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Copyright, iv
Preface, xix
Part I. Orientation and Perspective, 1
1. Human Services: A New Direction, 1
What Is a Human Services Worker? Multiple Views, 2
Box 1.1. Typical Employment Titles for Human Service Workers, 3
Current Conceptions of Human Services Systems, 4
Human Services Integration Concept, 4
The Generic Human Services Concept, 5
Box 1.2. “There She Lies, the Great Melting Pot”, 8
Social Policy and Human Services, 10
Summary, 13
Discussion Questions, 13
Learning Experiences, 14
Endnote, 14
Recommended Readings, 14
Internet Sites, 14
2. A History of Helping, 15
The Dark Past of Helping, 16
Social Welfare: Toward a Community Approach, 17
Box 2.1. A History of Prejudice, 19
The Beginning of the Human Services Concept, 21
Summary, 27
Discussion Questions, 28
Learning Experiences, 28
Endnote, 28
Recommended Readings, 28
Internet Sites, 29
Part II. Human Services: Defining Roles, Problems, and Boundaries, 30
3. Human Service Workers: Agents of Change, 30
Human Services: A New Profession, 30
Role Functions of the Human Service Worker, 32
Human Service Workers: What They Really Do, 35
Human Service Workers in a Multicultural Society, 40
Competence and Credentialing, 45
Competence, 45
Credentialing, 48
Summary, 50
Discussion Questions, 51
Learning Experiences, 51
Endnotes, 51
Recommended Readings, 52
Internet Sites, 52
4. Human Services: Identifying Problems and Causes, 53
Identifying Problems, 54
The Intrapersonal Perspective, 54
The Extrapersonal Perspective, 56
Theoretical Causes of Problem Behavior, 58
The Intrapersonal Perspective, 59
The Extrapersonal Perspective, 65
An Ecological Synthesis: The Life Matrix, 68
Summary, 70
Discussion Questions, 71
Learning Experiences, 71
Recommended Readings, 71
Internet Sites, 71
5. Human Services Boundaries: Special Populations, Special Systems, 72
Problems and Services for Children and Adolescents, 73
Box 5.1. Cultural Diversity in the Workplace, 75
Box 5.2. Types of Out-of-Home Placement, 76
Domestic Abuse Services, 77
Problems and Services for the Elderly, 78
Drug Abuse: The Problem and Human Services, 81
Services for Mentally Retarded People, 85
Mental Health Problems and Service Systems, 88
Correctional Systems, 90
Poverty: A Common Denominator, 91
Homeless People, 92
The Multiproblem Client, 95
Summary, 96
Discussion Questions, 97
Learning Experiences, 97
Recommended Readings, 97
Internet Sites, 98
Part III. Contemporary Strategies, 99
6. Medical and Psychiatric Approaches and the Person in Need, 99
AIDS: Physical Disease as a Human Services Issue, 99
Box 6.1. HIV/AIDS in the Cross-Cultural Context, 101
The Basics of the Medical and Psychiatric Models, 103
Common Treatment Strategies of the Psychiatric Model, 105
Electroconvulsive Therapy, 105
The Chemotherapies, 106
Prospects for the Medical and Psychiatric Models, 109
Summary, 110
Discussion Questions, 110
Learning Experiences, 111
Recommended Readings, 111
Internet Sites, 111
7. Behavioral Approaches and the Person in Need, 112
Four Models of Learned Behavior, 113
The Classical Conditioning Model, 113
The Operant Behavior Model, 113
The Social Learning Model, 115
The Cognitive Learning Model, 116
Learning Problem Behaviors, 117
Representative Behavioral Treatment Approaches, 117
Individually Focused Programs, 118
Group-System Focused Programs, 120
The Effectiveness of Behavioral Strategies, 122
Summary, 123
Discussion Questions, 123
Learning Experiences, 123
Recommended Readings, 123
Internet Sites, 124
8. Psychotherapeutic Approaches and the Person in Need, 125
Psychoanalysis, 126
Rogers’s Client-Centered Therapy, 129
Prescriptive Psychotherapy, 132
Structural Variations of the Psychotherapeutic Approaches, 132
Box 8.1. Some Ethnocultural Issues and Psychotherapists, 133
Group Therapy, 134
Family Therapy, 135
Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Psychotherapeutic Approaches, 136
Summary, 137
Discussion Questions, 137
Learning Experiences, 138
Endnotes, 138
Recommended Readings, 138
Internet Sites, 138
9. Integrating Contemporary Strategies, Personal Relationship Skills, and the Supervisory Process, 139
Using Contemporary Strategies, 140
Medical and Psychiatric Approaches, 140
Behavioral Approaches, 142
Psychotherapeutic Approaches, 145
Using Personal Relationship Skills, 148
Being, 148
Doing, 150
Box 9.1. Cross-Cultural Communication Barriers and Strategies for Breaking Through, 154
Developing Personal Relationship Skills, 155
Who Helps the Helper? Supervision and Teamwork, 157
Summary, 159
Discussion Questions, 160
Learning Experiences, 160
Recommended Readings, 161
Internet Sites, 161
Part IV. Human Services and Psychosocial Change Agentry, 162
10. Problem Assessment, Planning, and Brokering, 162
Typical Problems Seen by Human Service Workers, 162
The Need for Assessment, 164
Principles of Triage, 166
Issues in Assessment, 167
The Initial Assessment Interview, 168
Planning, 170
Brokering, 170
Summary, 173
Discussion Questions, 173
Learning Experiences, 174
Recommended Readings, 174
Internet Site, 174
11. Case Management: The Cornerstone for Human Services, 175
Approaches to Case Management, 176
The Brokerage Model, 177
Clinical Case Management, 178
The Strengths Model, 180
The Rehabilitation Model, 181
High-Intensity Case Management Models, 182
Case Management in a Variety of Settings, 185
Box 11.1. That Other Kind of Case Management, 186
Alcohol and Substance Abuse Treatment, 186
Child Welfare, 187
Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services, 187
Long-Term Care for the Elderly, 188
HIV /AIDS Services, 188
Issues in Case Management, 189
Unrealistic Expectations, 189
Advocacy versus Social Control, 190
Human Resource Development, 191
Summary, 192
Discussion Questions, 193
Learning Experiences, 193
Recommended Readings, 194
Internet Site, 194
12. Inspiring Change in Human Services Clients, 195
The Process of Change, 196
The Stages of Change Model, 196
Factors That Influence Change Outcomes, 198
Motivation for Change, 199
Ambivalence about Change, 199
The Human Service Worker’s Role in Client Motivation, 201
Motivational Interviewing, 202
Guiding Principles of Motivational Interviewing, 202
Initial Change Strategies, 203
Strategies for Encouraging More Talk about Change, 206
How Does Motivational Interviewing Work?, 208
Summary, 209
Discussion Questions, 210
Learning Experiences, 210
Recommended Readings, 211
Internet Site, 211
13. Crisis Intervention, 212
Understanding Crisis States, 213
Signs of Crisis States, 216
Crisis Behavior during Major Disasters, 217
Box 13.1. Differences in the Responses of Children and Adolescents to Disasters by General Age Group, 219
Common Crisis Situations, 220
Intervening in the Crisis, 223
Box 13.2. Desirable Characteristics, Skills, and Abilities of Crisis Workers, 223
Box 13.3. Myths about Suicide, 226
Crisis Intervention for the Crisis Worker, 228
The Goal and Setting of Crisis Intervention, 229
Summary, 229
Discussion Questions, 231
Learning Experiences, 231
Endnotes, 231
Recommended Readings, 231
Internet Sites, 232
14. Social Intervention: Prevention through Environmental Change, 233
Prevention in Human Services, 235
Limited Social Intervention, 236
Changing Institutions versus Changing People, 237
Box 14.1. The Ethnic Agency, 238
Examples of Environmental Change, 238
Does Limited Social Intervention Really Work?, 241
Example of Limited Social Intervention, 243
Changing Personal Environments, 246
Comprehensive Social Intervention, 246
Examples of Early Comprehensive Social Intervention, 247
Trends in Comprehensive Social Intervention, 248
Examples of Comprehensive Social Intervention, 250
Sociocultural Intervention in Human Services, 252
Indigenous Workers, 252
Peer Therapy, 253
Parahelpers, 255
Mutual Self-Help Groups, 255
Box 14.2. Traditional Cultural Helpers and Human Services, 256
What Makes Mutual Self-Help Systems Successful?, 259
Human Services and Social Advocacy, 261
Summary, 264
Discussion Questions, 266
Learning Experiences, 266
Endnotes, 266
Recommended Readings, 266
Internet Sites, 267
15. Social Control, Human Rights, Ethics, and the Law, 268
Box 15.1. A Lack of Cultural Sensitivity?, 269
The Therapeutic State, 270
Human Rights Issues and Human Services, 271
Voluntary versus Involuntary Services, 271
Due Process and Equal Protection, 272
The Right Services, 273
The Right to Refuse Services, 273
The Least Drastic or Restrictive Alternative, 273
The Privilege of Confidential Communication, 274
The Duty to Warn, 274
A Human Services Bill of Rights, 274
Ethical Standards for Human Service Workers, 275
The Human Service Professional’s Responsibility to Clients, 276
The Human Service Professional’s Responsibility to the Community and Society, 277
The Human Service Professional’s Responsibility to Colleagues, 278
The Human Service Professional’s Responsibility to the Profession, 279
The Human Service Professional’s Responsibility to Employers, 279
The Human Service Professional’s Responsibility to Self, 280
Summary, 280
Discussion Questions, 281
Learning Experiences, 281
Endnote, 281
Recommended Readings, 281
Internet Sites, 281
Glossary, 283
References, 289
Index, 311
Photo Credits, 323

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