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Copyright, ii
Preface, iii
Part One. Imaging Diversity, 1-a
Chapter 1. Multiple Identities Defined, 1-a
Multicultural Counseling and Psychology Defined, 4
Diversity: An Overview, 5
A, B, and C Dimensions, 7
Conceptualization of the Self, 8
Images of Diversity, 9
Culture, 9
Race, 10
Ethnicity, 11
Gender, 13
Sexuality, 14
Disability, 14
Socioeconomic Class, 16
Spirituality, 17
Implications for Counselors and Psychologists, 18
Case Study: Not My First Choice, 18
Summary, 20
Chapter 2. Multicultural Competencies and Guidelines, 22
Multicultural Competencies, 24
Competency One: Counselor Awareness of Own Cultural Values and Biases, 24
Competency Two: Counselor Awareness of Client’s Worldview, 26
Competency Three: Culturally Appropriate Intervention Strategies, 27
Guidelines, 30
Diversity Training, 31
Assessment and Research, 33
Implications for Counselors and Psychologists, 34
Case Study: Client Identities, 35
Summary, 37
Chapter 3. Statused Identities, 38
Identities as Status: The Contextual and Social Construction of Differences Model, 40
Assumptions of Hierarchical Socialization Patterns, 42
Racism, 42
Patriarchy, 47
Sexism, 48
Homophobia, 49
Able-Body-ism, 50
Class Elitism, 51
Ageism, 52
Implications for Counselors and Psychologists, 53
Case Study: The Difference Race Makes, 54
Summary, 57
Part Two. Valued Cultures, 58
Chapter 4. Native Americans and Alaskan Natives, 58
History, 60
Demography, 62
Social, Psychological, and Physical Health Issues, 63
Cultural Philosophies and Values, 66
Acculturation, 69
Case Study: A Wounded Mind, 70
Implications for Counselors and Psychologists, 71
Summary, 73
Chapter 5. Latinos, 74
The Spanish, Portuguese, Indians, Asians, and Africans, 76
Geography, 76
Migratory Patterns from Mexico, 77
Demography, 78
Social, Psychological, and Physical Health Issues, 79
Migration and Acculturation, 82
Cultural Orientation and Values, 83
Case Study: War, 86
Implications for Counselors and Psychologists, 88
Summary, 89
Chapter 6. People of African Descent, 90
History, 500–1500 A.D., 92
The Slave Trade, 92
Resistance to Slavery, 94
Demographic Trends, 95
Social, Psychological, and Physiological Health Issues, 96
Physical Appearance, 98
Cultural Orientation and Values, 99
Implications for Counselors and Psychologists, 103
Case Study: Anxiety Attacks, 103
Summary, 105
Chapter 7. People of Asian Descent, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders, 106
Migratory Patterns, 108
Demography, 110
Social, Psychological, and Physical Health Issues, 112
Acculturation and Experiences in America, 116
Cultural Orientation and Values, 118
Implications for Counselors and Psychologists, 120
Case Study: Dual Diagnosis, 121
Summary, 123
Chapter 8. People of the Middle East and Arab Americans, 124
The Africans, Asians, Europeans, and Arabs, 126
Muslims and Arabs: Differences and Similarities, 127
Migratory Patterns from the Middle East, 129
Demography, 129
Social, Psychological, and Physical Health Issues, 130
Cultural Orientation and Values, 132
Implications for Counselors and Psychologists, 134
Case Study: A Nonreturning Client, 134
Summary, 137
Part Three. Converging Identities, 138
Chapter 9. Converging Race, 138
The Social Construction of Race, 140
Race and Science, 143
Origins of Racial Groups, 145
Racial and Ethnic Identity Development, 146
Ethnic Identity, 147
Biracial Identity Development, 148
Native American Identity, 149
Asian American Identity Development, 150
African American Racial Identity, 152
Latino Identity Development, 154
White Racial Identity Development, 156
Optimal Theory Applied to Identity Development, 159
Implications for Counselors and Psychologists, 160
Case Study: Teaching Privilege to the Privileged, 162
Summary, 163
Chapter 10. Converging Biracial and Multicultural Identities, 164
Definitions, 166
Demography, 167
The One-Drop Rule, 170
The Fluidity of Race, 172
Biracial and Multiracial Identity Development, 173
Research and Biracial and Multiracial Populations, 176
Case Study: Color-Blind, 177
Implications for Counselors and Psychologists, 180
Summary, 181
Chapter 11. Converging Gender, 182
Gender Definitions, 184
Gender and Biology, 185
The Social Construction of Gender, 186
Undoing Gender, 189
Sex and Gender Roles, 191
Gender and Emotion, 192
Gender and the Body, 194
Gender and Experiences in Therapy, 199
Gender Identity Models, 201
The Womanist Model, 201
White Male Identity Development Model, 202
Implications for Counselors and Psychologists, 202
Case Study: Building Rapport, 204
Summary, 207
Chapter 12. Converging Socioeconomic Class, 208
The Invisibility of Class as a Variable in Counseling, 210
The Intersections of Class, 211
Class: An Identity Construct, 212
Middle-Class Bias and Counselor Training, 214
The Fluidity of Class, 217
Middle-Class Bias and Ethical Standards, 217
Classism, 220
Implications for Counselors and Psychologists, 222
Case Study: Class Divide, 223
Summary, 225
Chapter 13. Converging Sexuality, 226
Definitions and Terminology, 228
Narrative Questions, 233
The Importance of a Focus on Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Issues in Counseling, 233
Developmental Processes, 235
Cass’s Model of Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Identity Formation, 236
Troiden’s Homosexual Identity Development Model, 241
Sullivan’s Model of Sexual Identity Development, 241
Counseling Gays, Lesbians, and Bisexuals of Color, 242
Implications for Counselors and Psychologists, 244
Case Study: Assigning Gender, 245
Summary, 247
Chapter 14. Converging Disability, 248
Understanding Disability, 250
Disability Studies, 251
The Social Construction of Disability, 252
Perfection, Beauty, and the Able Body, 255
Implications for Counselors and Psychologists, 256
Case Study: Rethinking Manhood, 257
Summary, 259
Part Four. Reimaging Counseling, 260
Chapter 15. Diversity in Relationships, 260
Case Study: Two White Mothers, One Black Male Child, 262
Demographic Overview of Living and Family Arrangements, 262
The Economy and Relationships, 264
Gender and Relationships, 264
Counseling Theories for Family Practice, 267
Structural Family Therapy, 267
Subsystems, 268
Boundaries, 269
Goals, 270
Multicultural Theoretical Perspectives in Family Therapy, 271
Native American Indians, 272
Latinos, 273
Blacks and African Americans, 274
Asian Americans, 275
Arabs, 276
Diverse Healing Strategies, 276
Effective Lay-Led Healing, 277
Other Approaches, 279
Creative Arts, 279
Wellness, 279
Implications for Counselors and Psychologists, 280
Summary, 280
Chapter 16. Advocacy and Social Justice, 282
Social Justice and Empowerment, 284
Power and Powerlessness, 286
Social Justice and the Therapeutic Process, 287
Feminist Therapy and Social Justice, 289
Patient Navigation: Social Justice Example, 291
Implications for Counselors and Psychologists, 292
Case Study: Homeless Mother, 293
Summary, 294
Chapter 17. Converging Spirituality, 296
Case Study: Crises of Faith, 298
Spirituality and Religion Defined, 299
Clinical Skills in Integrating Spirituality and Psychotherapy, 300
Spirituality, Therapy, and Cultural Considerations, 302
Implications for Counselors and Psychologists, 304
Summary, 305
Epilogue, 307
References, 309
Name Index, 335
Subject Index, 341

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