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Copyright, ii
Preface, xv
1. Images, Ideals, and Myths, 1
Images and Ideals, 6
Family as Haven, 7
Family as Fulfillment, 7
Family as Encumbrance, 7
Images and Reality, 8
The Mythical U.S. Family, 10
The Myth of a Stable and Harmonious Family of the Past, 11
The Myth of Separate Worlds, 11
The Myth of the Monolithic Family Form, 13
The Myth of a Unified Family Experience, 17
The Myth of Family Consensus, 18
The Myth of Family Decline as the Cause of Social Problems, 20
A New Framework for Understanding Families, 22
The Sociological Perspective, 22
The Shifting Terrain of Family Studies, 23
The Structural Diversity Approach, 25
Additional Features of This Book, 28
Chapter Review, 28
Related Websites, 29
2. Preindustrial Families and the Emergence of a Modern Family Form, 30
Myths and Realities, 30
Family and the New Social History, 33
What Is “New” about Family History?, 33
Overview of Family History Themes, 35
Family Life in Colonial America, 39
Macrostructural Conditions and Family Life, 39
Family Structure and Household Composition, 42
Wives and Husbands, 45
Children, 48
The Emergence of Modern Family Life, 50
Macrostructural Changes and Family Life, 50
Agency, Adaptation, and Change, 52
Household Size and Composition, 54
Wives and Husbands, 55
Children, 56
Challenging a Uniform Definition of the Family, 57
Chapter Review, 58
Related Websites, 58
3. The Historical Making of Family Diversity, 60
Myths and Realities, 60
Industrialization and Family Life, 63
Macrostructural Transformations, 63
Work and Family in Industrial Society, 64
Accordion Households, 69
Immigration and Family Life, 72
The Social Breakdown Perspective, 72
Industrial Work and Immigrant Families, 74
Racial Control and Family Life, 76
New Thinking about Minority Families, 76
Race, Labor, and Family Life, 77
African American Families in Slavery and Freedom, 80
Chicano Families in the Southwest, 85
Chapter Review, 88
Related Websites, 89
4. Economic and Demographic Upheavals in Society and Family Formation, 91
Myths and Realities, 91
Globalization and the Structural Transformation of the Economy and Families, 93
Structural Changes in the United States Because of Globalization, 95
The New Economy: What Does It Mean for Families?, 96
What Does It Mean to Move Down from the Middle Class?, 108
Shifting Family Forms, 113
The New Immigration and the Changing Racial Landscape, 114
Demographic Trends and Increasing Diversity, 117
Structural Diversity of Immigrant Families, 118
The Effects of Immigration on Immigrant Families, 124
Immigration and Agency, 126
The Effects of Immigration on Family Dynamics, 126
The Aging of Society, 129
The Demographics of an Aging Society, 129
The Consequences of an Aging Society on Families and the Elderly, 131
Role Transitions, 135
Responses by the Elderly: Human Agency, 137
The Three Structural Transformations of Society, 138
Chapter Review, 139
Related Websites, 141
5. Class, Race, and Gender, 143
Myths and Realities, 143
Class, Race, and Gender as Structural Inequalities, 144
Class, 147
The Cultural Approach, 147
The Structural Approach, 150
Race, 162
Racial-Ethnic Families, 165
Structural Inequalities and Racial-Ethnic Families, 166
African American Families in the New Century, 170
Latino Families in the New Century, 175
More Racial Ethnic Diversity in Families: Asians, Native Americans, and Middle Easterners, 178
Human Agency and Family Formation, 179
Gender, 180
The Traditional Gender Roles Approach, 181
Shortcomings of the Gender Roles Approach, 181
The Family as a Gendered Institution, 182
Chapter Review, 184
Related Websites, 185
6. Meshing the Worlds of Work and Family, 187
Myths and Realities, 187
The Changing Work Patterns of Women, Men, and Teens, 189
Women’s Employment, 189
Men’s Employment, 193
Teens’ Employment, 196
Integrating Work and Family, 197
Gender Inequality, 198
Work Characteristics, 200
Family Characteristics, 207
Invisible and Unpaid Family Work, 210
Gendered Labor in the Household, 211
Other Forms of Family Work, 215
Coping with Work and Family, 216
Family Coping Strategies, 216
Family-Supportive Government and Employer Responses, 218
Chapter Review, 222
Related Websites, 223
7. The Social Construction of Intimacy, 226
Myths and Realities, 226
Heterosexual Courtship and Mate Selection, 228
Variations in “Dating” Practices, 233
Factors in Mate Selection, 235
Structural Influences on Mate Selection, 237
Changing Sexual Behavior, 238
Society and Sexuality, 238
Enlarging the Sexuality Frame, 239
The Sexual Revolution, 241
Scientific Research on Sexuality, 242
AIDS, 244
Teen Sexuality, 246
Teenage Childbearing, 248
Differentiated Forms of Intimacy, 251
Gendered Love and Sex, 251
Same-Sex Orientation and Intimacy, 255
Social Class and Intimacy, 256
Race and Intimacy, 257
Claiming Control of Intimacy, 262
Chapter Review, 262
Related Websites, 263
8. Contemporary Marriages, 265
Myths and Realities, 265
Marriage: Private and Public Spheres, 267
The Private Nature of Marriage, 267
Macro Influences on Marriage, 268
Recent Trends, 273
Unmarried Adults, 273
Age at First Marriage, 275
Family Size, 276
Racial or Ethnic Mixed Marriages, 277
Life Span and Marriage, 279
Are There Benefits to Marriage?, 280
The Benefits of Marriage, 281
The Benefits of Marriage Reconsidered, 282
Micro Aspects of Marriage, 286
Marital Success, 286
Communication in Marriage, 290
The Sexual Relationship in Marriage, 292
Power and Decision Making in Marriage, 294
Reconstructing Gender Roles: Building an Egalitarian Marriage, 298
The Future of Marriage: Changing or Dying?, 299
Chapter Review, 301
Related Websites, 302
9. Parents and Children, 303
Myths and Realities, 303
The Social Construction of Parenting, 305
The Social Construction of Childhood, 308
Demographic Patterns, 314
Fertility, 314
Voluntary Childlessness, 317
Infertility and New Technologies, 319
Delayed Childbearing, 324
Family Composition, 325
The Impact of Children on Marriage, 330
The Transition to Parenthood, 331
The Benefits of Parenthood, 332
The Costs of Parenthood, 333
Gendered Parenting, 334
The Impact of Parents on Children and of Children on Parents, 336
The Structure of the Family Embedded in a Larger Network of Influences, 338
Family Structure, 338
Extrafamilial Factors, 340
Parents and Children in Dual-Earner Families, 342
Maternal Employment and Time with Children, 343
Social Supports for Working Parents, 343
Single Parents and Their Children, 346
Reprise: The Duality of Parenting, 349
Chapter Review, 350
Related Websites, 352
10. Violence in Families, 354
Myths and Realities, 354
Families in a Violent Society, 356
U.S. Violence Rates in Comparative Perspective, 356
Institutionally Sanctioned Violence, 357
Violence in the Media, 358
Customs and Beliefs, 360
Violence and the Social Organization of the Family, 360
Intimate Partner Violence, 361
Violence Against Women, 362
Contexts for Intimate Partner Violence, 364
Types of Partner Violence, 368
Does She Leave or Stay?, 371
Domestic Violence in Same-Sex Relationships, 374
Child Abuse and Neglect, 375
What Is Child Abuse?, 376
Incidence of Child Abuse, 377
Contexts for Child Abuse, 377
Consequences of Child Abuse, 382
Incest, 383
Incidence of Incest, 383
Explanations for Incest, 384
Consequences of Incest, 384
Sibling Abuse, 385
Battered Elders, 385
What Is Elder Abuse?, 386
Incidence of Elder Abuse, 386
Contexts for Elder Abuse, 387
Macro and Micro Linkages, 388
Agency, 389
The Women’s Movement, 389
The Battered Women’s Shelter Movement, 389
Assessing Progress, 389
Chapter Review, 390
Related Websites, 391
11. Divorce and Remarriage, 393
Myths and Realities, 393
Divorce Rates, 394
Trends in Divorce, 394
Factors Correlated with Divorce, 397
Predicting the Divorce Rate: Up or Down?, 405
The Prediction of a Declining or Leveling of the Divorce Rate, 405
The Prediction of a Rising Divorce Rate, 406
The Consequences of Divorce for Spouses and Children, 408
“His” Divorce, 409
“Her” Divorce, 410
Adjustment after Divorce for Ex-Spouses, 414
Children and Divorce, 415
Remarriage after Divorce, 420
Statistical Facts about Remarriage, 420
The Uniqueness of Remarriage, 422
The Outcomes for Stepchildren, 429
The Special Case of Remarriage among the Elderly, 429
The Politics of Divorce, 430
Is Marriage a Failed Institution?, 432
Chapter Review, 432
Related Websites, 433
12. Emergent Families in the Global Era, 435
Myths and Realities, 435
The Rise in New Family Arrangements, 437
Families in Transition, 437
The Global Revolution in Family Life, 438
How to Think about Family Diversification, 440
Single Life, 443
The Singles Population, 444
Gender, Race, and Class, 446
Experiencing Single Life, 448
Heterosexual Cohabitation, 448
The Rise of Cohabitation, 449
Who Are Cohabitors?, 450
Gender, Class, and Race, 451
Is Cohabitation a Prelude to Marriage or a Substitute for Marriage?, 452
Same-Sex Partners and Families, 454
Who Is Gay and What Are Gay Families?, 455
Gay Couples and Families, 457
The Domestic Partner Movement, 461
Families Separated by Time and Space, 463
Transnational Families, 463
Commuter Marriages and Other Long-Distance Relationships, 466
Chapter Review, 469
Related Websites, 470
13. Family Policy for the Twenty-First Century, 473
Myths and Realities, 473
The Ideological Fault Lines, 475
The Conservatives, 475
The Progressives, 478
The Government’s Limits on the Definition of Marriage, 479
The Government and Reproductive Rights, 483
Contraceptives, 483
Abortion, 485
Welfare, 489
The Shrinking Welfare State, 489
The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) of 1996, 489
Is Welfare Reform Working? An Assessment after Ten Years, 493
The Conservative Solution: Marriage, 494
The Progressive Solution: A Stronger Safety Net, 496
Working Parents, 497
Parental Leave, 498
Child Care, 499
Work-Related Policies and Gender Inequality, 500
Meeting the Needs of Disadvantaged Children, 501
Poor Children at Risk, 501
The Societal Response to Disadvantaged Children, 504
Funding Programs to Help Disadvantaged Children, 509
Principles to Guide Family Policy: An Immodest Proposal, 510
Chapter Review, 513
Related Websites, 514
Glossary, 517
Bibliography, 525
Credits, 559
Author Index, 562
Subject Index, 568

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