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Copyright, ii
Preface, xiii
About the Authors, xvii
1. Diversity Amid Globalization, 1
Diversity Amid Globalization: A Geography for the Twenty-First Century, 2
Converging Currents of Globalization, 2
Advocates and Critics of Globalization, 6
People on the Move: The Geography of Global Migration, 7
Diversity in a Globalizing World, 10
Geography Matters: Environments, Regions, Landscapes, 11
Human–Environment Interaction, 12
Areal Differentiation and Integration, 12
Regions, 14
Space into Place: The Cultural Landscape, 14
Scales: Global to Local, 15
Themes in Diversity Amid Globalization, 16
Population and Settlement: People on the Land, 17
Geographic Tools: From Satellites to Shovels, 17
Population Growth and Change, 18
Global to Local: Is This Nebraska or India? The Globalization of Back-Office Jobs, 20
The Demographic Transition, 22
Migration Patterns, 22
Setting the Boundaries: The Metageography of World Regions, 23
Settlement Geography, 24
Cityscapes: Exploring the World’s Urban Places, 26
Cultural Coherence and Diversity: The Geography of Tradition and Change, 28
Culture in a Globalizing World, 29
When Cultures Collide, 29
Language and Culture in Global Context, 30
A Geography of World Religions, 31
Geopolitical Framework: Fragmentation and Unity, 34
Geography in the Making: Current Events and World Regional Geography, 34
Global Terrorism, 35
Nation-States, 35
Centrifugal and Centripetal Forces, 36
Boundaries and Frontiers, 36
Colonialism and Decolonialization, 37
Economic and Social Development: The Geography of Wealth and Poverty, 38
More- and Less-Developed Countries, 39
Indicators of Economic Development, 39
Indicators of Social Development, 41
2. The Changing Global Environment, 46
Geology and Human Settlement: A Restless Earth, 48
Plate Tectonics, 48
Global to Local: The World of Bushmeat and Animal Poaching, 50
Geologic Hazards: Earthquakes and Volcanoes, 51
Global Climates: An Uncertain Forecast, 53
Climatic Controls, 53
World Climate Regions, 55
Global Warming, 56
Geographic Tools: Reconstructing Climates of the Past, 60
Water on Earth: A Scarce and Polluted Resource, 61
The Global Water Budget, 61
Flooding, 62
Human Impacts on Plants and Animals: The Globalization of Nature, 62
Biomes and Bioregions, 63
Preserving Nature Through International Agreements: The Case of Antarctica, 63
Tropical Forests and Savannas, 64
Deforestation in the Tropics, 64
Deserts and Grasslands, 66
Temperate Forests, 66
Food Resources: Environment, Diversity, Globalization, 67
Industrial and Traditional Agriculture, 67
The Green Revolution, 68
Problems and Projections, 69
3. North America, 72
Setting the Boundaries, 74
Environmental Geography: A Threatened Land of Plenty, 76
The Costs of Human Modification, 76
The Price of Affluence, 79
A Diverse Physical Setting, 80
Patterns of Climate and Vegetation, 81
North America and Global Climate Change, 81
Population and Settlement: Reshaping a Continental Landscape, 83
Modern Spatial and Demographic Patterns, 84
Occupying the Land, 85
North American Migration, 86
People on the Move: California Dreamin’ and California Leavin’, 88
Settlement Geographies: The Decentralized Metropolis, 91
Geographic Tools: Housing Affordability and the U.S. Census, 92
Settlement Geographies: Rural North America, 94
Cultural Coherence and Diversity: Shifting Patterns of Pluralism, 95
The Roots of a Cultural Identity, 95
Peopling North America, 95
Culture and Place in North America, 98
Cityscapes: Miami, 101
Patterns of North American Religion, 103
The Globalization of American Culture, 103
Global to Local: Pentecostalism Redraws the Religious Map of the World, 105
Geopolitical Framework: Patterns of Dominance and Division, 106
Creating Political Space, 106
Continental Neighbors, 107
The Legacy of Federalism, 107
The Politics of U.S. Immigration, 109
A Global Reach, 110
Economic and Social Development: Geographies of Abundance and Affluence, 111
An Abundant Resource Base, 111
Creating a Continental Economy, 113
North America and the Global Economy, 116
Geography in the Making: Skilled Immigrants Fuel Big City Growth, 118
Persisting Social Issues, 119
4. Latin America, 124
Setting the Boundaries, 126
Environmental Geography: Neotropical Diversity and Urban Degradation, 128
Rural Environmental Issues: Declining Forests and Degraded Farmlands, 128
Global to Local: Can Eco-Friendly Coffee Promote Biodiversity and Rural Development?, 131
Urban Environmental Challenges, 132
Western Mountains and the Eastern Shields, 134
River Basins and Lowlands, 136
Climate Patterns, 137
Latin America and Climate Change, 139
Population and Settlement: The Dominance of Cities, 140
The Latin American City, 142
Patterns of Rural Settlement, 144
Population Growth and Movements, 146
People on the Move: Latin Americans Return to Iberia, 147
Patterns of Cultural Coherence and Diversity: Repopulating a Continent, 150
Demographic Collapse, 150
Geographic Tools: Participatory Mapping, 152
Patterns of Ethnicity and Culture, 153
The Global Reach of Latino Culture, 155
Geopolitical Framework: Redrawing the Map, 157
Iberian Conquest and Territorial Division, 157
Regional Organizations, 160
Geography in the Making: The Growth of Mercosur, 162
Economic and Social Development: Dependent Economic Growth, 164
Development Strategies, 165
Cityscapes: Life in the Streets of Ciudad Juárez, 167
Primary Export Dependency, 169
Latin America in the Global Economy, 170
Social Development, 173
5. The Caribbean, 178
Setting the Boundaries, 180
Environmental Geography: Paradise Undone, 182
Environmental Issues, 183
The Caribbean and Climate Change, 185
Islands and Rimland Landscapes, 185
Climate and Vegetation, 187
Geographic Tools: Tracking Hurricanes, 188
Population and Settlement: Densely Settled Islands and Rimland Frontiers, 191
Demographic Trends, 192
The Rural–Urban Continuum, 194
Cultural Coherence and Diversity: A Neo-Africa in the Americas, 195
The Cultural Imprint of Colonialism, 196
Cityscapes: In the Streets of Havana, 196
Creating a Neo-Africa, 197
Creolization and Caribbean Identity, 200
Global to Local: Caribbean Carnival Around the World, 202
Geopolitical Framework: Colonialism, Neocolonialism, and Independence, 203
Life in the “American Backyard”, 205
Independence and Integration, 208
Economic and Social Development: From Cane Fields to Cruise Ships, 209
Geography in the Making: Bermuda’s Economic Rise and Political Uncertainty, 209
From Fields to Factories and Resorts, 210
Social Development, 216
People on the Move: Migrants and Remittances, 218
6. Sub–Saharan Africa, 222
Setting the Boundaries, 224
Environmental Geography: The Plateau Continent, 226
Plateaus and Basins, 226
Climate and Vegetation, 228
Africa’s Environmental Issues, 231
Geographic Tools: Monitoring Land Cover and Conservation Changes in Niger, 234
Climate Change and Vulnerability in Sub-Saharan Africa, 236
Population and Settlement: Young and Restless, 237
Population Trends and Demographic Debates, 237
Patterns of Settlement and Land Use, 241
Urban Life, 244
Cityscapes: Accra in the Global Economy, 246
Cultural Coherence and Diversity: Unity Through Adversity, 247
Language Patterns, 247
Religion, 250
Globalization and African Culture, 253
Geopolitical Framework: Legacies of Colonialism and Conflict, 254
People on the Move: Cape Verde’s Culture of Migration, 255
Indigenous Kingdoms and European Encounters, 256
European Colonization, 257
Decolonization and Independence, 261
Enduring Political Conflict, 263
Geography in the Making: The Battle Over Somalia, 266
Economic and Social Development: The Struggle to Rebuild, 267
Roots of African Poverty, 269
Links to the World Economy, 271
Economic Differentiation Within Africa, 273
Measuring Social Development, 274
Global to Local: The Used Clothing Trade, 275
Women and Development, 277
7. Southwest Asia and North Africa, 280
Setting the Boundaries, 284
Environmental Geography: Life in a Fragile World, 285
Legacies of a Vulnerable Landscape, 285
Regional Landforms, 288
Patterns of Climate, 289
The Uncertainties of Regional Climate Change, 291
Geographic Tools: Assessing Earthquake Hazards in Turkey, 291
Population and Settlement: Changing Rural and Urban Worlds, 293
The Geography of Population, 293
Water and Life: Rural Settlement Patterns, 294
Many-Layered Landscapes: The Urban Imprint, 297
Recent Migration Patterns, 299
Shifting Demographic Patterns, 300
Cultural Coherence and Diversity: Signatures of Complexity, 301
People on the Move: Iraqis Flee the War, 301
Patterns of Religion, 302
Geographies of Language, 306
Regional Cultures in Global Context, 307
Global to Local: The Egypt of Naguib Mahfouz, 308
Geopolitical Framework: Never-Ending Tensions, 309
The Colonial Legacy, 310
Modern Geopolitical Issues, 311
Geography in the Making: Walling in Bethlehem and the Israeli Security Barrier, 316
An Uncertain Political Future, 317
Economic and Social Development: Lands of Wealth and Poverty, 318
The Geography of Fossil Fuels, 318
Regional Economic Patterns, 320
Cityscapes: The Instant Global City of Dubai, 322
A Woman’s Changing World, 325
Global Economic Relationships, 326
8. Europe, 330
Environmental Geography: Human Transformation of a Diverse Landscape, 332
Setting the Boundaries, 332
Landform and Landscape Regions, 334
Europe’s Climates, 336
Seas, Rivers, and Ports, 338
Europe’s Environmental Issues, East and West, 339
Geographic Tools: Landscape Restoration in England, 339
Global Warming in Europe: Problems and Prospects, 341
Population and Settlement: Slow Growth and Rapid Migration, 343
Natural Growth: Beyond the Demographic Transition, 343
Migration to and Within Europe, 347
The Geography of “Fortress Europe”, 347
The Landscapes of Urban Europe, 347
People on the Move: Smuggling Illegal Immigrants into Europe, 349
Cityscapes: Berlin Reinvents Itself, 350
Cultural Coherence and Diversity: A Mosaic of Differences, 353
Geographies of Language, 353
Geographies of Religion, Past and Present, 356
European Culture in a Global Context, 359
Geopolitical Framework: A Dynamic Map, 360
Redrawing the Map of Europe Through War, 362
A Divided Europe, East and West, 362
Geography in the Making: Terrorism in Europe, 364
The Balkans: Europe’s Geopolitical Nightmare, 366
Economic and Social Development: Integration and Transition, 369
Europe’s Industrial Revolution, 369
Rebuilding Postwar Europe: Economic Integration in the West, 371
Economic Integration, Disintegration, and Transition in Eastern Europe, 372
Global to Local: Bananas, Beef, and U.S.–EU Trade Wars, 375
Regional Disparities within Eastern Europe, 377
9. The Russian Domain, 380
Setting the Boundaries, 384
Environmental Geography: A Vast and Challenging Land, 385
A Devastated Environment, 385
A Diverse Physical Setting, 390
Consequences of Global Climate Change, 392
Population and Settlement: An Urban Domain, 394
Population Distribution, 394
Geographic Tools: Mapping Russian Forests, 394
Regional Migration Patterns, 397
Cityscapes: St. Petersburg, 398
Inside the Russian City, 401
The Demographic Crisis, 402
Cultural Coherence and Diversity: The Legacy of Slavic Dominance, 404
The Heritage of the Russian Empire, 404
People on the Move: Russia’s Illegal Immigrants, 404
Geographies of Language, 406
Geographies of Religion, 409
Russian Culture in Global Context, 410
Geopolitical Framework: Transformation of a Global Superpower, 412
Geopolitical Structure of the Former Soviet Union, 413
Current Geopolitical Setting, 415
Geography in the Making: Chechnya’s Larger Significance, 418
The Shifting Global Setting, 419
Economic and Social Development: An Era of Ongoing Adjustment, 420
The Legacy of the Soviet Economy, 421
The Post-Soviet Economy, 422
Growing Economic Globalization, 426
Global to Local: The Tale of Two Siberias, 428
10. Central Asia, 432
Environmental Geography: Steppes, Deserts, and Threatened Lakes of the Eurasian Heartland, 435
The Shrinking Aral Sea, 435
Setting the Boundaries, 435
Other Environmental Issues, 436
Geographic Tools: Remote Sensing, GIS, and the Tragedy of the Aral Sea, 437
Central Asia’s Physical Regions, 439
Global Warming and Central Asia, 441
Population and Settlement: Densely Settled Oases Amid Vacant Lands, 441
Highland Population and Subsistence Patterns, 442
Lowland Population and Subsistence Patterns, 443
Population Issues, 444
Urbanization in Central Asia, 446
Cultural Coherence and Diversity: A Meeting Ground of Different Traditions, 447
Cityscapes: Life on the Streets of Samarkand, 447
Historical Overview: Steppe Nomads and Silk Road Traders, 448
Contemporary Linguistic and Ethnic Geography, 448
People on the Move: Afghan Refugees Return Home, 452
Geography of Religion, 453
Central Asian Culture in International Context, 454
Geopolitical Framework: Political Reawakening in a Power Void, 455
Partitioning of the Steppes, 455
Central Asia Under Communist Rule, 456
Current Geopolitical Tension, 457
Global Dimensions of Central Asian Geopolitics, 459
The Roles of Iran, Pakistan, India, and Turkey, 461
Geography in the Making: Afghanistan’s Never-Ending War, 461
Economic and Social Development: Abundant Resources, Devastated Economies, 462
Economic Development in Central Asia, 462
Global to Local: The Mongolian Cashmere Industry Readjusts, 465
Social Development in Central Asia, 467
11. East Asia, 472
Environmental Geography: Resource Pressures in a Crowded Land, 474
Dams, Flooding, and Soil Erosion in China, 475
Setting the Boundaries, 478
Other East Asian Environmental Problems, 479
Global Warming and East Asia, 481
East Asia’s Physical Geography, 483
Population and Settlement: A Region of Crowded Lowland Basins, 485
Agriculture and Settlement in Japan, 486
Agriculture and Settlement in China, Korea, and Taiwan, 488
Agriculture and Resources in Global Context, 489
Urbanization in East Asia, 490
Cityscapes: Life on the Streets of Tokyo, 493
Cultural Coherence and Diversity: A Confucian Realm?, 494
Unifying Cultural Characteristics, 494
Religious Unity and Diversity, 496
Linguistic and Ethnic Diversity, 498
Global to Local: The Korean Wave, 503
East Asian Cultures in Global Context, 504
Geopolitical Framework: Enduring Cold War Tensions, 505
The Evolution of China, 506
The Rise of Japan, 507
Postwar Geopolitics, 509
Geographic Tools: The East Asian Gazetteer and the Reconstruction of Historical Geography, 510
Global Dimensions of East Asian Geopolitics, 513
Economic and Social Development: An Emerging Core of the Global Economy, 514
Geography in the Making: North Korea in Crisis?, 514
Japan’s Economy and Society, 516
The Newly Industrialized Countries, 517
Chinese Development, 518
People on the Move: The Chinese Global Diaspora, 520
Social Conditions in China, 522
12. South Asia, 526
Environmental Geography: Diverse Landscapes, from Tropical Islands to Mountain Rim, 528
Setting the Boundaries, 528
Building the Quadrilateral Highway, 530
Environmental Issues in South Asia, 530
The Four Subregions of South Asia, 532
South Asia’s Monsoon Climates, 533
Global Warming and South Asia, 534
Population and Settlement: Continuing Growth in a Crowded Land, 536
The Geography of Family Planning, 536
Migration and the Settlement Landscape, 537
Agricultural Regions and Activities, 540
Geographic Tools: Survey Work on Contraceptive Use in West Bengal, 540
Urban South Asia, 542
Cultural Coherence and Diversity: A Common Heritage Undermined by Religious Rivalries, 544
Cityscapes: Life on the Streets of Mumbai (Bombay), 544
Origins of South Asian Civilizations, 546
The Caste System, 547
Contemporary Geographies of Religion, 548
Geographies of Language, 551
South Asians in a Global Cultural Context, 554
Geopolitical Framework: A Deeply Divided Region, 555
South Asia Before and After Independence in 1947, 555
Ethnic Conflicts in South Asia, 559
The Maoist Challenge, 561
People on the Move: Punjabis Leaving Agriculture and Leaving India, 561
International Geopolitics, 562
Geography in the Making: Pakistan’s Political Turmoil, 563
Economy and Social Development: Burdened by Poverty, 564
South Asian Poverty, 564
Geographies of Economic Development, 565
Global to Local: The Sialkot Industrial Complex, 568
Globalization of India’s Economic Future, 570
Social Development, 572
13. Southeast Asia, 576
Environmental Geography: A Once-Forested Region, 579
The Tragedy of the Karen, 580
Setting the Boundaries, 580
The Deforestation of Southeast Asia, 581
Fires, Smoke, and Air Pollution, 583
Patterns of Physical Geography, 584
Geographic Tools: Statistical Comparisons and the Assessment of Philippine Deforestation, 584
Global Warming and Southeast Asia, 588
Population and Settlement: Densely Settled Lowlands amid Sparsely Settled Uplands, 588
Settlement and Agriculture, 588
Recent Demographic Change, 591
Urban Settlement, 594
Cityscapes: Metro Manila, Primate City of the Philippines, 594
Cultural Coherence and Diversity: A Meeting Ground of World Cultures, 597
The Introduction and Spread of Major Cultural Traditions, 597
Geography of Language and Ethnicity, 599
Southeast Asian Culture in Global Context, 602
People on the Move: Filipinos Take to the Seas, 603
Geopolitical Framework: War, Ethnic Strife, and Regional Cooperation, 604
Before European Colonialism, 604
The Colonial Era, 605
The Vietnam War and Its Aftermath, 606
Geopolitical Tensions in Contemporary Southeast Asia, 607
International Dimensions of Southeast Asian Geopolitics, 610
Economic and Social Development: The Roller-Coaster Ride of Globalized Development, 612
Uneven Economic Development, 612
Geography in the Making: Thailand’s Troubled Return to Democracy, 613
Globalization and the Southeast Asian Economy, 617
Issues of Social Development, 618
Global to Local: Poipet and Southeast Asia’s Other “Sin Cities”, 619
14. Australia and Oceania, 622
Setting the Boundaries, 625
Environmental Geography: A Varied Natural and Human Habitat, 627
Australian Environments, 627
New Zealand’s Varied Landscape, 628
The Oceanic Realm, 630
Geographic Tools: Fire Ecology and Management in Australia, 631
Environments at Risk, 632
Global to Local: Multinational Mining, Indigenous People, and Environment Damage in Papua New Guinea, 634
Nonnative Plants and Animals, 635
Global Warming in Oceania, 636
Population and Settlement: A Diverse Cultural Landscape, 636
Contemporary Population Patterns, 637
Historical Settlement, 638
Modern Settlement Landscapes, 640
Diverse Demographic Paths, 643
Cityscapes: Apia, Capital of Samoa, 644
Cultural Coherence and Diversity: A Global Crossroads, 645
Multicultural Australia, 645
People on the Move: Africans in Australia, 647
Cultural Patterns in New Zealand, 648
The Mosaic of Pacific Cultures, 648
Geopolitical Framework: A Land of Fluid Boundaries, 651
Shifting Geopolitical Patterns, 651
Persisting Geopolitical Tensions, 654
Geography in the Making: The Political and Economic Implications of Australia–China Trade, 656
Economic and Social Development: A Difficult Path to Paradise, 657
Uncertain Avenues to Affluence, 657
The Global Economic Setting, 659
Enduring Social Challenges, 660
Glossary, G-1
Index, I-1

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