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Computer Networks and Internets, Fifth Edition
by
Douglas E. Comer
Publisher: Prentice Hall
Publishing Date: 2008/04/18
eText ISBN-10
0-13-606699-2
eText ISBN-13
978-0-13-606699-6
Print ISBN-10
0-13-606127-3
Print ISBN-13
978-0-13-606127-4
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Computer Networks and Internets, Fifth Edition
by
Douglas E. Comer
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Copyright, iv
Preface, xxiii
Part I. Introduction To N...
Part II. Data Communicati...
Part III. Packet Switchin...
Part IV. Internetworking ...
Part V. Other Aspects Of ...
Appendix 1. A Simplified ...
Index, 585
Pearson Prentice Hall Lic...
Table of Contents
Copyright, iv
Preface, xxiii
Part I. Introduction To Networking And Internet Applications, 1-a
Chapter 1. Introduction And Overview, 1-b
1.1. Growth Of Computer Networking, 1
1.2. Why Networking Seems Complex, 2
1.3. The Five Key Aspects Of Networking, 2
1.4. Public And Private Parts Of The Internet, 6
1.5. Networks, Interoperability, And Standards, 8
1.6. Protocol Suites And Layering Models, 9
1.7. How Data Passes Through Layers, 11
1.8. Headers And Layers, 12
1.9. ISO and the OSI Seven Layer Reference Model, 13
1.10. The Inside Scoop, 13
1.11. Remainder Of The Text, 14
1.12. Summary, 15
Chapter 2. Internet Trends, 16
2.1. Introduction, 17
2.2. Resource Sharing, 17
2.3. Growth Of The Internet, 18
2.4. From Resource Sharing To Communication, 21
2.5. From Text To Multimedia, 21
2.6. Recent Trends, 22
2.7. Summary, 23
Chapter 3. Internet Applications And Network Programming, 26
3.1. Introduction, 27
3.2. Two Basic Internet Communication Paradigms, 28
3.3. Connection-oriented Communication, 29
3.4. The Client-Server Model Of Interaction, 30
3.5. Characteristics Of Clients And Servers, 31
3.6. Server Programs And Server-Class Computers, 31
3.7. Requests, Responses, And Direction Of Data Flow, 32
3.8. Multiple Clients And Multiple Servers, 32
3.9. Server Identification And Demultiplexing, 33
3.10. Concurrent Servers, 34
3.11. Circular Dependencies Among Servers, 35
3.12. Peer-To-Peer Interactions, 35
3.13. Network Programming And The Socket API, 36
3.14. Sockets, Descriptors, And Network I/O, 36
3.15. Parameters And The Socket API, 37
3.16. Socket Calls In A Client And Server, 38
3.17. Socket Functions Used By Both Client And Server, 38
3.18. The Connection Function Used Only By A Client, 40
3.19. Socket Functions Used Only By A Server, 40
3.20. Socket Functions Used With The Message Paradigm, 43
3.21. Other Socket Functions, 44
3.22. Sockets, Threads, And Inheritance, 45
3.23. Summary, 45
Chapter 4. Traditional Internet Applications, 48
4.1. Introduction, 49
4.2. Application-Layer Protocols, 49
4.3. Representation And Transfer, 50
4.4. Web Protocols, 51
4.5. Document Representation With HTML, 52
4.6. Uniform Resource Locators And Hyperlinks, 54
4.7. Web Document Transfer With HTTP, 55
4.8. Caching In Browsers, 57
4.9. Browser Architecture, 59
4.10. File Transfer Protocol (FTP), 59
4.11. FTP Communication Paradigm, 60
4.12. Electronic Mail, 63
4.13. The Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), 64
4.14. ISPs, Mail Servers, And Mail Access, 66
4.15. Mail Access Protocols (POP, IMAP), 67
4.16. Email Representation Standards (RFC2822, MIME), 67
4.17. Domain Name System (DNS), 69
4.18. Domain Names That Begin With www, 71
4.19. The DNS Hierarchy And Server Model, 72
4.20. Name Resolution, 72
4.21. Caching In DNS Servers, 74
4.22. Types Of DNS Entries, 75
4.23. Aliases And CNAME Resource Records, 76
4.24. Abbreviations And The DNS, 76
4.25. Internationalized Domain Names, 77
4.26. Extensible Representations (XML), 78
4.27. Summary, 79
Part II. Data Communications, 83
Chapter 5. Overview Of Data Communications, 84
5.1. Introduction, 85
5.2. The Essence Of Data Communications, 86
5.3. Motivation And Scope Of The Subject, 87
5.4. The Conceptual Pieces Of A Communication System, 87
5.5. The Subtopics Of Data Communications, 90
5.6. Summary, 91
Chapter 6. Information Sources And Signals, 92
6.1. Introduction, 93
6.2. Information Sources, 93
6.3. Analog And Digital Signals, 94
6.4. Periodic And Aperiodic Signals, 94
6.5. Sine Waves And Signal Characteristics, 95
6.6. Composite Signals, 97
6.7. The Importance Of Composite Signals And Sine Functions, 97
6.8. Time And Frequency Domain Representations, 98
6.9. Bandwidth Of An Analog Signal, 99
6.10. Digital Signals And Signal Levels, 100
6.11. Baud And Bits Per Second, 101
6.12. Converting A Digital Signal To Analog, 102
6.13. The Bandwidth Of A Digital Signal, 103
6.14. Synchronization And Agreement About Signals, 103
6.15. Line Coding, 104
6.16. Manchester Encoding Used In Computer Networks, 106
6.17. Converting An Analog Signal To Digital, 107
6.18. The Nyquist Theorem And Sampling Rate, 108
6.19. Nyquist Theorem And Telephone System Transmission, 108
6.20. Encoding And Data Compression, 109
6.21. Summary, 110
Chapter 7. Transmission Media, 112
7.1. Introduction, 113
7.2. Guided And Unguided Transmission, 113
7.3. A Taxonomy By Forms Of Energy, 114
7.4. Background Radiation And Electrical Noise, 115
7.5. Twisted Pair Copper Wiring, 115
7.6. Shielding: Coaxial Cable And Shielded Twisted Pair, 117
7.7. Categories Of Twisted Pair Cable, 118
7.8. Media Using Light Energy And Optical Fibers, 119
7.9. Types Of Fiber And Light Transmission, 120
7.10. Optical Fiber Compared To Copper Wiring, 121
7.11. InfraRed Communication Technologies, 122
7.12. Point-To-Point Laser Communication, 122
7.13. Electromagnetic (Radio) Communication, 123
7.14. Signal Propagation, 124
7.15. Types Of Satellites, 125
7.16. GEO Communication Satellites, 126
7.17. GEO Coverage Of The Earth, 127
7.18. Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Satellites And Clusters, 128
7.19. Tradeoffs Among Media Types, 128
7.20. Measuring Transmission Media, 129
7.21. The Effect Of Noise On Communication, 129
7.22. The Significance Of Channel Capacity, 130
7.23. Summary, 131
Chapter 8. Reliability And Channel Coding, 134
8.1. Introduction, 135
8.2. The Three Main Sources Of Transmission Errors, 135
8.3. Effect Of Transmission Errors On Data, 136
8.4. Two Strategies For Handling Channel Errors, 137
8.5. Block And Convolutional Error Codes, 138
8.6. An Example Block Error Code: Single Parity Checking, 139
8.7. The Mathematics Of Block Error Codes And (n,k) Notation, 140
8.8. Hamming Distance: A Measure Of A Code’s Strength, 140
8.9. The Hamming Distance Among Strings In A Codebook, 141
8.10. The Tradeoff Between Error Detection And Overhead, 142
8.11. Error Correction With Row And Column (RAC) Parity, 142
8.12. The 16-Bit Checksum Used In The Internet, 144
8.13. Cyclic Redundancy Codes (CRCs), 145
8.14. An Efficient Hardware Implementation Of CRC, 148
8.15. Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ) Mechanisms, 148
8.16. Summary, 149
Chapter 9. Transmission Modes, 152
9.1. Introduction, 153
9.2. A Taxonomy Of Transmission Modes, 153
9.3. Parallel Transmission, 154
9.4. Serial Transmission, 155
9.5. Transmission Order: Bits And Bytes, 156
9.6. Timing Of Serial Transmission, 156
9.7. Asynchronous Transmission, 157
9.8. RS-232 Asynchronous Character Transmission, 157
9.9. Synchronous Transmission, 158
9.10. Bytes, Blocks, And Frames, 159
9.11. Isochronous Transmission, 160
9.12. Simplex, Half-Duplex, and Full-Duplex Transmission, 160
9.13. DCE and DTE Equipment, 162
9.14. Summary, 162
Chapter 10. Modulation And Modems, 164
10.1. Introduction, 165
10.2. Carriers, Frequency, And Propagation, 165
10.3. Analog Modulation Schemes, 166
10.4. Amplitude Modulation, 166
10.5. Frequency Modulation, 167
10.6. Phase Shift Modulation, 168
10.7. Amplitude Modulation And Shannon’s Theorem, 168
10.8. Modulation, Digital Input, And Shift Keying, 169
10.9. Phase Shift Keying, 169
10.10. Phase Shift And A Constellation Diagram, 171
10.11. Quadrature Amplitude Modulation, 173
10.12. Modem Hardware For Modulation And Demodulation, 174
10.13. Optical And Radio Frequency Modems, 174
10.14. Dialup Modems, 175
10.15. QAM Applied To Dialup, 175
10.16. V.32 and V.32bis Dialup Modems, 176
10.17. Summary, 177
Chapter 11. Multiplexing And Demultiplexing (Channelization), 180
11.1. Introduction, 181
11.2. The Concept Of Multiplexing, 181
11.3. The Basic Types Of Multiplexing, 182
11.4. Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM), 183
11.5. Using A Range Of Frequencies Per Channel, 185
11.6. Hierarchical FDM, 186
11.7. Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM), 187
11.8. Time Division Multiplexing (TDM), 187
11.9. Synchronous TDM, 188
11.10. Framing Used In The Telephone System Version Of TDM, 189
11.11. Hierarchical TDM, 190
11.12. The Problem With Synchronous TDM: Unfilled Slots, 190
11.13. Statistical TDM, 191
11.14. Inverse Multiplexing, 192
11.15. Code Division Multiplexing, 193
11.16. Summary, 195
Chapter 12. Access And Interconnection Technologies, 198
12.1. Introduction, 199
12.2. Internet Access Technology: Upstream And Downstream, 199
12.3. Narrowband And Broadband Access Technologies, 200
12.4. The Local Loop And ISDN, 202
12.5. Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) Technologies, 202
12.6. Local Loop Characteristics And Adaptation, 203
12.7. The Data Rate Of ADSL, 204
12.8. ADSL Installation And Splitters, 205
12.9. Cable Modem Technologies, 205
12.10. The Data Rate Of Cable Modems, 206
12.11. Cable Modem Installation, 206
12.12. Hybrid Fiber Coax, 207
12.13. Access Technologies That Employ Optical Fiber, 208
12.14. Head-End And Tail-End Modem Terminology, 208
12.15. Wireless Access Technologies, 209
12.16. High-Capacity Connections At The Internet Core, 209
12.17. Circuit Termination, DSU/ CSU, and NIU, 210
12.18. Telephone Standards For Digital Circuits, 211
12.19. DS Terminology And Data Rates, 212
12.20. Highest Capacity Circuits (STS Standards), 213
12.21. Optical Carrier Standards, 213
12.22. The C Suffix, 213
12.23. Synchronous Optical NETwork (SONET), 214
12.24. Summary, 215
Part III. Packet Switching and Network Technologies, 219
Chapter 13. Local Area Networks: Packets, Frames, And Topologies, 220
13.1. Introduction, 221
13.2. Circuit Switching, 222
13.3. Packet Switching, 223
13.4. Local And Wide Area Packet Networks, 224
13.5. Standards For Packet Format And Identification, 225
13.6. IEEE 802 Model And Standards, 226
13.7. Point-To-Point And Multi-Access Networks, 229
13.8. LAN Topologies, 229
13.9. Packet Identification, Demultiplexing, MAC Addresses, 231
13.10. Unicast, Broadcast, And Multicast Addresses, 232
13.11. Broadcast, Multicast, And Efficient Multi-Point Delivery, 233
13.12. Frames And Framing, 234
13.13. Byte And Bit Stuffing, 235
13.14. Summary, 237
Chapter 14. The IEEE MAC Sub-Layer, 240
14.1. Introduction, 241
14.2. A Taxonomy Of Mechanisms For Multi-Access, 241
14.3. Static And Dynamic Channel Allocation, 242
14.4. Channelization Protocols, 243
14.5. Controlled Access Protocols, 244
14.6. Random Access Protocols, 246
14.7. Summary, 252
Chapter 15. Wired LAN Technology (Ethernet And 802.3), 254
15.1. Introduction, 255
15.2. The Venerable Ethernet, 255
15.3. Ethernet Frame Format, 256
15.4. Ethernet Type Field And Demultiplexing, 256
15.5. IEEE’s Version Of Ethernet (802.3), 257
15.6. LAN Connections And Network Interface Cards, 258
15.7. Ethernet Evolution And Thicknet Wiring, 258
15.8. Thinnet Ethernet Wiring, 259
15.9. Twisted Pair Ethernet Wiring And Hubs, 260
15.10. Physical And Logical Ethernet Topology, 261
15.11. Wiring In An Office Building, 261
15.12. Variants Of Twisted Pair Ethernet And Speeds, 263
15.13. Twisted Pair Connectors And Cables, 263
15.14. Summary, 264
Chapter 16. Wireless Networking Technologies, 266
16.1. Introduction, 267
16.2. A Taxonomy Of Wireless Networks, 267
16.3. Personal Area Networks (PANs), 268
16.4. ISM Wireless Bands Used By LANs And PANs, 269
16.5. Wireless LAN Technologies And Wi-Fi, 269
16.6. Spread Spectrum Techniques, 270
16.7. Other Wireless LAN Standards, 271
16.8. Wireless LAN Architecture, 272
16.9. Overlap, Association, And 802.11 Frame Format, 273
16.10. Coordination Among Access Points, 274
16.11. Contention And Contention-Free Access, 274
16.12. Wireless MAN Technology and WiMax, 276
16.13. PAN Technologies And Standards, 278
16.14. Other Short-Distance Communication Technologies, 279
16.15. Wireless WAN Technologies, 280
16.16. Cell Clusters And Frequency Reuse, 282
16.17. Generations Of Cellular Technologies, 283
16.18. VSAT Satellite Technology, 286
16.19. GPS Satellites, 287
16.20. Software Radio And The Future Of Wireless, 288
16.21. Summary, 289
Chapter 17. LAN Extensions: Fiber Modems, Repeaters, Bridges, and Switches, 292
17.1. Introduction, 293
17.2. Distance Limitation And LAN Design, 293
17.3. Fiber Modem Extensions, 294
17.4. Repeaters, 295
17.5. Bridges And Bridging, 295
17.6. Learning Bridges And Frame Filtering, 296
17.7. Why Bridging Works Well, 297
17.8. Distributed Spanning Tree, 298
17.9. Switching And Layer 2 Switches, 299
17.10. VLAN Switches, 301
17.11. Bridging Used With Other Devices, 302
17.12. Summary, 302
Chapter 18. WAN Technologies And Dynamic Routing, 304
18.1. Introduction, 305
18.2. Large Spans And Wide Area Networks, 305
18.3. Traditional WAN Architecture, 306
18.4. Forming A WAN, 308
18.5. Store And Forward Paradigm, 309
18.6. Addressing In A WAN, 309
18.7. Next-Hop Forwarding, 310
18.8. Source Independence, 313
18.9. Dynamic Routing Updates In A WAN, 313
18.10. Default Routes, 314
18.11. Forwarding Table Computation, 315
18.12. Distributed Route Computation, 316
18.13. Shortest Path Computation In A Graph, 320
18.14. Routing Problems, 321
18.15. Summary, 322
Chapter 19. Networking Technologies Past And Present, 324
19.1. Introduction, 325
19.2. Connection And Access Technologies, 325
19.3. LAN Technologies, 327
19.4. WAN Technologies, 328
19.5. Summary, 331
Part IV. Internetworking Using TCP/IP, 333
Chapter 20. Internetworking: Concepts, Architecture, and Protocols, 334
20.1. Introduction, 335
20.2. The Motivation For Internetworking, 335
20.3. The Concept Of Universal Service, 336
20.4. Universal Service In A Heterogeneous World, 336
20.5. Internetworking, 337
20.6. Physical Network Connection With Routers, 337
20.7. Internet Architecture, 338
20.8. Achieving Universal Service, 339
20.9. A Virtual Network, 339
20.10. Protocols For Internetworking, 341
20.11. Review Of TCP/IP Layering, 341
20.12. Host Computers, Routers, And Protocol Layers, 342
20.13. Summary, 342
Chapter 21. IP: Internet Addressing, 344
21.1. Introduction, 345
21.2. Addresses For The Virtual Internet, 345
21.3. The IP Addressing Scheme, 346
21.4. The IP Address Hierarchy, 346
21.5. Original Classes Of IP Addresses, 347
21.6. Dotted Decimal Notation, 348
21.7. Division Of The Address Space, 349
21.8. Authority For Addresses, 350
21.9. Subnet And Classless Addressing, 350
21.10. Address Masks, 352
21.11. CIDR Notation, 353
21.12. A CIDR Example, 353
21.13. CIDR Host Addresses, 355
21.14. Special IP Addresses, 356
21.15. Summary Of Special IP Addresses, 358
21.16. The Berkeley Broadcast Address Form, 358
21.17. Routers And The IP Addressing Principle, 359
21.18. Multi-Homed Hosts, 360
21.19. Summary, 360
Chapter 22. Datagram Forwarding, 362
22.1. Introduction, 363
22.2. Connectionless Service, 363
22.3. Virtual Packets, 364
22.4. The IP Datagram, 364
22.5. The IP Datagram Header Format, 365
22.6. Forwarding An IP Datagram, 367
22.7. Network Prefix Extraction And Datagram Forwarding, 368
22.8. Longest Prefix Match, 369
22.9. Destination Address And Next-Hop Address, 369
22.10. Best-Effort Delivery, 370
22.11. IP Encapsulation, 370
22.12. Transmission Across An Internet, 371
22.13. MTU And Datagram Fragmentation, 373
22.14. Reassembly Of A Datagram From Fragments, 374
22.15. Collecting The Fragments Of A Datagram, 375
22.16. The Consequence Of Fragment Loss, 376
22.17. Fragmenting A Fragment, 376
22.18. Summary, 377
Chapter 23. Support Protocols And Technologies, 380
23.1. Introduction, 381
23.2. Address Resolution, 381
23.3. The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), 383
23.4. ARP Message Format, 384
23.5. ARP Encapsulation, 385
23.6. ARP Caching And Message Processing, 386
23.7. The Conceptual Address Boundary, 388
23.8. Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), 389
23.9. ICMP Message Format And Encapsulation, 391
23.10. Protocol Software, Parameters, And Configuration, 391
23.11. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), 392
23.12. DHCP Protocol Operation And Optimizations, 394
23.13. DHCP Message Format, 394
23.14. Indirect DHCP Server Access Through A Relay, 395
23.15. Network Address Translation (NAT), 396
23.16. NAT Operation And Private Addresses, 397
23.17. Transport-Layer NAT (NAPT), 399
23.18. NAT And Servers, 400
23.19. NAT Software And Systems For Use At Home, 400
23.20. Summary, 401
Chapter 24. The Future IP (IPv6), 404
24.1. Introduction, 405
24.2. The Success Of IP, 405
24.3. The Motivation For Change, 406
24.4. The Hourglass Model And Difficulty Of Change, 407
24.5. A Name And A Version Number, 408
24.6. IPv6 Features, 408
24.7. IPv6 Datagram Format, 409
24.8. IPv6 Base Header Format, 410
24.9. Implicit And Explicit Header Size, 411
24.10. Fragmentation, Reassembly, And Path MTU, 412
24.11. The Purpose Of Multiple Headers, 413
24.12. IPv6 Addressing, 414
24.13. IPv6 Colon Hexadecimal Notation, 415
24.14. Summary, 416
Chapter 25. UDP: Datagram Transport Service, 418
25.1. Introduction, 419
25.2. Transport Protocols And End-To-End Communication, 419
25.3. The User Datagram Protocol, 420
25.4. The Connectionless Paradigm, 421
25.5. Message-Oriented Interface, 421
25.6. UDP Communication Semantics, 422
25.7. Modes Of Interaction And Broadcast Delivery, 423
25.8. Endpoint Identification With Protocol Port Numbers, 424
25.9. UDP Datagram Format, 424
25.10. The UDP Checksum And The Pseudo Header, 425
25.11. UDP Encapsulation, 426
25.12. Summary, 426
Chapter 26. TCP: Reliable Transport Service, 428
26.1. Introduction, 429
26.2. The Transmission Control Protocol, 429
26.3. The Service TCP Provides To Applications, 430
26.4. End-To-End Service And Virtual Connections, 431
26.5. Techniques That Transport Protocols Use, 432
26.6. Techniques To Avoid Congestion, 436
26.7. The Art Of Protocol Design, 437
26.8. Techniques Used In TCP To Handle Packet Loss, 438
26.9. Adaptive Retransmission, 439
26.10. Comparison Of Retransmission Times, 440
26.11. Buffers, Flow Control, And Windows, 441
26.12. TCP’s Three-Way Handshake, 442
26.13. TCP Congestion Control, 443
26.14. TCP Segment Format, 444
26.15. Summary, 446
Chapter 27. Internet Routing And Routing Protocols, 448
27.1. Introduction, 449
27.2. Static Vs. Dynamic Routing, 449
27.3. Static Routing In Hosts And A Default Route, 450
27.4. Dynamic Routing And Routers, 451
27.5. Routing In The Global Internet, 452
27.6. Autonomous System Concept, 453
27.7. The Two Types Of Internet Routing Protocols, 453
27.8. Routes And Data Traffic, 456
27.9. The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), 456
27.10. The Routing Information Protocol (RIP), 458
27.11. RIP Packet Format, 459
27.12. The Open Shortest Path First Protocol (OSPF), 460
27.13. An Example OSPF Graph, 461
27.14. OSPF Areas, 461
27.15. Intermediate System - Intermediate System (IS-IS), 462
27.16. Multicast Routing, 463
27.17. Summary, 467
Part V. Other Aspects Of Computer Networking, 469
Chapter 28. Network Performance (QoS and DiffServ), 470
28.1. Introduction, 471
28.2. Measures Of Performance, 471
28.3. Latency Or Delay, 472
28.4. Throughput, Capacity, And Goodput, 474
28.5. Understanding Throughput And Delay, 475
28.6. Jitter, 476
28.7. The Relationship Between Delay And Throughput, 477
28.8. Measuring Delay, Throughput, And Jitter, 478
28.9. Passive Measurement, Small Packets, And NetFlow, 480
28.10. Quality Of Service (QoS), 481
28.11. Fine-Grain And Coarse-Grain QoS, 482
28.12. Implementation Of QoS, 484
28.13. Internet QoS Technologies, 486
28.14. Summary, 487
Chapter 29. Multimedia And IP Telephony (VoIP), 490
29.1. Introduction, 491
29.2. Real-Time Data Transmission And Best Effort Delivery, 491
29.3. Delayed Playback And Jitter Buffers, 492
29.4. Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP), 493
29.5. RTP Encapsulation, 494
29.6. IP Telephony, 495
29.7. Signaling And VoIP Signaling Standards, 496
29.8. Components Of An IP Telephone System, 497
29.9. Summary Of Protocols And Layering, 500
29.10. H.323 Characteristics, 501
29.11. H.323 Layering, 501
29.12. SIP Characteristics And Methods, 502
29.13. An Example SIP Session, 503
29.14. Telephone Number Mapping And Routing, 504
29.15. Summary, 505
Chapter 30. Network Security, 508
30.1. Introduction, 509
30.2. Criminal Exploits And Attacks, 509
30.3. Security Policy, 513
30.4. Responsibility And Control, 514
30.5. Security Technologies, 515
30.6. Hashing: An Integrity And Authentication Mechanism, 515
30.7. Access Control And Passwords, 516
30.8. Encryption: A Fundamental Security Technique, 516
30.9. Private Key Encryption, 517
30.10. Public Key Encryption, 517
30.11. Authentication With Digital Signatures, 518
30.12. Key Authorities And Digital Certificates, 519
30.13. Firewalls, 521
30.14. Firewall Implementation With A Packet Filter, 522
30.15. Intrusion Detection Systems, 524
30.16. Content Scanning And Deep Packet Inspection, 524
30.17. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs), 525
30.18. The Use of VPN Technology For Telecommuting, 527
30.19. Packet Encryption Vs. Tunneling, 528
30.20. Security Technologies, 530
30.21. Summary, 531
Chapter 31. Network Management (SNMP), 534
31.1. Introduction, 535
31.2. Managing An Intranet, 535
31.3. FCAPS: The Industry Standard Model, 536
31.4. Example Network Elements, 538
31.5. Network Management Tools, 539
31.6. Network Management Applications, 540
31.7. Simple Network Management Protocol, 541
31.8. SNMP’s Fetch-Store Paradigm, 542
31.9. The SNMP MIB And Object Names, 542
31.10. The Variety Of MIB Variables, 543
31.11. MIB Variables That Correspond To Arrays, 543
31.12. Summary, 544
Chapter 32. Trends In Networking Technologies And Uses, 546
32.1. Introduction, 547
32.2. The Need For Scalable Internet Services, 547
32.3. Content Caching (Akamai), 548
32.4. Web Load Balancers, 548
32.5. Server Virtualization, 549
32.6. Peer-To-Peer Communication, 549
32.7. Distributed Data Centers And Replication, 550
32.8. Universal Representation (XML), 550
32.9. Social Networking, 551
32.10. Mobility And Wireless Networking, 551
32.11. Digital Video, 551
32.12. Multicast Delivery, 552
32.13. Higher-Speed Access And Switching, 552
32.14. Optical Switching, 552
32.15. Use Of Networking In Business, 553
32.16. Sensors At Large And In The Home, 553
32.17. Ad Hoc Networks, 553
32.18. Multi-Core CPUs And Network Processors, 554
32.19. IPv6, 554
32.20. Summary, 554
Appendix 1. A Simplified Application Programming Interface, 557
Index, 585
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