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Copyright, ii
About this Book, x
Visual Walk-Through, xiii
Chapter 1. Our Digital Planet, 2
Creating Communities on the Living Web, 3
Living in a Nondigital World, 5
Computers in Perspective, 6
Computers Today: A Brief Taxonomy, 9
Embedded Systems, 10
Personal Computers and Workstations, 10
Handheld Devices, 11
Servers, 12
Mainframes and Supercomputers, 12
Computer Connections: The Internet Revolution, 14
Screen Test: Windows into the World of Web 2.0, 18
Working Wisdom: Working the Web, 20
Into the Information Age, 21
Living with Digital Technology, 21
Explanations: Clarifying Technology, 22
Applications: Digital Technology in Action, 22
Implications: Social and Ethical Issues, 24
Working Wisdom: Computer Ethics, 26
History of the Future, 27
Inventing the Future: Tomorrow Never Knows, 29
Crosscurrents: The Future Is Now? Pretty Soon, at Least by John Tierney, 30
Summary, 31
Key Terms, 31
Interactive Activities, 31
True or False, 32
Multiple Choice, 32
Review Questions, 33
Discussion Questions, 33
Projects, 34
Sources and Resources, 35
Chapter 2. Hardware Basics: Inside the Box, 36
Steve Wozniak, Steve Jobs, and the Garage that Grew Apples, 37
What Computers Do, 39
A Bit about Bits, 41
Bit Basics, 41
How It Works 2.1: Binary Numbers, 42
Building with Bits, 44
Bits, Bytes, and Buzzwords, 45
How It Works 2.2: Representing the World’s Languages, 46
The Computer’s Core: CPU and Memory, 47
The CPU: The Real Computer, 47
Working Wisdom: Green Computing, 48
How It Works 2.3: The CPU, 52
The Computer’s Memory, 55
How It Works 2.4: Memory, 56
Buses, Ports, and Peripherals, 57
Inventing the Future: Tomorrow’s Processors, 58
Crosscurrents: The Clock of the Long Now by Stewart Brand, 59
Summary, 60
Key Terms, 60
Interactive Activities, 60
True or False, 61
Multiple Choice, 61
Review Questions, 62
Discussion Questions, 62
Projects, 63
Sources and Resources, 63
Chapter 3. Hardware Basics: Peripherals, 64
Bill Gates Rides the Digital Wave, 65
Input: From Person to Processor, 67
The Keyboard, 67
Pointing Devices, 68
Multi-Touch Input Devices, 70
Reading Tools, 72
Digitizing Devices, 74
How It Works 3.1: Digitizing the Real World, 76
Output: From Pulses to People, 78
Screen Output, 78
How It Works 3.2: Color Display, 80
Paper Output, 81
How It Works 3.3: Color Printing, 82
Fax Machines and Fax Modems, 82
Output You Can Hear, 83
Controlling Other Machines, 83
Storage Devices: Input Meets Output, 85
Magnetic Tape, 85
Magnetic Disks, 85
Working Wisdom: Ergonomics and Health, 86
Optical Discs, 87
How It Works 3.4: Disk Storage, 88
Internal and External Drives, 91
Flash Memory Storage Devices, 92
The Computer System: The Sum of Its Parts, 92
Ports and Slots Revisited, 93
Working Wisdom: Computer Consumer Concepts, 94
Inventing the Future: Tomorrow’s Peripherals, 97
Crosscurrents: Psst! You’re Wasting Electricity! by Clive Thompson, 98
Summary, 99
Key Terms, 99
Interactive Activities, 100
True or False, 100
Multiple Choice, 100
Review Questions, 101
Discussion Questions, 102
Projects, 102
Sources and Resources, 103
Chapter 4. Software Basics: The Ghost in the Machine, 104
Linus Torvalds and the Software Nobody Owns, 105
Processing with Programs, 107
Food for Thought, 107
A Fast, Stupid Machine, 108
The Language of Computers, 109
How It Works 4.1: Executing a Program, 110
Software Applications: Tools for Users, 112
Consumer Applications, 112
Web Applications, 115
Vertical-Market and Custom Software, 116
System Software: The Hardware-Software Connection, 116
What the Operating System Does, 117
How It Works 4.2: The Operating System, 118
Utility Programs and Device Drivers, 120
Where the Operating System Lives, 120
The User Interface: The Human–Machine Connection, 121
Desktop Operating Systems, 121
UNIX and Linux, 123
Working Wisdom: When Good Software Goes Bad, 124
Hardware and Software Platforms, 126
File Management: Where’s My Stuff?, 128
Organizing Files and Folders, 128
File-Management Utilities, 129
Managing Files from Applications, 129
Locating Files, 130
Defragmentation: The Cure for Fragmented Files, 131
Software Piracy and Intellectual Property Laws, 132
The Piracy Problem, 132
Intellectual Property and the Law, 132
Inventing the Future: Tomorrow’s User Interfaces, 134
Crosscurrents: Copyrights—and Wrongs by Sascha Segan, 135
Summary, 136
Key Terms, 137
Interactive Activities, 137
True or False, 137
Multiple Choice, 138
Review Questions, 139
Discussion Questions, 139
Projects, 139
Sources and Resources, 140
Chapter 5. Productivity Applications, 142
Doug Engelbart Explores Hyperspace, 143
The Wordsmith’s Toolbox, 144
Word Processing Tools and Techniques, 145
How It Works 5.1: Font Technology, 146
Outliners and Idea Processors, 147
Digital References, 148
Spelling Checkers, 149
Grammar and Style Checkers, 149
Form-Letter Generators, 150
Collaborative Writing Tools, 150
Emerging Word Tools, 151
Processing Handwritten Words, 151
Processing Words with Speech, 152
Intelligent Word Processing Software, 152
The Desktop Publishing Story, 153
What Is Desktop Publishing?, 153
Working Wisdom: Creating Professional-Looking Documents, 154
Screen Test: Desktop Publishing with Adobe InDesign, 157
Why Desktop Publishing?, 158
Beyond the Printed Page, 158
Paperless Publishing and the Web, 158
Electronic Books and Digital Paper, 160
The Spreadsheet: Software for Simulation and Speculation, 162
The Malleable Matrix, 162
Screen Test: Creating a Worksheet with Microsoft Excel, 163
“What If?” Questions, 166
Spreadsheet Graphics: From Digits to Drawings, 166
Working Wisdom: Eradicating Spreadsheet Errors, 168
Statistical Software: Beyond Spreadsheets, 170
Money Managers, 170
Automatic Mathematics, 171
Statistics and Data Analysis, 171
Scientific Visualization, 172
How It Works 5.2: Fractal Geometry and Simulation, 173
Calculated Risks: Computer Modeling and Simulation, 174
Computer Simulations: The Rewards, 176
Computer Simulations: The Risks, 177
Inventing the Future: Truly Intelligent Agents, 178
Crosscurrents: The Sad Fate of the Comma by Robert J. Samuelson, 179
Summary, 180
Key Terms, 181
Interactive Activities, 181
True or False, 181
Multiple Choice, 182
Review Questions, 183
Discussion Questions, 184
Projects, 184
Sources and Resources, 185
Chapter 6. Graphics, Digital Media, and Multimedia, 186
Tim Berners-Lee Weaves the Web for Everybody, 187
Focus on Computer Graphics, 189
Painting: Bitmapped Graphics, 189
Screen Test: Creating a CD Cover with Photoshop, 192
Image Processing: Photographic Editing by Computer, 193
Working Wisdom: Creating Smart Art, 194
Drawing: Object-Oriented Graphics, 195
3-D Modeling Software, 197
CAD/CAM: Turning Pictures into Products, 198
Presentation Graphics: Bringing Lectures to Life, 199
Working Wisdom: Making Powerful Presentations, 200
Dynamic Media: Beyond the Printed Page, 202
Animation: Graphics in Time, 202
Screen Test: Creating a Flash Animation, 203
Desktop Video: Computers, Film, and TV, 204
Data Compression, 206
The Synthetic Musician: Computers and Audio, 207
How It Works 6.1: Data Compression, 208
Samplers, Synthesizers, and Sequencers: Digital Audio and MIDI, 210
Working Wisdom: Digital Audio Dos and Don’ts, 211
How It Works 6.2: Computer-Based Music Production, 214
Screen Test: Multimedia on a Student Budget, 216
Hypertext and Hypermedia, 218
Interactive Multimedia: Eye, Ear, Hand, and Mind, 219
Interactive Multimedia: What Is It?, 219
Multimedia Authoring: Making Mixed Media, 220
Working Wisdom: Creating an Effective Interactive Experience, 221
Interactive Media: Visions of the Future, 222
Inventing the Future: Shared Virtual Spaces, 224
Crosscurrents: Bits, Bands and Books by Paul Krugman, 225
Summary, 226
Key Terms, 226
Interactive Activities, 227
True or False, 227
Multiple Choice, 227
Review Questions, 229
Discussion Questions, 229
Projects, 230
Sources and Resources, 230
Chapter 7. Database Applications and Privacy Implications, 232
The Google Guys Search for Tomorrow, 233
The Electronic File Cabinet: Database Basics, 235
What Good Is a Database?, 235
Database Anatomy, 236
Database Operations, 237
Screen Test: Creating a Database Running Log, 238
Screen Test: Querying a Web Search Database, 240
Special-Purpose Database Programs, 241
How It Works 7.1: The Language of Database Queries, 242
Screen Test: Synchronizing Data Between Outlook and Portable Devices, 244
Beyond the Basics: Database-Management Systems, 245
What Is a Database-Management System?, 245
What Makes a Database Relational?, 247
The Many Faces of Databases, 247
Database Trends, 249
Real-Time Computing, 249
Downsizing and Decentralizing, 249
Data Mining, 250
Databases and the Web, 250
Working Wisdom: Dealing with Databases, 251
Object-Oriented Databases, 252
Multimedia Databases, 252
Intelligent Searches, 252
No Secrets: Computers and Privacy, 253
Personal Data: All about You, 254
The Privacy Problem, 255
Working Wisdom: Your Privacy Rights, 256
Big Brother and Big Business, 260
Inventing the Future: Embedded Intelligence and Ubiquitous Computing, 262
Crosscurrents: Are You Part of the Urban Scramble? by Emily Steel, 263
Summary, 264
Key Terms, 264
Interactive Activities, 265
True or False, 265
Multiple Choice, 266
Review Questions, 267
Discussion Questions, 268
Projects, 268
Sources and Resources, 269
Chapter 8. Networking and Digital Communication, 270
Arthur C. Clarke’s Magical Prophecy, 271
Basic Network Anatomy, 273
Networks Near and Far, 273
The Importance of Bandwidth, 276
Specialized Networks: From GPS to Financial Systems, 277
Making Connections: From Wired to Wireless, 277
Direct Connections, 278
Communication à la Modem, 278
Broadband Connections, 279
Wireless Network Technology, 280
Communication Software, 284
The Network Advantage, 286
How It Works 8.1: A Home Computer Network, 288
Interpersonal Computing: From Communication to Communities, 290
The Many Faces of Email, 290
Email Issues, 292
Mailing Lists, 293
Newsgroups, Web Forums, and Blogs, 294
Instant Messaging, Text Messaging, and Teleconferencing: Real-Time Communication, 295
Computer Telephony, 297
Working Wisdom: Online Survival Tips, 298
Social Networking, Role Playing, and Virtual Communities, 299
Information Sharing: Social Bookmarking, Wikis, Media Sharing, and Crowdsourcing, 300
Sharing Resources: Peer-to-Peer, Grid, and Cloud Computing, 303
Working Wisdom: Netiquette and Messaging Etiquette, 304
Digital Communication in Perspective, 307
Inventing the Future: A World without Wires, 308
Crosscurrents: Our Imaginary, Hotter Selves by Sharon Begley, 309
Summary, 310
Key Terms, 311
Interactive Activities, 311
True or False, 311
Multiple Choice, 312
Review Questions, 313
Discussion Questions, 314
Projects, 314
Sources and Resources, 315
Chapter 9. The Evolving Internet, 316
Arpanet Pioneers Build a Reliable Network Out of Unreliable Parts, 317
Inside the Internet, 320
Counting Connections, 321
Internet Protocols, 321
How It Works 9.1: Internet Communication, 322
Internet Addresses, 323
Internet Access Options, 324
Internet Servers, 324
Inside the Web, 327
Web Protocols: HTTP and HTML, 328
Publishing on the Web, 328
How It Works 9.2: The World Wide Web, 330
From Hypertext to Multimedia, 331
Screen Test: Building a Web Site, 332
Dynamic Web Sites: Beyond HTML, 336
Working Wisdom: Weaving Winning Web Sites, 337
Search Engines, 338
Portals, 339
Push Technology and RSS, 339
How It Works 9.3: Setting up a Web Domain, 340
Web 2.0 and You, 342
Internet Issues: Ethical and Political Dilemmas, 343
How It Works 9.4: Creating a Podcast, 344
Internet Addiction, 345
Freedom’s Abuses, 345
Access and Censorship, 346
The Digital Divide, 348
Net Neutrality, 348
From Cyberspace to Infosphere, 349
Inventing the Future: The Invisible Information Infrastructure, 351
Crosscurrents: Here’s Looking At You, Kids by Jennie Yabroff, 352
Summary, 353
Key Terms, 353
Interactive Activities, 354
True or False, 354
Multiple Choice, 354
Review Questions, 355
Discussion Questions, 356
Projects, 356
Sources and Resources, 356
Chapter 10. Computer Security and Risks, 358
Gilberto Gil and the Open Source Society, 359
Online Outlaws: Computer Crime, 360
The Digital Dossier, 361
Theft by Computer: From Property Theft to Identity Theft, 362
Working Wisdom: Protecting Yourself from Identity Theft, 363
Software Sabotage: Viruses and Other Malware, 364
Hacking and Electronic Trespassing, 368
Computer Security: Reducing Risks, 369
Physical Access Restrictions, 370
Passwords and Access Privileges, 371
Firewalls, Encryption, and Audits, 371
How It Works 10.1: Firewalls, 372
How It Works 10.2: Cryptography, 374
Backups and Other Precautions, 376
Human Security Controls, 376
Security, Privacy, Freedom, and Ethics: The Delicate Balance, 377
When Security Threatens Privacy, 377
Working Wisdom: Safe Computing, 378
Justice on the Electronic Frontier, 380
Security and Reliability, 382
Bugs and Breakdowns, 382
Computers at War, 384
Is Security Possible?, 386
Human Questions for a Computer Age, 386
Will Computers Be Democratic?, 386
Will the Global Village Be a Community?, 387
Will We Become Information Slaves?, 387
Standing on the Shoulders of Giants, 387
Inventing the Future: The Future of Internet Security, 389
Crosscurrents: When Cyber Terrorism Becomes State Censorship by Andy Greenberg, 390
Summary, 391
Key Terms, 391
Interactive Activities, 391
True or False, 392
Multiple Choice, 392
Review Questions, 393
Discussion Questions, 394
Projects, 394
Sources and Resources, 394
Chapter 11. Computers at Work, School, and Home, 396
Alan Kay Invents the Future, 397
Where Computers Work, 398
The Automated Factory, 400
The Automated Office, 401
The Electronic Cottage, 404
Working Wisdom: Considering Information Technology Careers, 405
Technology and Job Quality, 406
De-Skilling and Up-Skilling, 406
Monitoring and Surveillance, 407
Electronic Sweatshops, 407
Automation, Globalization, and Outsourcing, 408
Workers Against Machines, 408
World Wide Workers, 409
Will We Need a New Economy?, 410
Education in the Information Age, 411
The Roots of Our Educational System, 411
Information Age Education, 412
High-Tech Schools, 413
Computer-Aided Instruction, 413
Programming Tools, 415
Simulations and Games, 415
Screen Test: Programming by Demonstration, 416
Productivity Tools, 417
Digital Media, 417
Supporting Special Needs, 418
Distance Education: Virtual Schools, 419
Technology at School: Midterm Grades, 420
High Marks, 420
Room for Improvement, 421
The Classroom of Tomorrow, 422
The High-Tech Home, 423
Household Business, 423
Education and Information, 424
Home Entertainment Redefined, 425
Creativity and Leisure, 427
Inventing the Future: Tomorrow’s Technology for Today’s Children, 428
Crosscurrents: The Game of Life by Rex Sorgatz, 429
Summary, 430
Key Terms, 430
Interactive Activities, 431
True or False, 431
Multiple Choice, 431
Review Questions, 433
Discussion Questions, 433
Projects, 433
Sources and Resources, 434
Chapter 12. Information Systems in Business, 436
Andy Grove, the Paranoid Chip Merchant, 437
Systems and Organizations, 439
Anatomy of a System, 439
Business Organizations as Systems, 441
The Value Chain Model, 441
Information Systems, 444
Information Systems for Business Transactions, 445
How It Works 12.1: The Information Flow through a Transaction Processing System, 446
Enterprise Resource Planning, 448
Supply Chain Management and Outsourcing, 448
Information Technology and Management, 451
Information Technology and Decision Making, 452
How It Works 12.2: Information Flow in a Management Information System, 454
How It Works 12.3: Using DSS for Analysis, 458
Information Systems in Perspective, 459
Planning for Information Systems, 460
Strategic Planning, 460
Describing the Information Technology Infrastructure, 461
Allocating Resources, 461
Project Planning, 462
Social Responsibility in the Information Age, 463
Inventing the Future: The Virtualization of IT, 464
Crosscurrents: Information Technology: Prescription for Change by Amar Gupta, 465
Summary, 466
Key Terms, 466
Interactive Activities, 467
True or False, 467
Multiple Choice, 467
Review Questions, 469
Discussion Questions, 469
Projects, 470
Sources and Resources, 470
Chapter 13. E-Commerce and E-Business The Evolving Internet Economy, 472
Jeff Bezos Takes Amazon into the Cloud, 473
Business on Internet Time, 475
E-Business 1.0: Intranets, Extranets, and E-Sales, 476
B2E: Intranets for Internal Communication, 477
B2B: Extranets for Commerce and Communication, 479
How It Works 13.1: Package Routing and Tracking, 480
B2C: Online Retail Sales and Service, 483
How It Works 13.2: Online Shopping, 484
How It Works 13.3: Using PayPal for Electronic Payments, 487
C2C: Making Consumer Connections, 488
E-Business 2.0: Reinventing Web Commerce, 490
Disaggregation: Commerce in the Cloud, 490
Enhancing the Interactive Experience, 490
Mobile Commerce, 490
Working Wisdom: Selling Stuff Online, 491
The Long Tail, 493
Web Marketing 2.0, 494
The “Free” Market, 495
Ethical Issues of E-Commerce, 496
Inventing the Future: Tomorrow’s Shopping Experience, 500
Crosscurrents: You’ve Got Mail by Tim Harford, 501
Summary, 502
Key Terms, 502
Interactive Activities, 503
True or False, 503
Multiple Choice, 503
Review Questions, 505
Discussion Questions, 505
Projects, 506
Sources and Resources, 507
Chapter 14. Systems Design and Development, 508
Grace Murray Hopper Sails on Software, 509
How People Make Programs, 511
From Idea to Algorithm, 512
From Algorithm to Program, 514
Programming Languages and Methodologies, 515
Machine Language and Assembly Language, 515
Screen Test: Programming in C++, 516
High-Level Languages, 517
Structured Programming, 519
How It Works 14.1: The Evolution of Basic, 520
Object-Oriented Programming, 521
Screen Test: Object-Oriented Programming in Java, 522
Visual Programming, 523
Languages for Users, 523
Component Software, 524
Agile Development and Extreme Programming, 524
Programming for the Web, 525
Programs in Perspective: Systems Analysis and the Systems Life Cycle, 526
Systems Development, 527
The Systems Development Life Cycle, 528
Systems Development Tools and Techniques, 531
How It Works 14.2: The Systems Development Life Cycle, 532
The Science of Computing, 536
Working Wisdom: Avoiding Information Technology Project Failures, 537
The State of Software, 539
Software Problems, 539
Software Solutions, 540
Software Warranties, 541
Inventing the Future: The Future of Programming, 542
Crosscurrents: Cyber Incident Blamed for Nuclear Power Plant Shutdown by Bryan Krebs, 543
Summary, 544
Key Terms, 545
Interactive Activities, 545
True or False, 545
Multiple Choice, 546
Review Questions, 547
Discussion Questions, 548
Projects, 548
Sources and Resources, 549
Chapter 15. Is Artificial Intelligence Real?, 550
Alan Turing, Military Intelligence, and Intelligent Machines, 551
Thinking about Thinking Machines, 552
Can Machines Think?, 553
What Is Artificial Intelligence?, 554
Opening Games, 555
Natural-Language Communication, 556
Machine Translation Traps, 556
Conversation without Communication, 557
Nonsense and Common Sense, 558
Knowledge Bases and Expert Systems, 561
Knowledge Bases, 561
Artificial Experts, 561
Expert Systems in Action, 562
Expert Systems in Perspective, 564
Pattern Recognition: Making Sense of the World, 564
Image Analysis, 565
Optical Character Recognition, 565
Automatic Speech Recognition, 566
Talking Computers, 567
Neural Networks, 568
The Robot Revolution, 570
What Is a Robot?, 570
Steel-Collar Workers, 572
AI Implications and Ethical Questions, 572
Inventing the Future: Microtechnology, Nanotechnology, and Artificial Life, 574
Crosscurrents: The Singular Question of Human vs. Machine Has a Spiritual Side by Lee Gomes, 575
Summary, 576
Key Terms, 577
Interactive Activities, 577
True or False, 577
Multiple Choice, 578
Review Questions, 579
Discussion Questions, 580
Projects, 580
Sources and Resources, 581
Appendix A. Basics, 583
Appendix B. ACM, 607
Glossary, 615
Photo Credits, 635
Index, 639

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