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Copyright, iv
List of Maps, xix
Special Features, xxi
Pronunciation Guide to Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese Words, xxv
Preface, xxvii
About the Author, xxix
Chapter One. Basic Identities, 1
The Chasm Between the Cultures of Traditional East Asia and the Modern West, 3
Senses of Time and Space, 4
Basic Social Unit, 4
Social Hierarchy, 7
Social Goals and Patterns, 8
State and Government, 9
Ways of Thinking about Life and the World, 10
Rice Culture: The World of East Asian Agriculture, 13
Three Ways of Thought in Traditional East Asia, 16
Confucianism, 16
Daoism, 18
Buddhism, 19
Chapter Two. From Multicultural Empire to Semicolony: The Qing Dynasty, 1750–1870, 24
The Manchus, 25
Buying into Chinese Culture, 27
The Civil Service Examination, 27
Rituals, Religion, and Values, 29
Dealing with the Other, 29
Identity and Change: The Qianlong Emperor, 31
Identity Crisis, 32
Emerging Problems, 34
The Early Western Role, 35
China and the West: Mutual Perceptions, 37
Early-Nineteenth-Century Political and Social Instability, 39
The Opium Tragedy and War, 39
The Unequal Treaty System, 43
Foreign Concessions, 43
Extraterritoriality with Consular Jurisdiction, 44
Foreign Ambassadorial Residence, 45
The Missionary and Cultural Imperialism, 46
Chapter Three. Rebellion and War: The Qing State in Decline, 1850–1901, 50
The Taiping Rebellion (1851–1864): Attempts to Revolutionize Identity, 51
The Taiping Revolution, 51
Why the Revolution Failed, 55
Guerrilla Warfare: The Nian Rebellion (1853–1868), 57
Muslims Versus Chinese: Clashes in Ethnic Identity, 58
Self-Strengthening, 60
Russia in China, 61
Imperialism and China’s Tributary States, 62
Loss of the Liuqiu (Ryūkyū) Islands, 62
Vietnam and French Colonialism, 62
Struggling for Korea, 64
The Sino-Japanese War, 1894–1895, 65
The Scramble for Concessions, 66
The Reform Movement of the 1890s, 68
The Boxer Catastrophe, 71
Chapter Four. From Tributary Younger Brother to Colony: Vietnam, 1770s–1925, 78
Patterns in Vietnamese History, 79
The Tay Son Rebellion, 80
The Nguyen Dynasty, 83
The Reigns of the Gia-long and Minh-mang Emperors, 83
The Course of French Imperialism, 84
The Nature of French Colonialism, 85
The Vietnamese Response to French Control, 88
Phan Boi Chau (1867–1940) and Phan Chu Trinh (1872–1926), 88
Key Journalists and the Identity of a Modern Vietnam, 91
Schools and Education, 95
Vietnamese Society in the 1920s, 95
The Trial of Phan Boi Chau, 1925, 99
Chapter Five. The Tokugawa Regime (1603–1830): Early Modern Japan, 101
Issues of Identity, 102
The Tokugawa System, 104
Controlling the Daimyō, 105
Other Measures of Control, 107
Tokugawa Society: The Samurai, 108
The Floating World, 111
Tokugawa Society: Peasants, 114
Tokugawa Political Thought, 116
Traditional Education, 119
Values and Attitudes in the Wider Society, 120
Chapter Six. The Last Years of Feudal Japan, 1830–1868, 123
The Tempō Crises (1830–1844), 124
The Famine, 124
The Threat from Outside, 124
The Reforms, 126
The Coming of Perry and Japanese Reactions, 128
Bakumatsu, 132
Four Narrative Structures, 133
Revere the Emperor, Expel the Barbarian (Sonnō-jōi), 135
Domestic Complications, 138
Terrorism and Civil War, 140
The Bases of Chōshū’s and Satsuma’s Power, 143
The End Game, 144
The Restoration’s Meaning, 145
Chapter Seven. Forging a New Japanese Identity: The Meiji Revolution, 149
The Charter Oath and Its Revolutionary Impact, 150
The Satsuma Rebellion, 155
The People’s Rights Movement and the Turn to Representative Government, 156
The Meiji Constitution, 159
The Early Years of the Japanese Diet, 163
Economic Development, 163
Conservative Reaction, 166
Japan’s Dealing with the Outside World, 168
Chapter Eight. “A Sea in a Heavy Gale”: Korea, 1724–1905, 176
Patterns in Korean History, 177
The Chosŏn Dynasty: The Scourge of Factionalism, 182
Invasions: A Sea in a Heavy Gale, 183
Kings and Princes: The Eighteenth Century, 184
Catholicism (Western Learning), 185
The State of Politics and Society in Mid-Nineteenth-Century Korea, 185
The Tonghak Movement, 186
The Era of the Taewŏn’gun, 188
The Opening of Korea, 189
The Independence Club and Reform, 196
The Fall of the Chosŏn Dynasty, 198
Chapter Nine. Chinese Identity in Turmoil: Reform, Revolution, and Reaction, 1901–1937, 202
The Revolutionary Manchus, 203
Educational Reform, 203
Military Reform, 205
Constitutionalism, 205
The Anti-Manchu Revolutionary Movement, 206
The 1911 Revolution, 206
The Presidency of Yuan Shikai, 209
The Power of the Gun, 211
The May Fourth Movement, 212
The New Culture Movement, 213
The Language Revolution, 215
The May Fourth Incident and Its Aftermath, 215
Political Change First; Cultural Change Will Follow, 217
Cultural Change First; Political Change Will Follow, 217
The Historical Significance of the May Fourth Movement, 218
The Birth of the Communist Party, 218
Giving the Guomindang a New Identity, 219
Things Fall Apart, 220
The Beginning of Mass Mobilization, 221
The Northern Expedition, 221
A Failed Revolution: The Nanjing Years, 224
Chapter Ten. “Grown, But Not Grown Up”: Japan, 1912–1937, 230
The Taishō-Era Political System, 231
The Heyday of Political Parties, 232
Taishō Society, 234
Japan and the Wider World, 1912–1928, 237
The Waning of Party Dominance, 238
Manchuria, 239
The Military and the Revolutionary Right, 243
Politics and Society in the 1930s, 249
Japanese Aggression on the March, 250
The Xi’an Incident, 253
The Marco Polo Bridge Incident, 254
Chapter Eleven. Under the Imperialist Gun: Vietnam, Korea, and Taiwan, 257
Vietnam: France’s Colony, 258
The Beginning of the Revolution, 1925–1941, 258
Searching for New Communities in a Period of Malaise, 261
The Communist Movement in the 1930s: Like a Yo-Yo, 262
Korea: Japan’s Colony, 267
The Elimination of a Nation: Korea Becomes Chōsen, 267
Under the Black Umbrella, 269
Taiwan: Japan’s Colony, 278
Resistance and Suppression, 278
The Beginning of Modernization, 279
A More Liberal Colonialism, 279
Colonial Policies During the War (1937–1945), 280
Chapter Twelve. Cataclysm: East Asia in World War II, 283
The Course of the War in China, 284
The War in Central China, 284
The War in North China, 286
Keeping the Pressure on Jiang, 286
The Ichigō Offensive, 287
The Exodus, 287
Soldiers and the Military, 289
Collaboration, 290
Wartime Guomindang China , 295
The United States and China During the War, 296
Japan’s Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, 298
The Pacific War, 298
The Japanese Home Front, 301
Wartime Experiences in Korea and Taiwan, 303
The Firebombings, 304
The End Game, 306
Chapter Thirteen. From Success to Tragedy: The Chinese Communist Revolution, 1931–1976, 311
Years in the Wilderness: Incipient Revolution, 312
The Communists at Yan’an, 1937–1945, 316
The Civil War, 319
The People’s Republic: Successes, 1949–1957, 322
Land Reform, 323
Revolution in the Family, 326
Urban Revolution, 326
The First Five-Year Plan, 328
The War in Korea, 1950–1953, 328
The Hundred Flowers Movement and the Antirightist Campaign, 329
The Great Leap Forward (and Backward), 329
The Great Famine, 1959–1961, 331
The Sino-Soviet Split, 332
The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, 1966–1976, 333
Mao in Retrospect, 336
Chapter Fourteen. The Phoenix: Japan, 1945–1973, 339
The Occupation, 340
Japanese Political Developments, 1952–1973: “The More Things Change. . .”, 348
The Yoshida Years, 1948–1954, 348
Conservatism and Polarization, 1954–1960, 349
The Era of Good Feelings: Ikeda’s Plan, 354
Satō Eisaku (1964–1972): Economic Growth and Healing the Scars of War, 355
Why the Economic “Miracle”?, 358
The New Activism, 361
Chapter Fifteen. The Korean Tragedy: War and Identity, 1945–1979, 365
The Korean People’s Republic and Its Demise, 366
Laying the Groundwork for Disaster, 1945–1948, 367
Emergence of the States of North Korea and South Korea, 369
The Korean War, 1950–1953, 372
The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK), 1953–1979, 377
The “Supreme Brain of the Nation”, 377
Economic Developments, 381
Emphasizing and Expanding the Military, 382
The Republic of Korea (ROK): Autocrats, 1953–1979, 382
The Years of Park Chung-hee (1961–1979), 384
Relations Between North and South, 388
Chapter Sixteen. The Vietnam Wars, 1941–1975, 392
The Viet Minh and the August Revolution, 393
The French War, 1946–1954, 395
The Geneva Accords, 1954, 400
The Republic of Vietnam, 1954–1968, 400
Ngo Dinh Diem and “Nation-Building”, 400
The Insurgency: The National Liberation Front, 402
Changing Civil War into an American War, 403
The Democratic Republic of Vietnam, 1954–1968, 405
War, 1968–1975, 406
The End Game, 413
Chapter Seventeen. Socialism with a Chinese and a Vietnamese Face: 1980s to the Present, 419
China: Reform and Reaction, 420
Opening the Window to the World, 422
Political Authoritarianism, 423
Democracy Wall (1978–1979), 424
Exit Hu Yaobang (1986–1987), 426
The Democracy Movement (Beijing Spring, 1989), 426
The Aftermath: Sino-American Relations, 430
Economics in Command, 432
Chinese International Relations: An Overview, 434
Greater China: Issues of Identity, 436
Special Administrative Regions: Hong Kong and Macao, 436
Autonomous Regions: Tibet and Xinjiang, 436
China and the East Asian Region, 437
Dealing with the Soviet Union (Russia After 1991), 438
The Socialist Republic of Vietnam, 438
Chapter Eighteen. Whither Japan? From the 1970s to the Present, 447
LDP Hegemony, 1972–1987, 448
Japan and the United States: Trade, Mutual Perceptions, and Cultural Clash, 452
The New Affluence, 455
The End of the Shōwa Era, 457
After Nakasone, 460
Scandals, 460
Economic Collapse, 460
Dysfunctional Japanese Politics, 461
The Process of Political Decision-Making, 463
Japan in the World, 465
The United States, 466
China, 468
The Koreas, 468
Southeast Asia, 469
The Soviet Union (Russia after 1991), 469
The Middle East, 469
Europe, 470
Chapter Nineteen. A “Democracy” in the South, a “Hermit Kingdom” in the North: Korea, 1980s to the Present, 471
The South, 472
Sunday, Bloody Sunday, 472
Chun’s “Fifth Republic,” 1981–1987, 473
The Presidency of Roh Tae-woo (1988–1993), 475
The Presidency of Kim Young-sam (1993–1998), 476
Economic Crisis of the Late 1990s, 476
The Presidency of Kim Dae-jung (1998–2003), 480
The North, 481
Relations Between North and South Korea from the 1980s on, 485
North Korea, the United States, Japan, and Nuclear Weapons, 488
Chapter Twenty. Contemporary East Asian Identities: Commonalities and Differences, 493
Consumerism and the Culture of Consumption, 494
China, 494
Taiwan, 495
Vietnam, 496
Japan, 497
The Koreas, 498
Environmental Crises, 499
The Family and Gender Relations, 501
China, 501
Taiwan, 502
Vietnam, 503
Japan, 503
The Koreas, 505
Political Culture at The Beginning of a New Millenium, 505
China, 505
Taiwan, 509
Vietnam, 511
Japan, 512
North Korea, 516
South Korea, 517
Endnotes, 520
Phonetic Spellings of Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese Words, 537
Map Sources, 544
Credits, 545
Index, 549

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