Tabs for Contents, notes, highlights

Contents
Notes
Highlights

Detailed Table of Contents

Hide Contents, Notes, and Highlights

Search TermsShow Hide

« Back to eTextbook

Copyright, iv
Applications and Activities, xiv
About the Author, xvii
Preface, xviii
Career Focus and Real-World Applications, xxiv
Student-Friendly Approach, xxviii
Problem Solving, xxx
The World’s Most Powerful Online Homework and Tutorial System, xxxii
Prologue: Chemistry in Our Lives, 1
P.1. Chemistry and Chemicals, 2
P.2. Scientific Method: Thinking Like a Scientist, 4
Health Note: Early Chemists: The Alchemists, 6
Environmental Note: DDT, Good Pesticide, Bad Pesticide, 8
P.3. A Study Plan for Learning Chemistry, 9
Concept Map, 11
Chapter Review, 12
Key Terms, 12
Understanding the Concepts, 12
Additional Questions and Problems, 12
Challenge Questions, 13
Answers, 13
1. Measurements, 14
1.1. Units of Measurement, 15
Explore Your World: Units Listed on Labels, 18
1.2. Scientific Notation, 18
1.3. Measured Numbers and Significant Figures, 21
1.4. Significant Figures in Calculations, 23
1.5. Prefixes and Equalities, 27
1.6. Writing Conversion Factors, 31
Explore Your World: SI and Metric Equalities on Product Labels, 33
Green Chemistry Note: Toxicology and Risk-Benefit Assessment, 34
1.7. Problem Solving, 35
Career Focus: Veterinary Technician (VT), 38
1.8. Density, 40
Explore Your World: Sink or Float?, 43
Health Note: Determination of Percentage of Body Fat, 44
Health Note: Specific Gravity of Urine, 45
Concept Map, 45
Chapter Review, 45
Key Terms, 46
Understanding the Concepts, 46
Additional Questions and Problems, 48
Challenge Questions, 49
Answers, 49
2. Energy and Matter, 51
2.1. Energy, 52
Green Chemistry Note: Carbon Dioxide and Global Warming, 55
2.2. Energy and Nutrition, 56
Explore Your World: Counting Calories, 57
Health Note: Losing and Gaining Weight, 58
2.3. Temperature Conversions, 59
Career Focus: Surgical Technologist, 60
Health Note: Variation in Body Temperature, 62
2.4. Specific Heat, 63
2.5. States of Matter, 65
2.6. Changes of State, 67
Career Focus: Histologist, 69
Health Note: Steam Burns, 71
Concept Map, 74
Chapter Review, 75
Key Terms, 75
Understanding the Concepts, 76
Additional Questions and Problems, 77
Challenge Questions, 78
Answers, 78
Combining Ideas from Chapters 1 and 2, 80
3. Atoms and Elements, 82
3.1. Classification of Matter, 83
3.2. Elements and Symbols, 86
Health Note: Toxicity of Mercury, 88
3.3. The Periodic Table, 89
Health Note: Elements Essential to Health, 90
Health Note: Some Important Trace Elements in the Body, 94
3.4. The Atom, 95
Explore Your World: Repulsion and Attraction, 97
3.5. Atomic Number and Mass Number, 98
Career Focus: Optician, 99
3.6. Isotopes and Atomic Mass, 101
3.7. Electron Energy Levels, 104
Green Chemistry Note: Energy-Saving Light Bulbs, 106
Health Note: Biological Reactions to UV Light, 107
3.8. Periodic Trends, 107
Concept Map, 112
Chapter Review, 113
Key Terms, 113
Understanding the Concepts, 114
Additional Questions and Problems, 115
Challenge Questions, 116
Answers, 117
4. Compounds and Their Bonds, 120
4.1. Octet Rule and Ions, 121
Health Note: Some Uses for Noble Gases, 125
Health Note: Some Important Ions in the Body, 126
4.2. Ionic Compounds, 127
Career Focus: Physical Therapist, 128
4.3. Naming and Writing Ionic Formulas, 130
4.4. Polyatomic Ions, 133
Health Note: Polyatomic Ions in Bones and Teeth, 135
4.5. Covalent Compounds, 138
4.6. Electronegativity and Bond Polarity, 144
4.7. Shapes and Polarity of Molecules, 147
4.8. Attractive Forces in Compounds, 151
Concept Map, 153
Chapter Review, 154
Key Terms, 154
Understanding the Concepts, 155
Additional Questions and Problems, 156
Challenge Questions, 157
Answers, 158
5. Chemical Quantities and Reactions, 161
5.1. The Mole, 162
5.2. Molar Mass, 166
Explore Your World: Calculating Moles in the Kitchen, 169
5.3. Chemical Changes, 171
5.4. Chemical Equations, 174
5.5. Types of Reactions, 179
Health Note: Smog and Health Concerns, 183
5.6. Oxidation–Reduction Reactions, 184
Explore Your World: Oxidation of Fruits and Vegetables, 186
Green Chemistry Note: Fuel Cells: Clean Energy for the Future, 188
5.7. Mole Relationships in Chemical Equations, 189
5.8. Mass Calculations for Reactions, 192
5.9. Energy in Chemical Reactions, 195
Health Note: Hot Packs and Cold Packs, 196
Concept Map, 199
Chapter Review, 199
Key Terms, 200
Understanding the Concepts, 200
Additional Questions and Problems, 202
Challenge Questions, 203
Answers, 204
Combining Ideas from Chapters 3 to 5, 207
6. Gases, 209
6.1. Properties of Gases, 210
Explore Your World: Forming a Gas, 213
6.2. Gas Pressure, 213
Health Note: Measuring Blood Pressure, 215
6.3. Pressure and Volume (Boyle’s Law), 216
Health Note: Pressure–Volume Relationship in Breathing, 218
6.4. Temperature and Volume (Charles’s Law), 220
Green Chemistry Note: Greenhouse Gases, 222
6.5. Temperature and Pressure (Gay–Lussac’s Law), 223
Career Focus: Nurse Anesthetist, 224
6.6. The Combined Gas Law, 225
6.7. Volume and Moles (Avogadro’s Law), 226
6.8. Partial Pressures (Dalton’s Law), 230
Health Note: Blood Gases, 233
Health Note: Hyperbaric Chambers, 234
Concept Map, 235
Chapter Review, 235
Key Terms, 236
Understanding the Concepts, 236
Additional Questions and Problems, 237
Challenge Questions, 238
Answers, 239
7. Solutions, 241
7.1. Solutions, 242
Health Note: Water in the Body, 245
Explore Your World: Like Dissolves Like, 245
7.2. Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes, 246
Career Focus: Orthopedic Physician Assistant, 248
Health Note: Electrolytes in Body Fluids, 250
7.3. Solubility, 251
Health Note: Gout and Kidney Stones: A Problem of Saturation in Body Fluids, 252
Explore Your World: Preparing Solutions, 253
7.4. Percent Concentration, 255
7.5. Molarity and Dilution, 259
7.6. Solutions in Chemical Reactions, 265
7.7. Properties of Solutions, 267
Health Note: Colloids and Solutions in the Body, 268
Explore Your World: Everyday Osmosis, 270
Health Note: Dialysis by the Kidneys and the Artificial Kidney, 273
Concept Map, 274
Chapter Review, 275
Key Terms, 275
Understanding the Concepts, 276
Additional Questions and Problems, 277
Challenge Questions, 278
Answers, 278
8. Acids and Bases, 280
8.1. Acids and Bases, 281
8.2. Strengths of Acids and Bases, 286
8.3. Ionization of Water, 289
8.4. The pH Scale, 292
Health Note: Stomach Acid, HCl, 295
Explore Your World: Using Vegetables and Flowers as pH Indicators, 298
8.5. Reactions of Acids and Bases, 298
Green Chemistry Note: Acid Rain, 299
Health Note: Antacids, 302
8.6. Buffers, 304
Health Note: Buffers in the Blood, 306
Concept Map, 307
Chapter Review, 308
Key Terms, 308
Understanding the Concepts, 308
Additional Questions and Problems, 309
Challenge Questions, 310
Answers, 311
Combining Ideas from Chapters 6 to 8, 314
9. Nuclear Radiation, 317
9.1. Natural Radioactivity, 318
9.2. Nuclear Reactions, 323
Green Chemistry Note: Radon in Our Homes, 325
Health Note: Beta Emitters in Medicine, 326
9.3. Radiation Measurement, 329
Health Note: Radiation and Food, 331
Health Note: Brachytherapy, 332
9.4. Half-Life of a Radioisotope, 333
Explore Your World: Modeling Half-Lives, 335
Environmental Note: Dating Ancient Objects, 336
9.5. Medical Applications Using Radioactivity, 337
Health Note: Radiation Doses in Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures, 339
Health Note: Other Imaging Methods, 339
9.6. Nuclear Fission and Fusion, 340
Green Chemistry Note: Nuclear Power Plants, 342
Concept Map, 343
Chapter Review, 344
Key Terms, 344
Understanding the Concepts, 345
Additional Questions and Problems, 345
Challenge Questions, 347
Answers, 347
10. Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Alkanes, 350
10.1. Organic Compounds, 351
10.2. Alkanes, 354
Career Focus: Geologist, 357
10.3. Alkanes with Substituents, 358
Health Note: Common Uses of Halogenated Alkanes, 364
10.4. Properties of Alkanes, 365
Health Note: Toxicity of Carbon Monoxide, 367
Green Chemistry Note: Crude Oil, 368
10.5. Functional Groups, 369
Environmental Note: Functional Groups in Familiar Compounds, 373
Concept Map, 374
Chapter Review, 374
Summary of Naming, 375
Summary of Reactions, 375
Key Terms, 375
Understanding the Concepts, 376
Additional Questions and Problems, 377
Challenge Questions, 379
Answers, 379
11. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons, 382
11.1. Alkenes and Alkynes, 383
Explore Your World: Ripening Fruit, 384
Environmental Note: Fragrant Alkenes, 386
11.2. Cis–Trans Isomers, 387
Explore Your World: Modeling Cis–Trans Isomers, 388
Environmental Note: Pheromones in Insect Communication, 389
Health Note: Cis–Trans Isomers for Night Vision, 390
11.3. Addition Reactions, 390
Explore Your World: Unsaturation in Fats and Oils, 391
Health Note: Hydrogenation of Unsaturated Fats, 391
11.4. Polymers of Alkenes, 393
Explore Your World: Polymers and Recycling Plastics, 394
11.5. Aromatic Compounds, 396
Health Note: Some Common Aromatic Compounds, 397
Health Note: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), 398
Concept Map, 399
Chapter Review, 399
Summary of Naming, 400
Summary of Reactions, 400
Key Terms, 400
Understanding the Concepts, 401
Additional Questions and Problems, 401
Challenge Questions, 402
Answers, 403
12. Organic Compounds with Oxygen and Sulfur, 405
12.1. Alcohols, Thiols, and Ethers, 406
Explore Your World: Alcohols in Household Products, 407
Health Note: Some Important Alcohols, 409
Health Note: Ethers as Anesthetics, 411
12.2. Properties of Alcohols and Ethers, 412
12.3. Reactions of Alcohols and Thiols, 414
Career Focus: Pharmacist, 416
Health Note: Oxidation of Alcohol in the Body, 418
12.4. Aldehydes and Ketones, 419
Environmental Note: Vanilla, 421
Health Note: Some Important Aldehydes and Ketones, 423
12.5. Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones, 424
12.6. Chiral Molecules, 427
Health Note: Enantiomers in Biological Systems, 433
Concept Map, 434
Chapter Review, 434
Summary of Naming, 435
Summary of Reactions, 435
Key Terms, 436
Understanding the Concepts, 436
Additional Questions and Problems, 437
Challenge Questions, 441
Answers, 441
Combining Ideas from Chapters 9 to 12, 445
13. Carboxylic Acids, Esters, Amines, and Amides, 447
13.1. Carboxylic Acids, 448
Health Note: Alpha Hydroxy Acids, 451
13.2. Properties of Carboxylic Acids, 452
13.3. Esters, 455
Health Note: Salicylic Acid and Aspirin, 456
Environmental Note: Cleaning Action of Soaps, 461
13.4. Amines, 461
Health Note: Amines in Health and Medicine, 464
Health Note: Alkaloids: Amines in Plants, 467
13.5. Amides, 469
Career Focus: Clinical Laboratory Technologist, 470
Health Note: Amides in Health and Medicine, 471
Concept Map, 473
Chapter Review, 474
Summary of Naming, 474
Summary of Reactions, 474
Key Terms, 476
Understanding the Concepts, 477
Additional Questions and Problems, 477
Challenge Questions, 479
Answers, 479
14. Carbohydrates, 483
14.1. Carbohydrates, 484
14.2. Fischer Projections of Monosaccharides, 487
Health Note: Hyperglycemia and Hypoglycemia, 490
14.3. Haworth Structures of Monosaccharides, 492
14.4. Chemical Properties of Monosaccharides, 495
Health Note: Testing for Glucose in Urine, 496
14.5. Disaccharides, 498
Explore Your World: Sugar and Sweeteners, 500
Career Focus: Phlebotomist, 500
Health Note: How Sweet Is My Sweetener?, 501
Health Note: Blood Types and Carbohydrates, 502
14.6. Polysaccharides, 503
Explore Your World: Polysaccharides, 505
Concept Map, 506
Chapter Review, 507
Summary of Carbohydrates, 507
Summary of Reactions, 508
Key Terms, 508
Understanding the Concepts, 509
Additional Questions and Problems, 509
Challenge Questions, 510
Answers, 510
15. Lipids, 513
15.1. Lipids, 514
Explore Your World: Solubility of Fats and Oils, 515
15.2. Fatty Acids, 516
Health Note: Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Fish Oils, 520
15.3. Waxes, Fats, and Oils, 521
15.4. Chemical Properties of Triacylglycerols, 525
Health Note: Olestra: A Fat Substitute, 526
Health Note: Trans Fatty Acids and Hydrogenation, 527
Explore Your World: Types of Fats, 528
Green Chemistry Note: Biodiesel as an Alternative Fuel, 529
15.5. Glycerophospholipids, 531
Career Focus: Physical Therapist, 533
15.6. Steroids: Cholesterol and Steroid Hormones, 533
Health Note: Anabolic Steroids, 539
15.7. Cell Membranes, 540
Health Note: Transport Through Cell Membranes, 542
Concept Map, 543
Chapter Review, 543
Key Terms, 544
Understanding the Concepts, 544
Additional Questions and Problems, 545
Challenge Questions, 546
Answers, 546
Combining Ideas from Chapters 13 to 15, 550
16. Amino Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes, 552
16.1. Functions of Proteins, 553
16.2. Amino Acids, 554
16.3. Amino Acids as Acids and Bases, 557
Career Focus: Rehabilitation Specialist, 558
16.4. Formation of Peptides, 559
16.5. Levels of Protein Structure, 560
Health Note: Natural Opiates in the Body, 561
Health Note: Essential Amino Acids, 566
Health Note: Protein Structure and Mad Cow Disease, 568
Explore Your World: Denaturation of Milk Protein, 569
Health Note: Sickle-Cell Anemia, 570
16.6. Enzymes, 571
16.7. Enzyme Action, 573
Health Note: Isoenzymes as Diagnostic Tools, 575
16.8. Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity, 576
Explore Your World: Enzyme Activity, 577
16.9. Enzyme Cofactors, 580
Concept Map, 583
Chapter Review, 584
Key Terms, 584
Understanding the Concepts, 585
Additional Questions and Problems, 587
Challenge Questions, 588
Answers, 588
17. Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis, 591
17.1. Components of Nucleic Acids, 592
Career Focus: Occupational Therapist, 595
17.2. Primary Structure of Nucleic Acids, 596
17.3. DNA Double Helix, 598
Health Note: DNA Fingerprinting, 601
17.4. RNA and the Genetic Code, 602
17.5. Protein Synthesis, 607
Health Note: Many Antibiotics Inhibit Protein Synthesis, 609
17.6. Genetic Mutations, 610
Explore Your World: A Model for DNA Replication and Mutation, 611
17.7. Viruses, 613
Health Note: Cancer, 616
Concept Map, 617
Chapter Review, 618
Key Terms, 618
Understanding the Concepts, 619
Additional Questions and Problems, 619
Challenge Questions, 620
Answers, 620
18. Metabolic Pathways and Energy Production, 623
18.1. Metabolism and ATP Energy, 624
Health Note: ATP Energy and Ca^2+ Needed to Contract Muscles, 628
18.2. Digestion of Foods, 629
Explore Your World: Carbohydrate Digestion, 630
18.3. Important Coenzymes in Metabolic Pathways, 632
Health Note: Lactose Intolerance, 635
18.4. Glycolysis: Oxidation of Glucose, 635
18.5. The Citric Acid Cycle, 641
18.6. Electron Transport, 645
Health Note: Toxins: Inhibitors of Electron Transport, 650
18.7. Oxidative Phosphorylation and ATP, 650
Health Note: ATP Synthase and Heating the Body, 653
18.8. Oxidation of Fatty Acids, 656
Explore Your World: Fat Storage and Blubber, 658
Health Note: Stored Fat and Obesity, 659
Health Note: Ketone Bodies and Diabetes, 661
18.9. Degradation of Amino Acids, 662
Concept Map, 667
Chapter Review, 668
Summary of Key Reactions, 669
Key Terms, 670
Understanding the Concepts, 671
Additional Questions and Problems, 672
Challenge Questions, 672
Answers, 673
Combining Ideas from Chapters 16 to 18, 675
Credits, C-1
Glossary/Index, I-1
Endpapers, EP-1

Search Results

« Back to eTextbook


PAGE	Description

74	...