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Copyright, ii
Preface, x
Photo Credits, xii
Part I. Fundamentals of Nanoscopic Physics, 1
1. Introduction to Nanoelectronics, 3
1.1. The “Top-Down” Approach, 5
1.1.1. Lithography, 6
1.2. The “Bottom-Up” Approach, 11
1.3. Why Nanoelectronics?, 11
1.4. Nanotechnology Potential, 13
1.5. Main Points, 14
1.6. Problems, 15
2. Classical Particles, Classical waves, and Quantum Particles, 16
2.1. Comparison of Classical and Quantum Systems, 17
2.2. Origins of Quantum Mechanics, 19
2.3. Light as a Wave, Light as a Particle, 20
2.3.1. Light as a Particle, or Perhaps a Wave—The Early Years, 20
2.3.2. A Little Later—Light as a Wave, 20
2.3.3. Finally, Light as a Quantum Particle, 24
2.4. Electrons as Particles, Electrons as Waves, 27
2.4.1. Electrons as Particles—The Early Years, 27
2.4.2. A Little Later—Electrons (and Everything Else) as Quantum Particles, 28
2.4.3. Further Development of Quantum Mechanics, 31
2.5. Wavepackets and Uncertainty, 32
2.6. Main Points, 40
2.7. Problems, 41
3. Quantum Mechanics of Electrons, 43
3.1. General Postulates of Quantum Mechanics, 45
3.1.1. Operators, 47
3.1.2. Eigenvalues and Eigenfunctions, 48
3.1.3. Hermitian Operators, 49
3.1.4. Operators for Quantum Mechanics, 52
3.1.5. Measurement Probability, 56
3.2. Time-Independent Schrödinger’s Equation, 62
3.2.1. Boundary Conditions on the Wavefunction, 65
3.3. Analogies Between Quantum Mechanics and Classical Electromagnetics, 69
3.4. Probabilistic Current Density, 71
3.5. Multiple Particle Systems, 75
3.6. Spin and Angular Momentum, 78
3.7. Main Points, 80
3.8. Problems, 81
4. Free and Confined Electrons, 85
4.1. Free Electrons, 86
4.1.1. One-Dimensional Space, 87
4.1.2. Three-Dimensional Space, 89
4.2. The Free Electron Gas Theory of Metals, 90
4.3. Electrons Confined to a Bounded Region of Space and Quantum Numbers, 91
4.3.1. One-Dimensional Space, 91
4.3.2. Three-Dimensional Space, 97
4.3.3. Periodic Boundary Conditions, 98
4.4. Fermi Level and Chemical Potential, 99
4.5. Partially Confined Electrons—Finite Potential Wells, 101
4.5.1. Finite Rectangular Well, 102
4.5.2. Parabolic Well—Harmonic Oscillator, 109
4.5.3. Triangular Well, 110
4.6. Electrons Confined to Atoms—The Hydrogen Atom and the Periodic Table, 111
4.6.1. The Hydrogen Atom and Quantum Numbers, 112
4.6.2. Beyond Hydrogen—Multiple Electron Atoms and the Periodic Table, 116
4.7. Quantum Dots, Wires, and Wells, 118
4.7.1. Quantum Wells, 122
4.7.2. Quantum Wires, 124
4.7.3. Quantum Dots, 125
4.8. Main Points, 127
4.9. Problems, 127
5. Electrons Subject to a Periodic Potential—Band Theory of Solids, 131
5.1. Crystalline Materials, 132
5.2. Electrons in a Periodic Potential, 136
5.3. Kronig–Penney Model of Band Structure, 137
5.3.1. Effective Mass, 141
5.4. Band Theory of Solids, 150
5.4.1. Doping in Semiconductors, 154
5.4.2. Interacting Systems Model, 157
5.4.3. The Effect of an Electric Field on Energy Bands, 160
5.4.4. Bandstructures of Some Semiconductors, 160
5.4.5. Electronic Band Transitions—Interaction of Electromagnetic Energy and Materials, 162
5.5. Graphene and Carbon Nanotubes, 170
5.5.1. Graphene, 170
5.5.2. Carbon Nanotubes, 172
5.6. Main Points, 176
5.7. Problems, 177
Part II. Single-Electron and Few-Electron Phenomena and Devices, 181
6. Tunnel Junctions and Applications of Tunneling, 183
6.1. Tunneling Through a Potential Barrier, 184
6.2. Potential Energy Profiles for Material Interfaces, 190
6.2.1. Metal–Insulator, Metal–Semiconductor, and Metal–Insulator–Metal Junctions, 190
6.3. Applications of Tunneling, 195
6.3.1. Field Emission, 195
6.3.2. Gate–Oxide Tunneling and Hot Electron Effects in MOSFETs, 198
6.3.3. Scanning Tunneling Microscope, 202
6.3.4. Double Barrier Tunneling and the Resonant Tunneling Diode, 206
6.4. Main Points, 210
6.5. Problems, 210
7. Coulomb Blockade and the Single-Electron Transistor, 212
7.1. Coulomb Blockade, 212
7.1.1. Coulomb Blockade in a Nanocapacitor, 214
7.1.2. Tunnel Junctions, 219
7.1.3. Tunnel Junction Excited by a Current Source, 222
7.1.4. Coulomb Blockade in a Quantum Dot Circuit, 226
7.2. The Single-Electron Transistor, 235
7.2.1. Single-Electron Transistor Logic, 243
7.3. Other SET and FET Structures, 244
7.3.1. Carbon Nanotube Transistors (FETs and SETs), 244
7.3.2. Semiconductor Nanowire FETs and SETs, 249
7.3.3. Molecular SETs and Molecular Electronics, 251
7.4. Main Points, 255
7.5. Problems, 256
Part III. Many Electron Phenomena, 259
8. Particle Statistics and Density of States, 261
8.1. Density of States, 262
8.1.1. Density of States in Lower Dimensions, 264
8.1.2. Density of States in a Semiconductor, 267
8.2. Classical and Quantum Statistics, 267
8.2.1. Carrier Concentration in Materials, 270
8.2.2. The Importance of the Fermi Electrons, 274
8.2.3. Equilibrium Carrier Concentration and the Fermi Level in Semiconductors, 274
8.3. Main Points, 277
8.4. Problems, 277
9. Models of Semiconductor Quantum Wells, Quantum Wires, and Quantum Dots, 280
9.1. Semiconductor Heterostructures and Quantum Wells, 282
9.1.1. Confinement Models and Two-Dimensional Electron Gas, 285
9.1.2. Energy Band Transitions in Quantum Wells, 288
9.2. Quantum Wires and Nanowires, 294
9.3. Quantum Dots and Nanoparticles, 298
9.3.1. Applications of Semiconducting Quantum Dots, 299
9.3.2. Plasmon Resonance and Metallic Nanoparticles, 304
9.3.3. Functionalized Metallic Nanoparticles, 306
9.4. Fabrication Techniques for Nanostructures, 307
9.4.1. Lithography, 307
9.4.2. Nanoimprint Lithography, 309
9.4.3. Split-Gate Technology, 310
9.4.4. Self-Assembly, 312
9.5. Main Points, 313
9.6. Problems, 314
10. Nanowires, Ballistic Transport, and Spin Transport, 317
10.1. Classical and Semiclassical Transport, 318
10.1.1. Classical Theory of Conduction—Free Electron Gas Model, 318
10.1.2. Semiclassical Theory of Electrical Conduction—Fermi Gas Model , 321
10.1.3. Classical Resistance and Conductance, 324
10.1.4. Conductivity of Metallic Nanowires—The Influence of Wire Radius, 326
10.2. Ballistic Transport, 328
10.2.1. Electron Collisions and Length Scales, 329
10.2.2. Ballistic Transport Model, 331
10.2.3. Quantum Resistance and Conductance, 332
10.2.4. Origin of the Quantum Resistance, 340
10.3. Carbon Nanotubes and Nanowires, 341
10.3.1. The Effect of Nanoscale Wire Radius on Wave Velocity and Loss, 344
10.4. Transport of Spin, and Spintronics, 346
10.4.1. The Transport of Spin, 347
10.4.2. Spintronic Devices and Applications, 351
10.5. Main Points, 352
10.6. Problems, 353
Appendix A. Symbols and Acronyms, 356
Appendix B. Physical Properties of Materials, 358
Appendix C. Conventional Mosfets, 362
Appendix D. Answers to Problems, 366
Problems Chapter 2: Classical Particles, Classical Waves, and Quantum Particles, 366
Problems Chapter 3: Quantum Mechanics of Electrons, 367
Problems Chapter 4: Free and Confined Electrons, 367
Problems Chapter 5: Electrons Subject to a Periodic Potential—Band Theory of Solids, 369
Problems Chapter 6: Tunnel Junctions and Applications of Tunneling, 369
Problems Chapter 7: Coulomb Blockade and the Single-Electron Transistor, 370
Problems Chapter 8: Particle Statistics and Density of States, 370
Problems Chapter 9: Models of Semiconductor Quantum Wells, Quantum Wires, and Quantum Dots, 370
Problems Chapter 10: Nanowires, Ballistic Transport, and Spin Transport, 371
References, 372
Index, 381

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