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Copyright, iv
Preface, v
About the Authors, xiii
Special Features, xxi
ASSURE Learning in Action Video Clips, xxiii
Chapter 1. Technology and Media: Facilitating Learning, 2
Introduction, 3
Introduction to This Chapter, 4
Technology, 4
Media, 6
Media Formats, 7
Instructional Materials, 8
The Concrete–Abstract Continuum, 8
Learning, 9
Types of Learning, 10
Psychological Perspectives on Learning, 10
Roles of Technology and Media in Learning, 11
Teacher Use of Technology and Media, 12
Student Use of Technology and Media, 13
Learning Settings, 16
Synchronous, 16
Asynchronous, 17
Information and Instruction, 17
Principles of Effective Instruction, 18
Strategies, 18
Summary, 19
Chapter 2. Instructional Strategies: Integrating Technology and Media, 22
Introduction, 23
Strategies in the Classroom, 24
Presentation, 24
Advantages, 25
Limitations, 25
Integration, 25
Demonstration, 25
Advantages, 25
Limitations, 26
Integration, 26
Drill-and-Practice, 26
Advantages, 26
Limitations, 27
Integration, 27
Tutorial, 27
Advantages, 27
Limitations, 27
Integration, 28
Discussion, 28
Advantages, 29
Limitations, 29
Integration, 29
Cooperative Learning, 29
Advantages, 30
Limitations, 30
Integration, 30
Games, 30
Advantages, 31
Limitations, 32
Integration, 32
Simulation, 34
Advantages, 34
Limitations, 35
Integration, 35
Discovery, 35
Advantages, 35
Limitations, 36
Integration, 36
Problem Solving, 36
Advantages, 37
Limitations, 37
Integration, 37
Teacher-Centered Strategies, 39
Student-Centered Strategies, 39
Creating Learning Experiences, 39
Behaviorist Perspective, 39
Cognitivist Perspective, 41
Constructivist Perspective, 41
Social-Psychological Perspective, 42
Learning Contexts and Settings, 43
Face-to-Face Classroom Instruction, 43
Distance Learning, 44
Blended, 44
Independent Study—Structured, 45
Informal Study—Nonstructured, 45
Summary, 45
Chapter 3. Visual Principles: Designing Effective Materials, 50
Introduction, 51
Visual Literacy, 52
Decoding: Interpreting Visuals, 53
Encoding: Creating Visuals, 55
Roles of Visuals in Instruction, 55
Provide a Concrete Referent for Ideas, 56
Make Abstract Ideas Concrete, 56
Motivate Learners, 56
Direct Attention, 57
Repeat Information, 57
Recall Prior Learning, 57
Reduce Learning Effort, 57
Types of Visuals, 58
Realistic, 58
Analogical, 59
Organizational, 59
Relational, 59
Transformational, 59
Interpretive, 60
Visual Design Guidelines, 60
Visual Elements, 60
Text Elements, 69
Creating Images, 70
Planning Tools, 70
Lettering Techniques, 71
Drawing, Sketching, and Cartooning, 72
Clip Art, 72
Designing Visuals with Computers, 74
Creating Presentation Graphics, 74
Creating Overhead Transparencies, 75
Capturing Images, 76
Photography, 76
Scanners, 77
Summary, 77
Chapter 4. The Assure Model: Creating the Learning Experience, 84
Introduction, 85
The Assure Model, 87
Analyze Learners, 87
General Characteristics, 87
Specific Entry Competencies, 88
Learning Styles, 88
State Standards and Objectives, 91
Importance of Standards and Objectives, 92
The ABCDs of Well-Stated Learning Objectives, 93
ABCD Objectives Checklist, 94
Learning Objectives and Individual Differences, 94
Select Strategies, Technology, Media, and Materials, 96
Selecting Strategies, 96
Selecting Technology and Media, 96
Selecting, Modifying, or Designing Materials, 97
Utilize Technology, Media, and Materials, 101
Preview the Technology, Media, and Materials, 102
Prepare the Technology, Media, and Materials, 102
Prepare the Environment, 102
Prepare the Learners, 102
Provide the Learning Experience, 103
Require Learner Participation, 103
Practice, 106
Feedback, 108
Evaluate and Revise, 108
Assessing Learner Achievement, 108
Evaluating and Revising Strategies, Technology, and Media, 113
Summary, 115
Chapter 5. Computers and Multimedia: Accessing Digital Worlds, 124
Introduction, 125
Computers and Multimedia in the Classroom, 126
Information Tools, 128
Graphics Tools, 132
Creativity Tools, 133
Advantages, 134
Limitations, 135
Integration, 135
Integrating Software and Multimedia into the Classroom, 138
Software Selection, 139
Selection Criteria, 139
Computer Hardware, 140
Basic Components, 140
Computer Facilities, 144
The One-Computer Classroom, 144
The Multiple-Computer Classroom, 145
The Computer Laboratory, 147
Summary, 147
Chapter 6. Distance Education: Connecting Learners Beyond the Classroom, 156
Introduction, 157
Distance Education, 158
Distance Education Functions, 158
Teaching at a Distance, 159
Distance Education Roles, 160
Audio in Distance Education, 163
Advantages, 164
Limitations, 164
Integration, 164
Television in Distance Education, 164
Television Distribution Systems, 165
Instructional Television Options, 167
Broadcast, 167
Integration, 169
Interactive Television, 169
Integration, 170
Advantages, 170
Limitations, 170
Summary, 172
Chapter 7. Online Learning: Learning Through the Internet and Computer Networks, 180
Introduction, 181
Online Learning, 183
Advantages, 183
Limitations, 183
Integration, 184
Networks, 187
Local Area Network (LAN), 189
Wide Area Network (WAN), 189
Wireless Network, 190
The Internet, 190
The World Wide Web, 193
Intranets, 194
Advantages, 194
Limitations, 195
Integration, 195
Issues, 197
Security, 197
Monitoring Student Use, 197
Acceptable Use Policies, 197
Etiquette, 197
Summary, 198
Chapter 8. Instructional Materials and Displays: Using Media to Engage Learners, 208
Introduction, 209
Learning Centers, 210
Advantages, 210
Limitations, 211
Integration, 211
Instructional Modules, 214
Components of Modules, 214
Designing Modules, 214
Integrated Learning Systems, 214
Advantages, 215
Limitations, 215
Integration, 215
Manipulatives, 216
Real Objects, 216
Models, 217
Mock-Ups, 217
Computer Software and Manipulatives, 218
Multimedia Kits, 218
Advantages, 220
Limitations, 220
Integration, 221
Printed Materials, 221
Advantages, 222
Limitations, 222
Integration, 223
Display Surfaces, 224
Chalkboards and Whiteboards, 225
Electronic Whiteboards, 226
Bulletin Boards, 227
Cloth Boards, 228
Magnetic Boards, 229
Flip Charts, 230
Exhibits, 232
Field Trips, 232
Displays, 233
Dioramas, 235
Summary, 237
Chapter 9. Visuals: Enhancing Learning with Visuals, 248
Introduction, 249
Visuals in the Classroom, 250
Nonprojected Visuals, 250
Types of Nonprojected Visuals, 250
Advantages, 255
Limitations, 256
Integration, 256
Projected Visuals, 258
Presentation Software, 258
Advantages, 259
Limitations, 259
Integration, 259
Digital Images, 260
Advantages, 261
Limitations, 261
Integration, 261
Document Camera Projection, 262
Advantages, 263
Limitations, 263
Integration, 263
Overhead Projection, 264
Advantages, 265
Limitations, 266
Integration, 266
Summary, 268
Chapter 10. Audio: Listening and Learning, 280
Introduction, 281
Audio in the Classroom, 282
Digital Audio Formats, 283
Storing Digital Audio, 284
Accessing Digital Audio, 285
Creating Digital Audio, 287
Analog Audio Formats, 287
Storing Analog Audio, 287
Accessing Analog Audio, 288
Advantages, 289
Limitations, 290
Integration, 290
Using Digital Audio Files in Multimedia, 291
Hearing and Listening, 293
Developing Listening Skills, 294
Summary, 297
Chapter 11. Video: Enhancing Learning with Moving Images, 308
Introduction, 309
Video in the Classroom, 310
Cognitive Domain, 310
Affective Domain, 310
Motor Skill Domain, 311
Interpersonal Skills Domain, 311
Virtual Field Trips, 311
Documentary, 311
Dramatization, 312
Video Storytelling, 312
Special Attributes, 312
Manipulation of Time, 312
Manipulation of Space, 312
Animation, 312
Understanding Video Conventions, 313
Digital Video Formats, 313
DVD, 314
Computer-Based Video, 314
Internet Video, 314
Compressed Video, 314
Streaming Video, 314
Analog Video Formats, 315
Videocassette, 315
Advantages, 315
Limitations, 316
Integration, 317
Selecting Videos, 317
Evaluating Video, 317
Sponsored Videos, 318
Producing Video, 320
Recording, 321
Editing, 321
Summary, 322
Chapter 12. Trends in Technology and Media: Looking Ahead, 332
Introduction, 333
The Classroom Continuum: Traditional to Digital, 334
The Digital Teacher, 334
The Digital Student, 335
The Changing Role of Media Centers, 336
The Choice of Distance Education, 337
Technology for Inclusion, 338
Technology Connects Schools and Homes, 339
The Global Classroom, 340
Status of the Technology Gap, 340
Innovations on the Horizon, 340
Mobile Computing, 340
Innovative Software, 342
Electronic Books, 344
Schools of the Future, 344
Tomorrow’s P–12 Technology, 344
Tomorrow’s Classroom Structures, 345
Tomorrow’s Teacher Roles, 346
Your Future in the Field, 347
Professional Organizations in Educational Technology, 348
Professional Journals in Educational Technology, 350
Summary, 351
Appendix A. Classroom Scenarios, 355
Appendix B. Equipment Safety and Setups, 356
Introduction, 356
Equipment Safety, 356
Equipment Selection and Identification, 358
Care and Handling of Equipment, 358
Media Carts, 358
Digital Projectors, 358
Overhead Projectors, 358
Projector Setups, 359
Screen Alignment, 359
Projector Distance, 359
Lamps, 359
Screens, 359
Video Setups, 360
Audio Setups, 362
Speaker Placement, 362
Microphone Handling and Placement, 362
Listening Centers, 363
Glossary, 368
Name Index, 376
Subject Index, 378

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