developed Countries, 26
Indicators of Economic Development, 27
Indicators of Social Development, 29
2. The Changing Global Environment, 32
Global Climates: An Uncertain Forecast, 33
World Climate Regions, 33
Global Warming, 36
Human Impacts on Plants and Animals: The Globalization of Nature, 39
Tropical Forests and Savannas, 39
Deforestation in the Tropics, 40
Deserts and Grasslands, 42
Temperate Forests, 42
Food Resources: Environment, Diversity, Globalization, 43
The Green Revolution, 43
Problems and Projections, 44
3. North America, 46
Setting the Boundaries, 47
Environmental Geography: A Threatened Land of Plenty, 48
The Costs of Human Modification, 49
The Price of Affluence, 50
A Diverse Physical Setting, 51
Patterns of Climate and Vegetation, 52
Population and Settlement: Reshaping a Continental Landscape, 52
Modern Spatial and Demographic Patterns, 54
Occupying the Land, 55
North Americans on the Move, 56
Settlement Geographies: The Decentralized Metropolis, 58
Settlement Geographies: Rural North America, 59
Cultural Coherence and Diversity: Shifting Patterns of Pluralism, 60
The Roots of a Cultural Identity, 60
Peopling North America, 61
Culture and Place in North America, 62
The Globalization of American Culture, 65
Geopolitical Framework: Patterns of Dominance and Division, 66
Creating Political Space, 67
Continental Neighbors, 67
The Legacy of Federalism, 69
A Global Reach, 70
Economic and Social Development: Geographies of Abundance and Affluence, 70
An Abundant Resource Base, 70
Creating a Continental Economy, 72
North America and the Global Economy, 73
Persisting Social Issues, 74
4. Latin America, 78
Setting the Boundaries, 79
Environmental Geography: Neotropical Diversity and Urban Degradation, 80
The Destruction of Tropical Rainforests, 82
Urban Environmental Challenges: The Valley of Mexico, 82
Western Mountains and Eastern Shields, 84
River Basins and Lowlands, 87
Climate, 88
Population and Settlement: The Dominance of Cities, 89
The Latin American City, 91
Patterns of Rural Settlement, 93
Population Growth and Movements, 95
Cultural Coherence and Diversity: Repopulating a Continent, 96
The Decline of Native Populations, 97
Patterns of Ethnicity and Culture, 97
Geopolitical Framework: Redrawing the Map, 100
Iberian Conquest and Territorial Division, 100
Regional Organizations, 103
Economic and Social Development: Dependent Economic Growth, 105
Development Strategies, 105
Primary Export Dependency, 108
Latin America in the Global Economy, 109
Social Development, 111
5. The Caribbean, 114
Setting the Boundaries, 115
Environmental Geography: Paradise Undone, 116
Environmental Issues, 117
Climate and Vegetation, 120
Population and Settlement: Densely Settled Islands and Rimland Frontiers, 123
Demographic Trends, 123
The Rural–Urban Continuum, 125
Cultural Coherence and Diversity: A Neo-Africa in the Americas, 127
The Cultural Impact of Colonialism, 127
Creating a Neo-Africa, 129
Creolization and Caribbean Identity, 130
Geopolitical Framework: Colonialism, Neo-Colonialism, and Independence, 132
Life in the “American Backyard”, 132
Independence and Integration, 135
Economic and Social Development: From Cane Fields to Cruise Ships, 136
From Fields to Factories and Resorts, 136
Social Development, 142
6. Sub-Saharan Africa, 144
Setting the Boundaries, 145
Environmental Geography: The Plateau Continent, 146
Africa’s Environmental Issues, 146
Plateaus and Basins, 151
Climate and Vegetation, 152
Population and Settlement: Young and Restless, 154
Population Trends and Demographic Debates, 155
The Impact of AIDS on Africa, 157
Patterns of Settlement and Land Use, 159
Urban Life, 161
Cultural Coherence and Diversity: Unity Through Adversity, 162
Language Patterns, 162
Religion and Global Cultural Exchange, 165
Geopolitical Framework: Legacies of Colonialism and Conflict, 168
European Colonization, 168
Decolonization and Independence, 172
Continuing Political Conflict, 173
Economic and Social Development: The Struggle to Rebuild, 176
Roots of African Poverty, 178
Links to the World Economy, 179
Economic Differentiation within Africa, 182
Measuring Social Development, 184
Women and Development, 186
7. Southwest Asia and North Africa, 188
Setting the Boundaries, 189
Environmental Geography: Life in a Fragile World, 191
Legacies of a Vulnerable Landscape, 191
Regional Landforms, 194
Patterns of Climate, 196
Population and Settlement: Patterns in an Arid Land, 197
The Geography of Population, 197
Water and Life: Rural Settlement Patterns, 199
Many-Layered Landscapes: The Urban Imprint, 201
A Region on the Move, 202
Shifting Demographic Patterns, 203
Cultural Coherence and Diversity: Signatures of Complexity, 203
Patterns of Religion, 203
Geographies of Language, 206
Regional Cultures in Global Context, 208
Geopolitical Framework: A Region of Persisting Tensions, 208
The Colonial Legacy, 208
Modern Geopolitical Issues, 210
Economic and Social Development: Lands of Wealth and Poverty, 214
The Geography of Fossil Fuels, 215
Regional Economic Patterns, 217
A Woman’s Changing World, 219
Global Economic Relationships, 220
8. Europe, 222
Setting the Boundaries, 223
Environmental Geography: Human Transformation of a Diverse Landscape, 224
Environmental Issues: Local and Global, East and West, 225
Landform and Landscape Regions, 226
Europe’s Climates, 228
Seas, Rivers, Ports, and Coastline, 230
Settlement and Population: Slow Growth and Rapid Migration, 231
Natural Growth: Beyond the Demographic Transition, 231
Migration to and within Europe, 234
The Landscapes of Urban Europe, 236
Cultural Coherence and Diversity: A Mosaic of Differences, 237
Geographies of Language, 238
Geographies of Religion, Past and Present, 240
European Culture in a Global Context, 243
Geopolitical Framework: A Dynamic Map, 244
Redrawing the Map of Europe through War, 244
A Divided Europe, East and West, 247
Economic and Social Development: Integration and Transition, 249
Europe’s Industrial Revolution, 250
Rebuilding Postwar Europe: Economic Integration in the West, 253
Economic Integration, Disintegration, and Transition in Eastern Europe, 255
9. The Russian Domain, 258
Setting the Boundaries, 259
Environmental Geography: A Vast and Challenging Land, 261
A Devastated Environment, 261
A Diverse Physical Setting, 263
Population and Settlement: An Urban Domain, 269
Population Distribution, 269
Regional Migration Patterns, 271
Inside the Russian City, 273
The Demographic Crisis, 274
Cultural Coherence and Diversity: The Legacy of Slavic Dominance, 274
The Heritage of the Russian Empire, 274
Geographies of Language, 277
Geographies of Religion, 278
Russian Culture in Global Context, 279
Geopolitical Framework: The Remnants of a Global Superpower, 280
Geopolitical Structure of the Former Soviet Union, 280
Current Geopolitical Setting, 282
The Shifting Global Setting, 285
Economic and Social Development: An Era of Ongoing Adjustment, 285
The Legacy of the Soviet Economy, 285
The Post-Soviet Economy, 287
Growing Economic Globalization, 289
10. Central Asia, 292
Setting the Boundaries, 293
Environmental Geography: Steppes, Deserts, and Threatened Lakes, 294
Major Environmental Issues, 294
Central Asia’s Physical Regions, 296
Population and Settlement: Densely Settled Oases amid Vacant Lands, 298
Highland Population and Subsistence Patterns, 299
Lowland Population and Subsistence Patterns, 300
Population Issues, 301
Urbanization in Central Asia, 301
Cultural Coherence and Diversity: A Meeting Ground of Different Traditions, 302
Historical Overview: Changing Languages and Populations, 302
Contemporary Linguistic and Ethnic Geography, 302
Geography of Religion, 305
Central Asian Culture in International and Global Context, 306
Geopolitical Framework: Political Reawakening, 306
Partitioning of the Steppes, 306
Central Asia under Communist Rule, 307
Current Geopolitical Tensions, 309
International Dimensions of Central Asian Tension, 311
Economic and Social Development: Abundant Resources, Devastated Economies, 312
The Post-Communist Economies, 312
Social Development in Central Asia, 315
11. East Asia, 318
Setting the Boundaries, 319
Environmental Geography: Resource Pressures in a Crowded Land, 319
Flooding, Dam-Building, and Related Issues in China, 320
Other East Asian Environmental Problems, 322
East Asia’s Physical Geography, 323
Population and Settlement: A Region of Crowded Lowland Basins, 327
Japanese Settlement and Agricultural Patterns, 327
Settlement and Agricultural Patterns in China, Taiwan, and Korea, 328
East Asian Agriculture and Resources in Global Context, 329
Urbanization in East Asia, 330
Cultural Coherence and Diversity: A Confucian Realm?, 332
Unifying Cultural Characteristics, 332
Religious Unity and Diversity in East Asia, 333
Linguistic and Ethnic Diversity in East Asia, 335
East Asian Cultures in Global Context, 338
The Geopolitical Framework and Its Evolution: The Imperial Legacies of China and Japan, 339
The Evolution of China, 339
The Rise of Japan, 341
Postwar Geopolitics, 343
The Global Dimension of East Asian Geopolitics, 345
Economic and Social Development: An Emerging Core of the Global Economy, 345
Japan’s Economy and Society, 346
The Newly Industrialized Countries, 347
Chinese Development, 348
Social Conditions in China, 351
12. South Asia, 354
Setting the Boundaries, 355
Environmental Geography: Diverse Landscapes, from Tropical Islands to Mountain Rim, 356
Building the Quadrilateral Highway, 357
Environmental Issues in South Asia, 357
South Asia’s Monsoon Climates, 359
Physical Subregions of South Asia, 359
Population and Settlement: The Demographic Dilemma, 361
Migration and the Settlement Landscape, 362
Agricultural Regions and Activities, 363
Urban South Asia, 364
Cultural Coherence and Diversity: A Common Heritage Undermined by Religious Rivalries, 365
Origins of South Asian Civilizations, 366
Contemporary Geographies of Religion, 367
Geographies of Language, 369
South Asians in a Global Cultural Context, 371
Geopolitical Framework: A Deeply Divided Region, 372
South Asia Before and After Independence in 1947, 372
Ethnic Conflicts in South Asia, 375
International and Global Geopolitics, 377
Economic and Social Development: Rapid Growth and Rampant Poverty, 378
South Asian Poverty, 378
Geographies of Economic Development, 378
Globalization and India’s Economic Future, 381
Social Development, 381
13. Southeast Asia, 384
Setting the Boundaries, 385
Environmental Geography: A Once-Forested Region, 386
The Tragedy of the Karen, 386
The Deforestation of Southeast Asia, 386
Smoke and Air Pollution, 388
Patterns of Physical Geography, 388
Population and Settlement: Subsistence, Migration, Cities, 391
Settlement and Agriculture, 392
Recent Demographic Change, 394
Urban Settlement, 395
Cultural Coherence and Diversity: A Meeting Ground of World Cultures, 396
The Introduction and Spread of Major Cultural Traditions, 397
Geography of Language and Ethnicity, 399
Southeast Asian Culture in Global Context, 401
Geopolitical Framework: War, Ethnic Strife, and Regional Cooperation, 402
Before European Colonialism, 402
The Colonial Era, 403
The Vietnam War and Its Aftermath, 405
Geopolitical Tensions in Contemporary Southeast Asia, 406
International Dimensions of Southeast Asian Geopolitics, 408
Economic and Social Development: The Roller-Coaster Ride of Tiger Economies, 408
Uneven Economic Development, 409
Globalization and the Southeast Asian Economy, 414
Issues of Social Development, 414
14. Australia and Oceania, 416
Setting the Boundaries, 417
Environmental Geography: A Varied Natural and Human Habitat, 419
Environments at Risk, 419
Australian and New Zealand Environments, 422
The Oceanic Realm, 425
Population and Settlement: A Diverse Cultural Landscape, 426
Contemporary Population Patterns, 426
Legacies of Human Occupancy, 428
Modern Settlement Landscapes, 430
Diverse Demographic Paths, 433
Cultural Coherence and Diversity: A Global Crossroads, 433
Multicultural Australia, 433
Cultural Patterns in New Zealand, 435
The Mosaic of Pacific Cultures, 436
Geopolitical Framework: A Land of Changing Boundaries, 438
Roads to Independence, 438
Persisting Geopolitical Tensions, 439
A Regional and Global Identity?, 442
Economic and Social Development: A Hard Path to Paradise, 443
The Australian and New Zealand Economies, 443
Oceania’s Economic Diversity, 444
The Global Economic Setting, 445
Enduring Social Challenges, 446
Glossary, 448
Index, 457

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