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Copyright, ii
Preface and Acknowledgments, xi
1. Introducing Sheltered Instruction, 2
Objectives, 2
Demographic Changes, 6
English Learner Diversity, 7
School Reform and Accountability in the Twenty-First Century, 8
Academic Literacy, 10
Changes in Instructional Practice for English Learners, 12
The Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol, 15
The SIOP^® Model, 16
Implementing the SIOP^® Model: Getting Started, 18
Summary, 20
Discussion Questions, 20
2. Lesson Preparation, 22
Objectives, 22
Background, 23
SIOP^® Feature 1: Content Objectives Clearly Defined, Displayed, and Reviewed with Students, 24
SIOP^® Feature 2: Language Objectives Clearly Defined, Displayed, and Reviewed with Students, 25
Writing Content and Language Objectives, 27
SIOP^® Feature 3: Content Concepts Appropriate for Age and Educational Background, 31
SIOP^® Feature 4: Supplementary Materials Used to a High Degree, 33
SIOP^® Feature 5: Adaptation of Content to All Levels of Student Proficiency, 34
SIOP^® Feature 6: Meaningful Activities That Integrate Lesson Concepts with Language Practice Opportunities, 38
Using the SIOP^® Protocol, 39
The Lesson, 39
Unit: The Gold Rush (Fourth Grade), 39
Teaching Scenarios, 40
Discussion of Lessons, 46
Summary, 50
Discussion Questions, 50
3. Building Background, 52
Objectives, 52
Background, 53
SIOP^® Feature 7: Concepts Explicitly Linked to Students’ Background Experiences, 54
Instructional Implications, 56
SIOP^® Feature 8: Links Explicitly Made between Past Learning and New Concepts, 58
SIOP^® Feature 9: Key Vocabulary Emphasized (e.g., introduced, written, repeated, and highlighted for students to see), 58
Academic Language, 58
Academic Word List, 61
Vocabulary Instruction, 63
The Lesson, 68
Unit: Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH (Sixth Grade), 68
Teaching Scenarios, 69
Discussion of Lessons, 74
Summary, 76
Discussion Questions, 76
4. Comprehensible Input, 78
Objectives, 78
Background, 79
SIOP^® Feature 10: Speech Appropriate for Students’ Proficiency Levels, 80
SIOP^® Feature 11: Clear Explanation of Academic Tasks, 81
SIOP^® Feature 12: A Variety of Techniques Used to Make Content Concepts Clear, 82
Unit: Buoyancy (Ninth Grade), 84
Teaching Scenarios, 85
Discussion of Lessons, 89
Summary, 92
Discussion Questions, 93
5. Strategies, 94
Objectives, 94
Background, 95
SIOP^® Feature 13: Ample Opportunities Provided for Students to Use Learning Strategies, 96
SIOP^® Feature 14: Scaffolding Techniques Consistently Used, Assisting and Supporting Student Understanding, 100
SIOP^® Feature 15: A Variety of Questions or Tasks That Promote Higher-Order Thinking Skills, 102
The Lesson, 104
Unit: The Rain Forest (Seventh Grade), 104
Teaching Scenarios, 104
Discussion of Lessons, 110
Summary, 112
Discussion Questions, 113
6. Interaction, 114
Objectives, 114
Background, 115
Mainstream Lesson, 116
SIOP^® Model, 117
SIOP^® Feature 16: Frequent Opportunities for Interaction and Discussion, 119
Oral Language Development, 119
Other Opportunities for Interaction, 121
SIOP^® Feature 17: Grouping Configurations Support Language and Content Objectives of the Lesson, 122
SIOP^® Feature 18: Sufficient Wait Time for Student Responses Consistently Provided, 127
SIOP^® Feature 19: Ample Opportunity for Students to Clarify Key Concepts in L1, 128
The Lesson, 128
Unit: Addition and Subtraction (First Grade), 128
Teaching Scenarios, 128
Discussion of Lessons, 133
Summary, 134
Discussion Questions, 135
7. Practice/Application, 136
Objectives, 136
Background, 137
SIOP^® Feature 20: Hands-On Materials and/or Manipulatives Provided for Students to Practice Using New Content Knowledge, 139
SIOP^® Feature 21: Activities Provided for Students to Apply Content and Language Knowledge, 140
SIOP^® Feature 22: Activities That Integrate All Language Skills, 142
The Lesson, 143
Unit: Ecosystems (Eleventh Grade), 143
Teaching Scenarios, 144
Discussion of Lessons, 147
Summary, 150
Discussion Questions, 150
8. Lesson Delivery, 152
Objectives, 152
Background, 153
SIOP^® Feature 23: Content Objectives Clearly Supported by Lesson Delivery, 154
SIOP^® Feature 24: Language Objectives Clearly Supported by Lesson Delivery, 154
Meeting Content and Language Objectives, 154
SIOP^® Feature 25: Student Engaged Approximately 90% to 100% of the Period, 155
SIOP^® Feature 26: Pacing of the Lesson Appropriate to Students’ Ability Levels, 156
The Lesson, 157
Unit: The Gold Rush (Fourth Grade), 157
Teaching Scenarios, 157
Discussion of Lessons, 160
Summary, 164
Discussion Questions, 164
9. Review and Assessment, 166
Objectives, 166
Background, 168
SIOP^® Feature 27: Comprehensive Review of Key Vocabulary, 168
SIOP^® Feature 28: Comprehensive Review of Key Content Concepts, 170
SIOP^® Feature 29: Regular Feedback Provided to Students on Their Output, 171
SIOP^® Feature 30: Assessment of Student Comprehension and Learning of All Lesson Objectives throughout the Lesson, 171
The Lesson, 176
Unit: Egyptian Mummies (Eighth Grade), 176
Teaching Scenarios, 176
Discussion of Lessons, 181
Summary, 185
Discussion Questions, 185
10. Issues of Reading Development and Special Education for English Learners, 186
Objectives, 187
Issues of Reading Development and Assessment, 188
Issues Related to Special Education, 193
Special Education Services: When Are They Appropriate?, 194
Assisting Struggling Learners, 196
Students with Special Needs, 198
Summary, 200
Discussion Questions, 200
11. Effective Use of the SIOP^® Protocol, 202
Objectives, 202
Best Practice in Using the SIOP^® Protocol, 203
Scoring and Interpreting the SIOP^® Protocol, 205
Assigning Scores, 205
Not Applicable (NA) Category, 206
Calculating Scores, 206
Sample Lesson, 207
Using SIOP^® Scores and Comments, 210
Reliability and Validity of the SIOP^®, 220
Summary, 220
Discussion Questions, 220
Appendix A. The Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol (SIOP^®), 222
Appendix B. Lesson Plans, 230
Appendix C. Research on the SIOP^® Model, 236
Summary: Selected Findings from the SIOP^® Research Project, 239
Current SIOP^® Research Studies, 240
References, 242
Glossary, 244
References, 248
Index, 264

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