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Copyright, ii
List of Maps, xi
Special Features, xiii
Foreword, xv
Preface, xvii
Changes to the Second Edition, xxi
About the Authors, xxiii
Part 1. Africa up to 1500 C.E., 1
Chapter 1. Africa and Human Origins, 4
Early Perspectives on Human Origins and the Notion of Race, 4
Africa and Human Origins in Global Perspective, 13
Chapter 2. Physical Context of African History: Geography and Environment, 15
Physical Features of the Continent, 15
Challenges of the African Environment, 19
Humans and the Environment: Foraging for Food, 24
Regional Foraging Strategies, 30
The African Environment and the First Modern Humans in Global Perspective, 35
Chapter 3. Settled Life: Food Production, Technology, and Migrations, 37
The Origins of Food Production, 37
Animal Domestication, 43
The Social, Political, and Economic Impact of Food Production, 46
The Bantu Expansion, 48
Metallurgy and the Banana, 52
Political and Religious Culture in Early African History, 57
Early African Migrations, Technology, and Culture in Global Perspective, 60
Chapter 4. North and Northeast Africa in Early World History, 63
Egypt in Early World History, 63
Ancient Egypt and Greece, 72
Carthage and Rome in Early Northern Africa, 74
Ancient Nubia and the Horn of Africa in the Ancient World, 75
Ancient Africa United: The Afrocentric Argument, 78
Ancient North and Northeastern Africa in Global Perspective, 79
Chapter 5. Africa and the Early Christian World, 82
The Spread of Christianity in Africa, 82
African Contributions to Early Christian Thought, 89
The Decline of African Christianity, 93
Early African Christianity in Global Perspective, 93
Chapter 6. North and West Africa and the Spread of Islam, 95
The Origins of Islam, 95
Islam in North Africa, 96
Empires, Trade, and Islam in the West African Savannah, 103
The Rise of Mali, 106
The Rise of Songhai, 109
Islam in Kanem-Bornu and Hausaland, 112
African Traditional Religions and Conversion, 113
The Africanization of Islam, 114
Islam in North and West Africa in Global Perspective, 115
Chapter 7. East Africa and the Advent of Islam, 117
The Monsoons, 117
Swahili Origins, 118
Islam and the Emergence of the Swahili as a Distinctive Group, 120
Life in the Early Swahili Towns: 750–1000, 122
The High Point of Swahili Civilization: 1000–1500, 123
Urban Transformation, 124
Economic Transformation, 127
Kilwa: A Case Study, 129
The Swahili Coast in Global Perspective, 133
Part 2. Africa Since 1500 C.E., 137
Chapter 8. Slavery and the Creation of the Atlantic World, 141
The Institution of Slavery before the Rise of the Atlantic Trade, 141
Slavery in the Mediterranean and Europe, 141
Slavery in Africa, 143
The Institution of Slavery, 144
The Birth of the Plantation Complex, 145
New Sea Routes, 147
The Plantation System in the New World, 150
Race and Slavery in the New World, 151
The Nature of the Slave Trade, 156
Shipboard Conditions, 160
The Human Toll, 161
Justifications for the Slave Trade, 162
Counting the Cost, 163
African Culture in Diaspora, 164
African Religion in the New World, 165
Independent African Communities in the New World, 166
Diasporic Africans Back in Africa—Routes of Return, 167
The Atlantic System and Economic Change, 168
The Atlantic System and the Industrial Revolution, 168
The Atlantic System and African Poverty, 169
Abolition of the Slave Trade, 170
The End of the Atlantic World, 172
The Atlantic Slave Trade in Global Perspective, 173
Chapter 9. West and West-Central Africa: 1500–1880, 175
The Setting: West and West-Central Africa Prior to European Contact, 175
First Impressions, 178
Early Relations—Religion, Trade, and Politics, 179
Africa Transformed? Africa and the Atlantic Slave Trade, 183
Regional Developments in the Era of the Slave Trade, 190
The End of the Slave Trade and the Rise of Legitimate Trade, 197
West and West-Central Africa 1500–1880, in Global Perspective, 199
Chapter 10. North Africa and the Soudan: 1500–1880, 201
The Ottomans in Egypt, 202
The Ottomans in the Maghreb, 205
Ottoman Culture in North Africa, 206
The Rise of Morocco, 207
Invasion and Reform in Egypt, 209
French Invasion in Algeria, 213
Religious Change in the Soudan to the 1880s, 214
North Africa and the Soudan, 1500–1880, in Global Perspective, 220
Chapter 11. East Africa, 1500–1850, 223
The Arrival of the Portuguese, 224
The Omani Empire in East Africa, 230
The Busaids, 231
Britain and the Suppression of the Indian Ocean Slave Trade, 233
Links to the Interior, 235
Portuguese and Omani Dominance in Global Perspective, 242
Chapter 12. Southern Africa, 1500–1870, 244
Terrain, Climate, and Settlement, 244
Shaka and the Rise of the Zulu State, 251
Mzilikazi and the “Ndebele”, 255
Moshoeshoe, 256
The “Voortrekkers”, 257
The British Expansion and the Formation of the Boer Republics, 260
South Africa in Global Perspective, 1500–1870, 263
Chapter 13. Colonialism and African Resistance, 265
Europe’s Industrial Transformation and Africa, 267
Quinine and Colonialism, 268
Weapons and Colonialism, 269
The Great Transformation, 272
The Limits of Resistance, 273
The Colonization of a Continent, 274
The Expansion of the Gold Coast Colony, 274
Creating the Belgian Congo, 277
Ethiopia: Where European Imperialism Failed, 282
African Colonization in Global Perspective, 284
Chapter 14. Economic Change in Modern Africa: Forced Integration into the World System, 287
The Cash Crop Revolution, 288
Colonial Transportation Networks, 290
Cocoa Farming in Ghana, 294
Cotton and Groundnuts in Nigeria, 297
Africans as Wage Laborers, 298
Slavery and Labor in Zanzibar, 300
Settlers in the Kenya Highlands, 302
The Cities of Africa, 306
Women and Work in Colonial Africa, 307
The Movement to Independence and Modernization, 309
African Economic History in Global Perspective, 314
Chapter 15. Political Change in the Time of Colonialism, 316
Varieties of Colonial Administration, 317
World War I and Colonial Rule, 334
Colonialism and African “Elites”, 335
World War II and the Twilight of Colonial Rule, 338
Colonial Rule in Africa in Global Perspective, 341
Chapter 16. African Culture in the Modern World, 342
Africa and Anthropology, 342
Christianity and Colonialism, 344
Independent Churches, 347
Islam as a Globalizing Force, 349
Migrants and Mobility, 351
Soccer on the Global Stage, 355
Movies and Music, 358
Modern African Culture in Global Perspective, 361
Chapter 17. Politics in the Era of Decolonization and Independence, 363
The Era of Decolonization, 364
The Rise of African Nationalist Movements, 365
Decolonization in the Settler States and Portuguese Africa, 370
After Colonialism: Independence…or into Dependence?, 380
Pan-Africanism, 382
The Challenges of Independence, 384
The Congo Crisis, 384
Political Change in Independent Africa: Innovation or Regression?, 387
Independent African States in Global Perspective, 391
Chapter 18. Contemporary Africa, 394
The End of the Cold War and Political Change in Africa, 395
The End of Apartheid, 396
Conflict and Collapsed States in the Post–Cold War Era, 398
Africa and the War on Terror, 405
The Rwandan Genocide and the “African World War”, 406
Genocide in Sudan?, 409
Globalization and Development in Contemporary Africa, 411
The HIV Pandemic and Africa, 413
African Solutions, 416
Contemporary Africa in Global Perspective—Looking Back, Looking Ahead, 417
Glossary, 421
Selected Bibliography, 433
Credits, 437
Index, 439
Map of Contemporary Africa, 456
Photo Essay I: Imagining Africa, EP-1

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