Tabs for Contents, notes, highlights

Hide Contents, Notes, and Highlights

Search TermsShow Hide

« Back to eTextbook

Copyright, ii
Preface, xiii
Chapter 1. Introduction, 1
Prologue... Rene’s Inspiration, 2
Understanding Human Consciousness: A Physiological Approach, 3
Blindsight, 4
Split Brains, 5
The Nature of Physiological Psychology, 8
The Goals of Research, 8
Biological Roots of Physiological Psychology, 9
Natural Selection and Evolution, 13
Functionalism and the Inheritance of Traits, 13
Evolution of the Human Species, 15
Evolution of Large Brains, 18
Ethical Issues in Research with Animals, 19
Careers in Neuroscience, 22
Strategies for Learning, 23
Epilogue... Models of Brain Functions, 25
Key Concepts, 26
Suggested Readings, 26
Additional Resources, 26
Chapter 2. Structure and Functions of Cells of the Nervous System, 27
Prologue... Unresponsive Muscles, 28
Cells of the Nervous System, 29
Neurons, 29
Supporting Cells, 33
The Blood–Brain Barrier, 36
Communication Within a Neuron, 38
Neural Communication: An Overview, 38
Measuring Electrical Potentials of Axons, 40
The Membrane Potential: Balance of Two Forces, 42
The Action Potential, 45
Conduction of the Action Potential, 46
Communication Between Neurons, 49
Structure of Synapses, 49
Release of Neurotransmitter, 50
Activation of Receptors, 51
Postsynaptic Potentials, 52
Termination of Postsynaptic Potentials, 53
Effects of Postsynaptic Potentials: Neural Integration, 54
Autoreceptors, 55
Axoaxonic Synapses, 56
Nonsynaptic Chemical Communication, 56
Epilogue... Myasthenia Gravis, 58
Key Concepts, 59
Suggested Readings, 59
Additional Resources, 60
Chapter 3. Structure of the Nervous System, 61
Prologue... The Left Is Gone, 62
Basic Features of the Nervous System, 62
An Overview, 65
Meninges, 65
The Ventricular System and Production of Cerebrospinal Fluid, 65
The Central Nervous System, 68
Development of the Central Nervous System, 68
The Forebrain, 72
The Midbrain, 81
The Hindbrain, 83
The Spinal Cord, 84
The Peripheral Nervous System, 86
Spinal Nerves, 86
Cranial Nerves, 87
The Autonomic Nervous System, 89
Epilogue... Unilateral Neglect, 91
Key Concepts, 93
Suggested Readings, 93
Additional Resources, 93
Chapter 4. Psychopharmacology, 94
Prologue... A Contaminated Drug, 95
Principles of Psychopharmacology, 95
Pharmacokinetics, 96
Drug Effectiveness, 98
Effects of Repeated Administration, 99
Placebo Effects, 100
Sites of Drug Action, 101
Effects on Production of Neurotransmitters, 102
Effects on Storage and Release of Neurotransmitters, 102
Effects on Receptors, 103
Effects on Reuptake or Destruction of Neurotransmitters, 104
Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators, 105
Acetylcholine, 106
The Monoamines, 108
Amino Acids, 113
Peptides, 115
Lipids, 116
Nucleosides, 117
Soluble Gases, 118
Epilogue... Helpful Hints from a Tragedy, 120
Key Concepts, 120
Suggested Readings, 121
Additional Resources, 121
Chapter 5. Methods and Strategies of Research, 122
Prologue... Heart Repaired, Brain Damaged, 123
Experimental Ablation, 124
Evaluating the Behavioral Effects of Brain Damage, 124
Producing Brain Lesions, 125
Stereotaxic Surgery, 126
Histological Methods, 128
Tracing Neural Connections, 129
Study of the Living Human Brain, 133
Recording and Stimulating Neural Activity, 136
Recording Neural Activity, 137
Recording the Brain’s Metabolic and Synaptic Activity, 139
Measuring the Brain’s Secretions, 140
Stimulating Neural Activity, 142
Behavioral Effects of Electrical Brain Stimulation, 143
Neurochemical Methods, 145
Finding Neurons That Produce Particular Neurochemicals, 145
Localizing Particular Receptors, 146
Genetic Methods, 148
Twin Studies, 149
Adoption Studies, 149
Targeted Mutations, 149
Antisense Oligonucleotides, 150
Epilogue... Watch the Brain Waves, 151
Key Concepts, 151
Suggested Readings, 152
Additional Resources, 152
Chapter 6. Vision, 153
Prologue... Seeing Without Perceiving, 154
The Stimulus, 155
Anatomy of the Visual System, 156
The Eyes, 156
Photoreceptors, 158
Connections Between Eye and Brain, 159
Coding of Visual Information in the Retina, 162
Coding of Light and Dark, 162
Coding of Color, 163
Analysis of Visual Information: Role of the Striate Cortex, 166
Anatomy of the Striate Cortex, 166
Orientation and Movement, 166
Spatial Frequency, 167
Retinal Disparity, 168
Color, 169
Modular Organization of the Striate Cortex, 169
Analysis of Visual Information: Role of the Visual Association Cortex, 171
Two Streams of Visual Analysis, 171
Perception of Color, 172
Perception of Form, 174
Perception of Movement, 177
Perception of Spatial Location, 179
Epilogue... Case Studies, 183
Key Concepts, 184
Suggested Readings, 185
Additional Resources, 185
Chapter 7. Audition, the Body Senses, and the Chemical Senses, 186
Prologue... All in Her Head?, 187
Audition, 188
The Stimulus, 188
Anatomy of the Ear, 188
Auditory Hair Cells and the Transduction of Auditory Information, 191
The Auditory Pathway, 192
Perception of Pitch, 193
Perception of Timbre, 195
Perception of Spatial Location, 196
Perception of Environmental Sounds, 198
Vestibular System, 201
Anatomy of the Vestibular Apparatus, 202
The Vestibular Pathway, 202
Somatosenses, 203
The Stimuli, 204
Anatomy of the Skin and Its Receptive Organs, 204
Perception of Cutaneous Stimulation, 205
The Somatosensory Pathways, 207
Perception of Pain, 208
Gustation, 211
The Stimuli, 211
Anatomy of the Taste Buds and Gustatory Cells, 211
Perception of Gustatory Information, 212
The Gustatory Pathway, 213
Olfaction, 214
The Stimulus, 215
Anatomy of the Olfactory Apparatus, 215
Transduction of Olfactory Information, 216
Perception of Specific Odors, 217
Epilogue... Natural Analgesia, 219
Key Concepts, 220
Suggested Readings, 221
Additional Resources, 221
Chapter 8. Sleep and Biological Rhythms, 222
Prologue... Waking Nightmares, 223
A Physiological and Behavioral Description of Sleep, 224
Disorders of Sleep, 227
Insomnia, 228
Narcolepsy, 228
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder, 230
Problems Associated with Slow-Wave Sleep, 231
Why Do We Sleep?, 232
Functions of Slow-Wave Sleep, 232
Functions of REM Sleep, 235
Physiological Mechanisms of Sleep and Waking, 237
Chemical Control of Sleep, 237
Neural Control of Arousal, 238
Neural Control of Slow-Wave Sleep, 241
Neural Control of REM Sleep, 243
Biological Clocks, 248
Circadian Rhythms and Zeitgebers, 248
The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus, 249
Control of Seasonal Rhythms: The Pineal Gland and Melatonin, 251
Changes in Circadian Rhythms: Shift Work and Jet Lag, 252
Epilogue... Functions of Dreams, 254
Key Concepts, 255
Suggested Readings, 256
Additional Resources, 256
Chapter 9. Reproductive Behavior, 257
Prologue... From Boy to Girl, 258
Sexual Development, 258
Production of Gametes and Fertilization, 258
Development of the Sex Organs, 259
Sexual Maturation, 262
Hormonal Control of Sexual Behavior, 265
Hormonal Control of Female Reproductive Cycles, 265
Hormonal Control of Sexual Behavior of Laboratory Animals, 266
Organizational Effects of Androgens on Behavior: Masculinization and Defeminization, 268
Effects of Pheromones, 269
Human Sexual Behavior, 271
Sexual Orientation, 273
Neural Control of Sexual Behavior, 278
Males, 278
Females, 279
Formation of Pair Bonds, 281
Parental Behavior, 283
Maternal Behavior of Rodents, 283
Hormonal Control of Maternal Behavior, 284
Neural Control of Maternal Behavior, 285
Neural Control of Paternal Behavior, 285
Epilogue... From Boy to Girl and Back Again, 286
Key Concepts, 287
Suggested Readings, 288
Additional Resources, 288
Chapter 10. Emotion, 289
Prologue... Intellect and Emotion, 290
Emotions as Response Patterns, 290
Fear, 291
Anger, Aggression, and Impulse Control, 295
Communication of Emotions, 302
Facial Expression of Emotions: Innate Responses, 302
Neural Basis of the Communication of Emotions: Recognition, 303
Neural Basis of the Communication of Emotions: Expression, 306
Feelings of Emotions, 309
The James-Lange Theory, 309
Feedback from Simulated Emotions, 311
Epilogue... Mr. V. Revisited, 313
Key Concepts, 314
Suggested Readings, 314
Additional Resources, 314
Chapter 11. Ingestive Behavior, 315
Prologue... Out of Control, 316
Physiological Regulatory Mechanisms, 316
Drinking, 318
Some Facts About Fluid Balance, 318
Two Types of Thirst, 319
Eating: Some Facts About Metabolism, 323
What Starts a Meal?, 326
Signals from the Environment, 326
Signals from the Stomach, 327
Metabolic Signals, 328
What Stops a Meal?, 329
Gastric Factors, 330
Intestinal Factors, 330
Liver Factors, 331
Insulin, 331
Long-Term Satiety: Signals from Adipose Tissue, 332
Brain Mechanisms, 333
Brain Stem, 333
Hypothalamus, 334
Eating Disorders, 338
Obesity, 339
Anorexia Nervosa/Bulimia Nervosa, 344
Epilogue... An Insatiable Appetite, 347
Key Concepts, 349
Suggested Readings, 350
Additional Resources, 350
Chapter 12. Learning and Memory, 351
Prologue... Every Day Is Alone, 352
The Nature of Learning, 352
Synaptic Plasticity: Long-Term Potentiation and Long-Term Depression, 356
Induction of Long-Term Potentiation, 356
Role of NMDA Receptors, 358
Mechanisms of Synaptic Plasticity, 361
Long-Term Depression, 363
Perceptual Learning, 364
Classical Conditioning, 367
Instrumental Conditioning, 369
Role of the Basal Ganglia, 369
Reinforcement, 371
Relational Learning, 374
Human Anterograde Amnesia, 374
Spared Learning Abilities, 376
Declarative and Nondeclarative Memories, 377
Anatomy of Anterograde Amnesia, 379
Role of the Hippocampal Formation in Memory Consolidation, 381
Episodic and Semantic Memories, 382
Spatial Memory, 383
Relational Learning in Laboratory Animals, 384
Role of Hippocampal Neuogenesis in Learning, 389
Epilogue... What Causes Confabulation?, 390
Key Concepts, 391
Suggested Readings, 392
Additional Resources, 392
Chapter 13. Human Communication, 393
Prologue... Can’t Hear Words, 394
Speech Production and Comprehension: Brain Mechanisms, 394
Lateralization, 395
Speech Production, 396
Speech Comprehension, 399
Aphasia in Deaf People, 408
Prosody: Rhythm, Tone, and Emphasis in Speech, 409
Stuttering, 410
Disorders of Reading and Writing, 413
Relation to Aphasia, 413
Pure Alexia, 414
Toward an Understanding of Reading, 415
Toward an Understanding of Writing, 420
Developmental Dyslexias, 422
Epilogue... Speech Sounds and the Left Hemisphere, 425
Key Concepts, 425
Suggested Readings, 426
Additional Resources, 426
Chapter 14. Neurological Disorders, 427
Prologue... It Started with Her Foot, 428
Tumors, 428
Seizure Disorders, 430
Cerebrovascular Accidents, 433
Disorders of Development, 438
Toxic Chemicals, 438
Inherited Metabolic Disorders, 439
Down Syndrome, 440
Degenerative Disorders, 441
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies, 441
Parkinson’s Disease, 442
Huntington’s Disease, 445
Alzheimer’s Disease, 446
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, 450
Multiple Sclerosis, 451
Disorders Caused by Infectious Diseases, 453
Epilogue... Seizure Surgery, 455
Key Concepts, 456
Suggested Readings, 456
Additional Resources, 456
Chapter 15. Schizophrenia, Affective Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders, 457
Prologue... Anxiety Surgery, 458
Schizophrenia, 458
Description, 458
Heritability, 460
Pharmacology of Schizophrenia: The Dopamine Hypothesis, 460
Schizophrenia as a Neurological Disorder, 461
Major Affective Disorders, 471
Description, 471
Heritability, 472
Physiological Treatments, 472
Role of Monamines, 476
Evidence for Brain Abnormalities, 477
Role of the 5-HT Transporter, 479
Role of Circadian Rhythms, 480
Anxiety Disorders, 484
Panic Disorder, 484
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, 486
Epilogue... Prefrontal Lobotomy, 491
Key Concepts, 492
Suggested Readings, 493
Additional Resources, 493
Chapter 16. Autistic, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity, Stress, and Substance Abuse Disorders, 494
Prologue... A Sudden Craving, 495
Autistic Disorder, 495
Description, 495
Possible Causes, 497
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, 499
Description, 499
Possible Causes, 500
Stress Disorders, 501
Physiology of the Stress Response, 502
Health Effects of Long-Term Stress, 503
Effects of Stress on the Brain, 504
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, 506
Stress and Infectious Diseases, 507
Substance Abuse Disorders, 510
What Is Addiction?, 510
Commonly Abused Drugs, 516
Heredity and Drug Abuse, 522
Therapy for Drug Abuse, 524
Epilogue... Classically Conditioned Craving, 528
Key Concepts, 529
Suggested Readings, 529
Additional Resources, 530
References, 531
Name Index, 557
Subject Index, 561

Search Results

« Back to eTextbook


PAGE	Description

ii	...

Tabs for Contents, notes, highlights

Table of Contents

Search Results